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Файл:Практический английский язык для юристов = Practical English for Law Students. В 2 частях. Ч. 2. Учебное пособие
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7. I ______ foresee that it would be unwise to appoint Mr. Pierce to
this position.
a) am to b) had to c) must
8. Even if you are haunted by failures, you still ______ continue
what you started.
a) are to b) have to c) must
9. Nobody in the laboratory knew how to work with the new equip-
ment they ______ invite a specialist.
a) were to b) had to c) must
10. Due to some cross-platform compatibility issues, the following
rules ______ be adhered to prior to working with XML technology files.
a) are to b) have to c) must
11. Tomorrow is Sunday. I ______ go to school.
a) can’t b) must not c) don’t have to
12. You ______ go to the supermarket. There is enough food in the
refrigerator.
a) mustn’t b) don’t need to c) shouldn’t
13. She ______ work yesterday, so she spent the whole day in the park
by the river.
a) shouldn’t
b) mustn’t
c) didn’t have to
14. It’s a secret. You ______ tell anyone about it.
a) can’t b) may not c) must not
15. Put in can’t, must, mustn’t or don’t/doesn’t have to to complete
the sentences.
1. Why is that man looking around like that? He ______ be lost.
2. That woman ______ be a doctor! She looks far too young. 3. John always fails the tests, even though he’s clever. He ______ study enough.
4. The food is really good at that restaurant. They ______ have a great
chef. 5. Who's that at the door? It ______ be Susie — she’ll still be at work
now. 6. This ______ be John's house. This house has a red door, and it has
number 24, just like he said. 7. Julie ______ have much money, or she
would buy a new car. Her old one is falling apart. 8. You ______ smoke
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inside the school. 9. You can borrow my new dress but you ______ get it
dirty. 10. We ______ miss the train, it’s the last one tonight. 11. She ______
do this work today, because she can do it tomorrow. 12. I ______ clean the
floor today because I cleaned it yesterday. 13. We ______ forget to lock
all the doors before we leave. 14. We ______ stay in a hotel in London, we
can stay with my brother. 15. I ______ spend too much money today. I’ve
only got a little left. 16. They ______ get up early today, because it’s Sunday. 17. I ______ eat too much cake, or I’ll get fat! 18. We ______ be late
for the exam. 19. You ______ tidy up now. I’ll do it later. 20. He ______
cook tonight because he’s going to a restaurant.
16*. Complete the dialogues with might, might not, can’t, must.
Dialogue 1.
A: Someone is knocking at the door.
B: It 1. ______ be the pizza delivery man. I ordered a pizza.
A: I know you ordered a pizza. But it 2. ______ be him, because you
ordered the pizza five minutes ago.
B: Yes, you are right. Then it 3. ______ be your sister.
A: No, it 4. ______ be my sister, she’s out of town.
B: Well, then just open the door it 5. ______ be important.
Dialogue 2.
A: Why don’t you tell me what the matter is with you?
B: Well, I should tell you something and I think you 6. ______ like it.
A: Come on! Tell me what it is. It 7. ______ be that bad.
B: I don’t know. I’m afraid you 8. ______ react badly.
A: Then I’m sure it 9. ______ be serious. Please, tell me.
B: I saw Lindsey holding hands with another man.
A: What?
B: Please, I know you 10. ______ be upset right now, but...
A: Dude, Lindsey and I broke up more than a year ago. Didn’t
you know?
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17. Choose the appropriate option.
1. You mustn’t/needn’t go on a business trip, all questions have been
resolved online. 2. Need/Must I check the calculations again? No, you needn’t/
mustn’t. 3. You are late again, you need/have to come to work exactly at
9 o’clock. 4. Need I go/Do I need to go to this meeting with you? 5. You
needn’t/couldn’t do this job, it's not your responsibility 6. You need/have
to do it immediately; all the deadlines have already passed. 7. You haven’t
had to buy/needn’t have bought this device for the experiment, everything
is provided in the laboratory. 8. Need/Must I use all the collected information
for the report? Yes, you need/must.
18. Choose the most appropriate answer for expressing advice.
1. It’s a great town. You ______ visit it some day.
a) could b) might c) should
2. If she wants to buy an apartment, she ______ consult a good real
estate agent.
a) has to b) should c) may need to
3. ______ I ask John to help us?
a) Should b) Ought c) Could
4. Children ______ eat too much chocolate.
a) may not b) could not c) should not
5. You ______ come here again, or I’ll report you to the police!
a) can’t b) won’t c) mustn’t
6. He ______ be punished for his terrible attitude to people.
a) might b) ought to c) could
7. I ______ write an article on English grammar tonight, but I have
a bad headache. I think I’ll go for a walk instead.
a) have to b) must c) should
8. I ______ study harder for the exam. It is very difficult, and I must
pass it.
a) should b) had to c) am to
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9. They ______ have invited that guy to the party. He got drunk and
started a fight.
a) mustn’t b) shouldn’t c) couldn’t
10. You ______ pay the bills two weeks ago.
a) had better b) should c) ought to
19*. Fill in the blanks using must, mustn’t, don’t have to, should,
shouldn’t, needn’t, can, can’t.
1. Rose and Ted ______ be good players. They have won hundreds
of cups! 2. You ______ pay to use the library. It’s free. 3. I’m not sure
where my friend is at the moment. She ______ be at her dance class. 4. Jerry ______ be working today. He never works on Sundays. 5. You ______
be 18 to see that film. 6. You ______ hear this story. It’s very funny. 7. Dad
______ go and see a doctor. His cough is getting worse all the time. 8. You
don’t have to shout. I ______ hear you very well. 9. It ______ be him. I saw
him a week ago, and he didn’t look like that. 10. You look pretty tired.
I think you ______ go to bed early tonight. 11. I ______ pay for the tickets
because I got them from Sam for free. 12. “Children, you ______ cross the
street if the lights are red!” 13. You ______ sit so near the TV. It’s bad for
your eyes. 14. I’m sorry but I ______ give you a lift because my car is bro-
ken. 15. I ______ stop and talk to you now. I have to get to the library.
16. You really ______ go to the Louvre if you’re in Paris. It’s wonderful.
17. You ______ come to the party if you don’t feel well. 18. The shirt is
not dirty. You ______ wash it. 19. You have passed all your tests. You
______ be very pleased with yourself. 20. This is a valuable book. You
______ look after it and mustn’t lose it.
20. Choose the forms that mean the same as the underlined words.
1. You should visit them.
a) could b) ought to c) must
2. You mustn’t use the swimming pool before 10. (Choose TWO correct options.)
a) aren’t
allowed to
b) don’t have to
c) can’t
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3. We have to clean our room every day.
a) ought to b) should c) have got to
4. You must come and see this. (Choose TWO correct options.)
a) have got to b) can c) have to
5. You mustn’t arrive late. (Choose TWO options.)
a) aren’t
allowed to
b) don’t have to
c) can’t
6. You shouldn't go so fast. It’s a bit dangerous.
a) ought not to b) mustn’t c) don’t have to
7. Do I have to go to the meeting with them?
a) Must I
b) Can’t I c) Am I
allowed to
8. I have to get up early.
a) could b) have got to c) should
9. You mustn’t take that elevator. It's only for staff. (Choose TWO
options.)
a) can’t b) aren’t
allowed to
c) don’t have to
10. We aren’t allowed to play outside under any circumstances.
a) ought not to b) mustn’t c) shouldn’t
21*. Fill in the blanks with a modal form from the list: can, can’t,
could, couldn’t, didn’t need to, must, mustn’t, needn’t.
1. You’ve got plenty of time. You ______ hurry. 2. There’s a knock
at the door. I’m expecting Paul. It ______ be him. 3. I can’t get my phone
to work. It ______ be out of order. 4. ______ I ask you a question? 5. That
was excellent work. But I ______ do it without you. 6. She ______ be 35.
She looks older than that. 7. I ______ go to work on Saturdays. It’s my day
off. 8. Tom has given me a letter to post. I ______ forget to post it. 9. Ann
stayed in bed this morning because she ______ go to work. 10. He ______
play chess when he was young. 11. You ______ drive a car when you’re 18.
12. Jack spends the whole day just walking around. He ______ have a job.
13. When I was in school I ______ do a hand stand, but now I’m too old.
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I ______ do one any more. 14. My mother keeps telling me that we ______
wash our hands before we sit down at the dinner table. 15. You ______
forget to turn off the lights when you go to bed. 16. When I was a child
I ______ understand adults, now that I’m an adult I ______ understand
children. 17. Sally looks sad and worried. She ______ have a problem with
something. 18. ______ I see your passport please. 19. He’ sees very badly,
so he ______ wear glasses all the time. 20. I ______ take a taxi because the
bus was on time.
GRAMMAR IN THEORY.
MODAL VERBS SHALL, WILL, WOULD: MEANING AND FUNCTIONING
Table 3.4 presents the main forms, functions, and meanings of modal
verbs and their synonymous expressions shall, will, would.
Table 3.4
The Meanings of Modal Verbs
shall/shall not
Meaning and Functioning
Examples
1. Offer, suggestion
2. Seeking advice
• Shall I carry your bag?
• Shall I come round to the office?
• When shall we go?
• How shall we live?
3. Strong obligation, necessity, promise,
or prohibition (order, rule, law,
commands, assurance/confidence,
intentions), usually
in very formal situations
• We shall remember this day forever.
• This door shall be kept closed
at all times.
• Don’t be afraid, Jane, I saw it was an
accident. You shall not be punished.
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Meaning and Functioning
Examples
• You shall not do it today.
• He shan’t come here.
The management shall not
be responsible for damage to personal
property. (a public notice
in a restaurant)
4. Special legal use for talking about
rules and laws
• According to the basic principle
of human rights, people shall not
be discriminated against because
of their nationality, race, age, sex,
religion, occupation and social status.
5. Threat or warning
• “That’s the last time!” she cried. “You
shall never see me again!”
• You shall repent of this neglect
of duty, Mr. Gummer.
will/will not
Meaning and Functioning
Examples
1. Wish, request, demand, order
(less polite than would)
• Will you please shut the door?
• Will you be quiet, please!
• This tastes good. Will you give
me the recipe?
• Will you come for dinner on Saturday?
2. Certainty in the future
• The rooms will be redecorated but all
the facilities will be the same.
• A: He’s still there at the moment.
B: He’ll be there until the new guy starts.
3. Intentions, decisions, plans
• When I go and see Marie, I think I’ll
take her some flowers.
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Meaning and Functioning
Examples
• What will you do with that soup? Will
you just put it in the fridge or will
you freeze it?
• I think I’ll have some
orange juice, actually.
4. Prediction, assumption about the
future or present
• I think it will rain on Friday.
• It’s all wool. It’ll shrink if you wash
it in hot water.
• A: Have you decided what you are
going to do with the car?
B: No. Father thinks it’ll cost a lot
of money to fix.
5. Promise
• I will stop smoking.
• I’ll never go to her house again.
• I’ll be there for you. Don’t worry.
6. Spontaneous decision,
willingness and offers
• Can somebody drive me to the
station? – I will.
• I’ll help you with that suitcase.
• I’ll give you a lift to the hotel.
7. Habits, repeated behavior which the
speaker does not like or approve of
• She’s strange, she will sit for hours
without talking.
• He will leave his clothes all over the
floor. It drives me mad. (stronger than:
He leaves his clothes all over the floor.)
would/would not
Meaning and Functioning
Examples
1. Wish, request, advise, imagine,
recommend, suggest (more formal
or polite than will)
• Would you shut the door, please?
• Would you mind giving me a wake-up call
at 7 am, please?
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Meaning and Functioning
Examples
Common expressions with would:
Would you (mind / like) …?
I would rather …
I would think / imagine…
• Would you rather pay by credit card?
• I would advise you to keep working
on your grammar.
• I would imagine it can’t be easy for you.
• I would rather try this size.
• We would suggest that you take this route.
It’s more scenic.
2. Habits in the past
Would is not used to talk about
states. In these cases, we say used
to instead of would.
• I had a friend from Albany, which is about
36 miles away, and we would meet every
Thursday morning and she would help us.
• I used to live in Melbourne when
I was a kid.
Not: I would live in Melbourne when
I was a kid.
3. Willingness in the past is usually
used the negative form wouldn’t
in this case
• The CD wasn’t working so I brought it back
to the shop but they wouldn’t give
me my money back because they said the
box had already been opened.
GRAMMAR IN PRACTICE
22. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate verbs from the list: should,
shall, ought to.
1. The abstract ______ give readers concise information about the
content of the article and indicate the main results obtained and conclusions drawn. 2. It was the principle of the tiling. People ______ keep their
words. 3. In case of seizure, confiscation or other disposition by third parties, the Purchaser ______ notify the Supplier immediately. 4. This team is
performing a unique experiment, you ______ do everything to join it.
5. They ______ be employed on such a difficult job. 6. Mr. Smith has received the necessary training, ______ he start working with this device?
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7. The brush ______ have a nice looking tip, with all the fibers sticking together. 8. Any agreement between the Parties concerned ______ only be
binding if it has been confirmed in writing and signed by both Parties.
9. The manager ______ (not) to have given this task to such a poorly qualified employee, he ruined everything. 10. Everyone involved in the implementation of this project ______ do his best to ensure its successful completion on time.
23. Choose the correct modal verb in each sentence.
1. My dog and I ______ (would, will) go for walks when she was
younger. 2. I ______ (will, would) buy new shoes if I had enough money.
3. I am feeling tired. I think I ______ (would, will) go to sleep now.
4. I ______ (will, would) like more milk when you get a chance. 5. I don’t
think we ______ (will, would) ever win the game. 6. If you get in trouble,
I ______ (won’t, wouldn’t) help you. 7. When we were in sixth grade, we
______ (will, would) usually play kick ball at recess. 8. ______ (Will,
Would) you like steak or chicken? 9. If I was a famous tennis player,
I ______ (won’t, wouldn’t) like to lose. 10. I am hungry. I ______ (will,
would) get something to eat.
24. Complete the following sentences with would, wouldn’t, could
or couldn’t.
1. Doing a bike ride ______ be good for your health. 2. However,
you ______ take part if you didn't have a bike. 3. A bike ride ______ be
much fun if the weather was bad. 4. You ______ ask all your friends and
relatives to sponsor you. 5. You ______ have to spend money hiring the
costumes. 6. You ______ collect much money in one afternoon. 7. You
______ get too hot if you wore a costume like that on a sunny day. 8. You
______ need to be physically fit, so anyone could do it. 9. I thought we
______ be late. 10. She promised she ______ call me.
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