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Файл:Практический английский язык для юристов = Practical English for Law Students. В 2 частях. Ч. 2. Учебное пособие
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beneficial? What could be done in this situation to prevent and protect
Royal Mail from the cyber-attack? How would you behave in this case if
you were a cybercriminal?
Case 2. Snowflake attack leads to multiple data breaches.
In June 2024, Mandiant researchers warned that a threat actor had
stolen a significant volume of customer data from multi-cloud data warehousing platform Snowflake. The data was advertised for sale on cybercrime forums as well as the threat actor using the data in attempts to extort
many of the victims. Mandiant said that the threat actor, tracked as
UNC5537, was “systematically” compromising Snowflake customer instances using stolen customer credentials. The researchers added that 165
organizations using Snowflake were notified they had potentially been exposed. A number of high-profile data breaches in 2024 were believed to
have been caused by the Snowflake compromise, which began in April.
This included a data breach of Ticketmaster’s parent company Live Nation, which impacted as many as 560 million of the company’s customers.
A breach of banking giant Santander’s customer and employee data in
May was also linked to the attack on Snowflake. Additionally, user data
from telecommunications giant AT&T was reportedly accessed from the
firm’s workspace on Snowflake.
Questions: What is the case problem? What cybercrime was committed? How serious were the consequences of the crime? Did the threat
actor cause serious challenges for victims? What could be done in this situation to prevent and protect Snowflake customers from the cyber-attack?
How would you behave in this case if you were a cybercriminal?
Case 3. Marriott Hotels.
In November 2018, Marriott hotels group suffered from a massive
data breach that affected more than 500 million customers. The compromise happened for the guest reservation database by an unknown party.
The information that was leaked contained payment information, mailing
addresses, passport numbers, and phone numbers for customers. Marriott
Group has immediately conducted incident investigations with a group of
security experts plus setting up a website and a call center. They also sent
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emails to the affected customers and gave them free access to monitoring
tools that monitor the internet and give an alert if any evidence of sharing
personal information is found.
Questions: What is the case problem? What cybercrime was committed? How serious were the consequences of the crime? Did the massive data breach cause serious challenges for victims? What could be
done in this situation to prevent and protect Marriott Group customers
from the cyber-attack? How would you behave in this case if you were
a cybercriminal?
56. Make up and give a presentation on one of the following top-
ics. Discuss your speech with your groupmates.
1. What is cybercrime? Types, examples, and prevention.
2. Who/what are the cybercriminals? Their types, skills, purposes,
activities
3. Reasons for the big increase in cybercrimes. Cybercrimes reduction.
4. Most Common Cybercrimes: Definitions, features, reasons, conse-
quences, examples.
5. Tips to protect yourself and your environment from the risk of cy-
bercrimes.
6. Digital forensics as the practice of collecting, analyzing and re-
porting on digital data.
7. The role of computer forensics in law enforcement.
LISTENING ACTIVITIES.
CYBERCRIMES
57. Listen to the first part of a radio program on cybercrime. Write
the definition of “cybercrime” according to Inspector Peters.
The audio is available at: https://drive.google.com/
file/d/1kU1SJkyHiRd2FRhkSp0lxE3wzvhIfYJO/view?u
sp=sharing.
Cyber crime ______________________________.
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58. Listen to the whole program and decide if the following sen-
tences are true or false. Then correct the false sentences.
The audio is available at: https://drive.google.com/
file/d/1yobOPT4poDb9jrlK2B_rG0UzSgW3lgqB/view?
usp=sharing.
1. According to Inspector Peters, most teenagers use
the Internet for cyber bullying.
2. Sending someone a threatening text message is an example of cyber
bullying.
3. Cyber bullies are never punished.
4. Inspector Peters believes people shouldn’t take cyber bullying
seriously.
5. Many schools are trying to deal with the problem of cyber bullying.
59. Listen to the whole program again and complete the sentenc-
es below.
1. I used to be involved with a special ______ of the police that in-
vestigates cybercrime.
2. Bullies put their victim’s photos on the Internet without their
______.
3. Do you have any ______ for someone who is being cyber bullied?
4. Teenagers can get more advice at ______ like www.bullying.co.uk.
60. Complete these definitions with the correct word. Then say
which of them is used to help prevent cybercrime?
1. ______ means sending out-e-mails from false financial institutions
to try to obtain confidential details.
2. ______ is a program that steals people’s personal information.
3. A ______ is a program that protects a computer against cyber-
crime “attacks”.
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WRITING IN THEORY.
CRIME PROBLEM AND SOLUTION ESSAY
One of the various types of essays that is very important in academic
and legal writing is a problem solution essay. The problem solution essay
requires students to talk about a specific problem or its causes and suggest
possible solutions to the topic. The crime problem-solution essay topics
are based on real-life situations, for example, Criminals Reoffending.
Given below is an example of a problem & solution essay. Let’s understand how to frame the essay from the ideas we have.
Outline.
Introduction.
1. Paraphrase the overall essay topic: Give insight about the topic and
elaborate briefly.
2. Write a clear opinion: Give prelude to what can be expected in the
essay.
Body.
Paragraph 1. Cause.
1. Write a topic sentence with a clear main idea at the end.
2. Explain your main idea.
3. Develop it with specific or hypothetical examples.
4. Keep developing it fully.
5. Add more detail.
6. Include some long and complex sentences.
7. Finish the paragraph strong.
Paragraph 2: Solution.
1. Write a new topic sentence with a new main idea at the end.
2. Explain your new main idea.
3. Include specific details and examples.
4. Add as much information as you can and make sure it links
logically.
5. Develop the example fully.
6. If you have a second idea, be sure it is also developed.
7. And the ending is powerful.
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Conclusion.
1. Summarize your main ideas.
2. Include a final thought, ending up with the solution stated.
A Sample Crime Problem and Solution Essay: Criminals
Reoffending.
The task for the essay: “Recent research suggests that the majority
of criminals who are sent to prison commit crimes after they are released.
Why is this the case? What can be done to solve this problem?”.
The answer (see the Outline given above):
Introduction.
1. Historically, most people who were incarcerated commit crimes
again after being released from prison. 2. In my opinion, this is related to
economics and psychology and the chief solutions are governmental.
Paragraph 1. Cause.
1. The causes of high recidivism rates are identical to the original explanations for the crimes in question. 2. The vast majority of criminal activity can be traced back to poverty. 3. Individuals who are wealthy enough
to afford a good standard of living rarely have a motive for crime. 4. However, those who lack financial means to live a decent life are more likely to
commit crimes and this is exacerbated for past criminals who struggle to
apply successfully for work with a past offense on their permanent record.
5. Moreover, there are psychological reasons that may also persist. 6. Many
criminals had difficult upbringings and do not have access to trained therapists who can help them work through their issues. 7. These causes combined are the reason that prison often fails to rehabilitate inmates.
Paragraph 2. Solution.
1. The ideal solutions should be enacted by the authorities. 2. Firstly,
governments must make consistent efforts to ensure released convicts can
support themselves financially. 3. This might involve small stipends to
help prisoners adjust but the focus should be on education. 4. An individual who has earned a high school or university degree or learned a skilled
trade has little reason to commit crime after being set free. 5. Secondly, gov-
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ernments could overhaul rehabilitation methodologies. 6. Though society is
becoming increasingly secular, there is research that suggests recidivism
rates are considerably lower if a prisoner has faith in a religion. 7. Concern
for one’s immortal soul is a powerful incentive for ethical behavior.
Conclusion.
1. In conclusion, many criminals reoffend due to economic and psychological reasons and governments must take decisive action to counter
this pattern. 2. Looking at successful models in other countries is also
advisable.
WRITING IN PRACTICE.
CRIME PROBLEM AND SOLUTION ESSAY
61. Write a crime problem and solution essay on one of the following topics.
1. In many countries, the amount of crime is increasing. What do you
think are the main causes of crime? How can we deal with those causes?
Give some examples for the topic. You should write at least 250 words.
2. Nowadays, more and more people commit crimes. What are causes and solutions to this problem? Give some examples for the topic. You
should write at least 250 words.
3. Many people are too scared to leave their home because of a fear
of crime. What do you think are the main causes of crime? How can we
solve this problem? Give some examples for the topic. You should write at
least 250 words.
4. The problem of cybercrime is increasing day by day. What are the
causes of this? Suggest a few solutions. Give some examples for the topic.
You should write at least 250 words.
5. It is often thought that the increase in felonies can be attributed to
violence in the media. What do you think is the reason for this phenomenon? Suggest some measures to combat this problem. Give some examples
for the topic. You should write at least 250 words.
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6. In many countries, the age of criminals is getting lower. Provide
reasons for this problem, along with solutions. Support your arguments
with examples. You should write at least 250 words.
7. There are large organized criminal groups in certain regions of the
world. There are also numerous criminals who have led the criminal underworld. What do you think are the main causes of it? How can we solve
this problem? Give some examples for the topic. You should write at least
250 words.
OPTIONAL ASSIGNMENTS
62. Grammar Revision. Make one sentence from the two short
ones. The second sentence should become the relative clause. The relative pronoun is either the subject or object of the relative clause.
1. My sister has three children. My sister lives in Australia. 2. The
waiter was rude. The waiter was wearing a blue shirt. 3. The money is in
the kitchen. The money belongs to John. 4. The table got broken. The table
was my grandmother’s. May be freely copied for personal or classroom
use. 5. The television was stolen. The television was bought 20 years ago.
6. The food was delicious. David cooked the food. 7. The car was stolen.
My father gave me the car. 8. The man was arrested. I reported the man to
the police. 9. The doctor was right. Lucy asked the doctor about her problem. 10. The waitress was very pretty. My brother dated the waitress. 11. The
secretary is in the office. The boss likes the secretary. 12. The man was late.
Julie invited the man. 13. The doctor was sick. I wanted to see the doctor.
14. The accountant was arrested. The accountant works for my father's company. 15. I wrote to the friend. You met the friend last week. 16. The mobile
phone can’t be fixed. The mobile phone is broken. 17. John made a copy
of the photo. I took the photo. 18. I met a girl. The girl was a doctor. 19. We
called a doctor. The doctor works at a hospital in London. 20. We like the
actor. The actor was in a famous film. 21. I went to the restaurant. I read
about the restaurant in the newspaper. 22. She bought a car. Her sister liked
the car. 23. I often buy cheese. The cheese is imported from Paris. 24. The
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hairdresser was very good. The hairdresser has red hair. 25. The child is
playing in the garden. We see the child often.
63. Grammar Revision. Write one appropriate relative pronoun
in each gap. Do not write that and do not leave any gaps blank.
I’m sure there was a reason 1. ______ I became a TV reviewer.
Maybe it was my love of classic shows 2. ______ kept me entertained as
a child. Or maybe it was the presenters 3. ______ seemed to promise an
exciting world of glamour and showbiz. To be honest, I’ve watched so many
shows lately 4. ______ have bored me to tears that I’ve forgotten. Take
Kid Swap, for example, the new show 5. ______ Channel 7 hopes will revive their viewing figures. The show takes kids 6. ______ parents have had
enough and swaps them with kids from other families for two weeks. The
problem with this show is that I’m just not sure at 7. ______ it’s aimed —
parents or teenagers. Parents 8. ______ watch this show will find it childish, particularly at the moment 9. ______ one of the teenagers does nothing but complain. Teenage viewers 10. ______ watch more than the first
five minutes will soon get bored of the parents, 11. ______ blame anybody
but themselves for the situation. This is definitely one idea 12. ______
should be put exactly where it belongs — in the bin!
64*. Grammar Revision. Complete the sentences by choosing the
best options.
1. ______ I was ready to leave for Saint Petersburg with evidence,
ranging from fingerprints to software.
a. a few days
b. so long as
c. by the time
d. five months later
2. Did anybody come to see me ______ I was out?
a. since
b. while
c. where
d. for
3. ______ you may go in the world, you can’t find such a beautiful
country as Russia.
a. When
b. Whenever
c. Wherever
d. Where
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4. I have been very busy thinking of the event ______ you said it to me.
a. for
b. since
c. when
d. until
5. It looks ______ it is going to rain soon.
a. such as
b. alike
c. as
d. as though
6. I will not write you a letter anymore ______ I get one from you.
a. since
b. as
c. after
d. until
7. When we saw the dog running towards us we ran away ______
we could.
a. so soon as
b. not slowly as
c. as fast as
d. recklessly
8. Plants appear to be less sensitive than animals ______ they re-
spond in some ways to light, heat, physical contact and other stimuli.
a. while
b. when
c. thus
d. although
9. ______ a big storm is about to come, we must evacuate this place
as soon as possible.
a. Now that
b. Then
c. That
d. Now
10. I can’t stand my roommate anymore. I must change my room
______ possible.
a. as far as
b. as soon as
c. before
d. after
11. Finish your homework, ______ you can go to the cinema.
a. after
b. then
c. until
d. while
12. I climbed a high tree ______ I could get a better view of the ocean.
a. so as to
b. otherwise
c. such that
d. in order that
13. ______ this time, the design of airships was constantly being improved and ______ 1937 they carried thousands of passengers on regular
transatlantic services for millions of miles.
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a. During/then
b. Until/then
c. During/up to
d. While/until
14. ______ I feel very tired, you want me to do some more work. Are
you trying to kill me?
a. Sometimes
b. While
c. Whenever
d. After
15. ______ you like ______ dislike milk, you should drink it every day.
a. Both/and
b. Whether/or
c. Either/or
d. Not only/but also
16. Last term, Boban studied much better ______ he was expected.
a. then
b. than
c. before
d. since
17. ______ history man has changed his physical environment in order to improve his life.
a. along
b. in
c. since
d. throughout
18. ______ stingy people have, ______ they want. Because they are
eager by their nature.
a. The more/
the less
b. The less/
the less
c. The more/the more
d. The less/at least
19. There is a social rule that citizens should enjoy all freedom, ______
it does not interfere with the freedom of others.
a. otherwise
b. in case
c. provided that
d. in the event
20. I am taking my books with me ______ I can read them during the
holiday.
a. possibly b. on condition
that
c. so that
d. in case of
21______ he is not invited, he must go to the meeting to see what is
going on there.
a. Even if
b. Only if
c. I wish
d. In case
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