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Файл:Практический английский язык для юристов = Practical English for Law Students. В 2 частях. Ч. 2. Учебное пособие
.pdf
241
Witness — someone who provides evidence in respect of criminal pro-
ceedings. This may include the victim, people who saw the offence take
place, police officers and forensic scientists.
Witness Service — a service which can help victims and other wit-
nesses understand the court process and feel more confident when giving
evidence.
Witness statement — a formal written account, taken by the police,
which sets out what the witness observed in relation to an alleged offence.
This includes what the witness saw and heard.
242
REFERENCES
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перераб. и доп. — Москва : Юрайт, 2025.
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3. Буримская, Д.В. Английский язык для юристов (Legal English.
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ния = English For Legal Interviewing And Counselling (Student’s Book) :
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Ар Медиа, 2024.
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Н.Н. Николаева, М.В. Куликова. — Москва : Ай Пи Ар Медиа, 2023.
8. Николаева, Н.Н. Английский язык в сфере информационных
технологий для студентов юридических специальностей = English in
Information Technology for Law Students. В 2 частях. Ч. 2 : учебник /
Н.Н. Николаева, М.В. Куликова. — Москва : Ай Пи Ар Медиа, 2024.
9. Николаева, Н.Н. English for Computer Forensics Specialists = Ан-
глийский язык для специалистов в области судебной компьютерно-технической экспертизы : учебное пособие / Н.Н. Николаева, М.В. Куликова, Е.А. Юдачева. — Москва : Изд-во МГТУ им. Н. Э. Баумана, 2019.
243
10. Ступникова, Л.В. Английский язык для юристов (Learning Le-
gal English) : учебник и практикум для вузов / Л.В. Ступникова. —
3-е изд., испр. и доп. — Москва : Юрайт, 2024.
11. Танцура, Т.А. Английский язык для юристов = Legal English
essentials and cross-cultural communication : учебник / Т.А. Танцура,
А.В. Цветкова. — Москва : КноРус, 2025.
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International Law Before National Courts / C.I. Nagy. — Nashville : Kluwer Law International, 2022.
Dictionaries:
1. Англо-русский словарь-минимум к учебным пособиям «Just
English» и «New Just English» (Английский для юристов) / М.Н. Малахова, Е.Ю. Смердина, О.А. Лузгина [и др.]. — Омск : Изд-во Омской академии МВД России, 2007.
2. Андрианов, С.Н. Англо-русский юридический словарь : около
50 000 терминов / С.Н. Андрианов, А.С. Берсон, А.С. Никифоров. —
Москва : Руссо, 2005.
3. Glossary of Legal Terms and Phrases. — URL: https://www.lexisnexis.
co.uk/legal/.
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glossary.
5. Law Dictionary of Legal Terminology. — URL: https://www.lawdictionary.org/.
6. Legal Dictionary. Law.com. — URL: https://dictionary.law.com/.
7. Merriam-Webster’s Law Dictionary. — URL: https://www.merriam-
webster.com/legal.
8. Nolo’s Free Dictionary of Law Terms and Legal Definitions. —
URL: https://dictionary.nolo.com/.
9. The Britannica Dictionary. Legal English Vocabulary Words. —
URL: https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/eb/3000-words/topic/legalenglish.
244
Internet Resources:
1. Crime and punishment. — URL: https://www.nationalarchives.
gov.uk/education/resources/crime-punishment/.
2. Crime and the justice system in the UK. — URL: https://www.expatica.
com/uk/living/gov-law-admin/crime-and-legal-system-in-the-uk-106525/.
3. Crime, justice and the law. — URL: https://www.gov.uk/browse/
justice.
4. Crimes, punishment and law enforcement. — URL: https://www.bbc.
co.uk/bitesize/guides/zk6k96f/revision/1.
5. English Grammar — Online Grammar and Vocabulary. — URL:
https://www.english-grammar.at/.
6. English Grammar Exercises/ESL Practice Tests for All Levels. —
URL: https://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/esl-english-grammar-exercises.html.
7. English Grammar Tests. — URL: https://englishtestsonline.com/
english-grammar-tests/.
8. Glossary of Legal Terms and Phrases. — URL:
https://www.innertemplelibrary.org.uk/research-and-training/glossary/.
9. Structure of the Courts & Tribunals system. — URL:
https://www.judiciary.uk/about-the-judiciary/our-justice-system/court-structure/
10. The Court and Legal System. — URL: https://supremecourt.uk/
about-the-court.
11. Types of courts in England and Wales — Find Case Law. —
URL: https://caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk/courts-and-tribunals.
12. Useful English. — URL: https://usefulenglish.ru/grammar/.
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APPENDIX 1
AUDIO SCRIPTS TO LISTENING EXERCISES
Module 1
Trial by Jury.
Available at: https://english-practice.net/
practice-listening-and-speaking-english-for-dailycommunication-trial-by-jury/.
If you are a citizen of Canada or the United States, it is very likely that you will be summoned at some time for jury duty. A letter will
come in the mail, telling you to report to a certain place at a given time. There are legal penalties for not attending, because jury duty is considered every citizen’s responsibility. Often a large
number of people, perhaps several hundred, will be summoned at one time.
When you arrive, you will join a line-up of others who are registering for
duty. Eventually, you will get to a table and talk to an official. If you have
a special reason for not being a juror, such as ill health, you may be excused at this point. Those not immediately exempted become a part of
a “jury panel.” Out of this panel, a number of juries of twelve people will
be chosen. These will decide a variety of criminal cases over the next few
weeks.
What follows is the experience of one woman in a “jury pool.” She
went with the others into a large courtroom where they spent the whole
day. At the front of the courtroom were the judge, and the lawyers for the
prosecution and for the defence. One of the lawyers explained what the
case was going to be about. The names of the jury panel were in a box at
the front. When someone’s name was called, they went up to the front of
the courtroom. The person called up would then have a chance to explain
why they couldn’t serve as a juror, if there was some reason preventing
them. For example, one woman was dismissed because she knew the
accused.
246
The first jury to be chosen was for a burglary case. A panel member
went forward and faced the accused. Then the lawyers in the trial decided
whether the juror was satisfactory to them. At lunchtime, the panel was dismissed for an hour. The second jury was to try someone on a charge of
murder. Usually the panel was told approximately how long the trial might
be. Since jurors are not usually paid, many would like to avoid being involved in a long trial. The woman was called forward and had to look the
man accused of murder in the eye. This made her quite nervous. Judging by
her expression, the two lawyers would decide whether they wanted her on
the jury or not. The defence lawyer would try to choose someone who
seemed sympathetic to the man accused. The prosecutor would prefer someone who was not sympathetic. The woman excused herself by saying that
she had a very young child to look after and no relatives to help. She was
allowed to go home at the end of the day.
Some people wonder whether it is fair for lawyers to dismiss jurors
who may not be sympathetic to their cases. For example, defence lawyers
may try to choose young people if they think that these will be less severe
to their clients. In the case above, the lawyer seemed to prefer women to
men. This means that a lot of people are dismissed from being jurors without a good reason. One principle of the jury system, however, is to protect
the rights of the accused particularly well. One might say that the jury system is biased in favor of the defendant. This is why defence lawyers have
an opportunity to dismiss people who they think will not be favorable to
their clients. Furthermore, having twelve jurors gives the defence a good
opportunity for a successful defence. If the defence attorney can raise
a reasonable doubt about the guilt of his client in even one juror, then the
accused has a chance of being released. This happened in the O.J. Simpson
murder trial. There, even though there was strong evidence that Simpson
committed the crime, the defence was able to insinuate some doubts among
the jurors.
Moreover, the defence lawyers may be able to appeal to the emotions
of the jurors, particularly if they can think of a way to gain sympathy for
their client. For this reason, defence lawyers are more likely to choose trial
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by jury over trial by judge alone. A judge is less likely to be swayed by emotion than a jury. And a defence attorney may also prefer a criminal trial to
a civil suit. In the latter case, the client does not have to be proven guilty
beyond a reasonable doubt but will be found liable if the preponderance of
evidence is against him or her. This is why O.J. Simpson was acquitted on
criminal charges, but then found liable for damages in a civil suit.
Module 2
Part 1.
Available at: https://drive.google.com/file/d/
1kU1SJkyHiRd2FRhkSp0lxE3wzvhIfYJO/view?us
p=sharing.
Christine: Welcome to Cyber Talk — the program where we talk about the world of computers and
technology. Tonight’s special guest is Inspector Peters. Good evening, Inspector Peters.
Inspector: Hello, Christine.
Christine: Inspector Peters, what has your job got to do with technology?
Inspector: Well, I used to be involved with a special branch of the police that investigates cybercrime. That includes crimes like identity theft,
credit card fraud and hacking — all of which are committed using computers. These days I work with the community to help combat cyber bullying.
Part 2.
Available at: https://drive.google.com/file/d/
1yobOPT4poDb9jrlK2B_rG0UzSgW3lgqB/view?u
sp=sharing.
Christine: Can you explain what cyber bullying is?
Inspector: Embarrassing someone or spreading
rumours on the Internet or via text messages to mobile phones is called online — or cyber bullying. As part of my job, I visit
schools to talk to students about their use of the Internet. Recently, I asked
248
a group of kids what they did online. Most replied that they chatted,
watched music videos, and sent instant messages and e-mails. Those were
typical answers. But one student admitted that he was being bullied online.
Christine: How can someone be bullied online?
Inspector: There are several ways. Sometimes bullies put their vic-
tims’ photos on the Internet without their knowledge, or they send their
victims nasty or frightening text messages or e-mails. Other times, they
spread lies and rumours about them on the Internet. Sometimes they send
text messages threatening the victim with violence.
Christine: Why do you think teenagers do this?
Inspector: Most cyber bullies don’t think that what they’re doing is
that terrible. They think it’s funny. Sometimes their friends encourage them
to do it. Another reason might be that they can bully someone and they’re
sure they won’t get caught.
Christine: What happens if someone is caught cyber bullying? Are
they punished?
Inspector: Well, when we find out who the bully is, we make sure his
or her ISP — Internet Service Provider — is closed down.
Christine: So have you got any tips for someone that is being cyber
bullied?
Inspector: Christine, cyber bullying is a serious matter. If you get
a frightening text message or e-mail, you should immediately report it to
an adult that you trust, such as a parent or a teacher. Phoning the mobile
phone service provider is a good idea, too. The provider can find out who
owns the mobile phone. Teenagers can get more advice at sites like
www.bullying.co.uk. In addition, many schools have got systems where
students can report cases of online bullying. So you see, there’s actually
a lot you can do if you’re being bullied.
Christine: There certainly is, Inspector. Thanks for the helpful
information.
Inspector: You’re welcome. Any time.
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Module 3
Listening 1. The Rights of the Accused.
Available at: https://english-practice.net/practice-
listening-and-speaking-english-for-daily-communicationthe-rights-of-the-accused/.
In English-speaking countries, the rights of an
accused person are taken very seriously. Over many
centuries, laws evolved in such a way that people could not be arrested or
charged without a very good reason. Of course, every country needs to enforce its laws. This means that police officers are needed, and so are “prose-
cutors”-the lawyers whose job is to make criminal charges against people
who break the laws, and to prove that those charges are true. However, it is
very important that people’s freedoms are not taken away wrongly.
People should not be punished unfairly, and people who are accused
of crimes must have the opportunity to defend themselves. In some parts of
the world, people can be arrested and imprisoned for long periods of time,
without any criminal charges being made against them. One of the most
important principles of justice in English-speaking countries is that a person cannot be held by the police unless that person is charged with a crime.
This principle is known by the Latin term, “habeas corpus.” According to
the idea of habeas corpus, the police are not allowed to detain a person for
more than a certain period of time (usually, twenty-four hours), unless some
charge is made against the person. A judge will order the release of a person who is not charged with a crime.
Another important feature of justice systems in most English-speaking
countries is that accused individuals have the right to be represented by
a lawyer. Most accused people want to hire an expert lawyer. However, even
if a person cannot afford to hire a lawyer, the criminal court must provide
a lawyer who will represent that person. The lawyer for an accused person
is required to defend that person as thoroughly as possible.
One of the most important aspects of justice systems in the United
States and the British Commonwealth is that an accused person must be
250
fully informed of any charges made against them. Also, any evidence that
will be used to show the accused person’s guilt must be shared with the
accused person and with that person’s lawyer. In this way, accused persons
can challenge the truth of any evidence that will be used against them.
Similarly, any person who acts as a witness against an accused person can
be cross-examined by the accused person’s lawyer. This means that the
statements of a witness can be challenged by the accused person.
Another important element of most English-speaking justice systems
is that evidence must be obtained fairly. Police officers cannot simply enter a person’s home to look for evidence of a crime. They must first have
a good reason to believe that a crime has been committed, and they must
obtain permission from a judge to enter the person’s property. This per-
mission is called a “search warrant.” Because search warrants are required,
people are free from arbitrary invasions of their property by the police.
Finally, another important aspect of most English-speaking justice
systems is that trials must be held in public, where other citizens can watch
the trial. An accused person is not tried secretly. Moreover, as discussed in
another passage, the accused person has the right to be tried by a jury of other
free citizens. All of these rules ensure that order can be maintained without
taking away the freedom of innocent people.
Listening 2. The Death Penalty.
Available at: https://www.elllo.org/english/
Mixer001/T007-DeathPenalty.html.
Six people discuss if they think some people
should be killed for their crimes.
Jeannie, United States.
The death penalty? I don't believe in the death
penalty because for me it's always a thing of, you
know, who gets who gets to judge who gets to live or die. Even if the person being killed is being killed because they killed someone, I still don't go
for that, eye-for-an-eye type thing.
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