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Файл:Практический английский язык для юристов = Practical English for Law Students. В 2 частях. Ч. 2. Учебное пособие
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cannot 11. ______ and steal their 12. ______. When they go out at night,
they should leave 13. ______ on so that thieves think there are people at
home. When they are on the streets, they should 14. ______ of what is happening around them. They could even consider doing a 15. ______ course
such as judo or jujitsu so that they can 16. ______ themselves if they are
17. ______ by muggers. There will always be 18. ______ on our streets,
but that doesn’t mean we all need to be 19. ______ of crime, especially if
we take the right 20. ______ measures.
22*. Match the legal idioms with their meanings. Give their Russian equivalents.
1.
boys in blue/cops
a.
tell the police that someone commits a crime
2.
do time/
be behind bars
b.
to run away very quickly,
usually from some trouble
3.
hardened criminal
c.
the police
4.
nick
d.
behave badly, or do something that
is forbidden, without being punished for it
5.
get away with
e.
steal
6.
be caught red handed
f.
obey the law
7.
blow the whistle
on someone
g.
tell someone secrets
8.
leg it
h.
spend time in prison
9.
go straight/
keep your nose clean
i.
one who will not stop
his criminal activity
10.
turn to a career
of crime
j.
being close, secretive, and very loyal
to each other
11.
spill the beans
k.
start a life of crime
12.
as thick as thieves
l.
be caught in the act
23*. Translate the sentences with the English legal idioms into
Russian.
1. He fell in with some bad boys, and turned to a career of crime.
2. He was caught red handed stealing money from the cash. 3. He’s doing
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time after he was caught for drunk driving. 4. If you hang around with that
gang, you’ll find yourself behind bars in no time! 5. After 2 years behind
bars, he has decided to keep his nose clean. 6. He refused to blow the whistle on his boss for fear of losing his job. 7. The boys in blue coordinated
with firefighters during the major incident. 8. Sally has no control over her
kids. They get away with murder. 9. And you’re just going to spill the beans
in front of an outsider? 10. Chris always takes Danny’s side. They’re as
thick as thieves. 11. The perpetrators are not hardened criminals; many have
no previous criminal record. 12. I legged it from the police.
24*. Complete the following story using the legal idioms from the
list: behind bars, nick, boys in blue, doing time, got away with, nicking,
spill the beans, hardened, cops, as thick as thieves, leg it, red handed.
Brian and Bert had always been 1. ______, sharing each other’s secrets and doing everything together. They turned to a life of crime in their
teens, and by the time they were in their early twenties, they were already
2. ______ criminals. They burgled houses and stole cars and always
3. ______ it, discovering that they actually enjoyed the excitement of avoiding the 4. ______. However, their luck didn’t last and one day the 5. ______
caught them 6. ______ while they were 7. ______ a car. They tried to
8. ______, but didn’t get too far. The police interviewed them and told
them to 9. ______. I’m glad to say that Brian and Bert are now 10. ______
in Wandsworth. 11. ______, and expect to be 12. ______ for at least two
years.
25. Fill in the gaps by choosing the best option.
Biometrics in Law Enforcement
Law enforcement’s use of biometrics to 1. ______ dates back to the
early 20th century. The first criminal trial in the United States that used
fingerprints as 2. ______ concluded in 1911, and police still use many of
the same 3. ______ to evaluate fingerprints as they did then. Fingerprints
are highly unique; not even identical twins share the same 4. ______ Many
decades later, police added another powerful tool to their crime-solving
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tool kit: DNA evidence. The first 5. ______ based on DNA evidence in the
United States occurred in 1987. More recently, law enforcement has been
using another biometric tool: 6. ______. This tool compares images of faces in order to estimate their similarities and verify or determine a 7. ______.
The technology has many law enforcement applications, such as locating
missing children, detecting 8. ______, solving cold cases, and 9. ______.
There are many other biometrics, including voice recognition, iris recognition, retina scans, gait analysis, and signature recognition. As technologies
continue to develop, 10. ______ could use a wide variety of biometrics to
solve crimes that, in the past, may have been unsolvable.
No
A B C
1.
solve crime
decide subject matter
identify crime
2.
facts
evidence
checks
3.
materials and methods
techniques
tools
4.
correlations
fingermarks
fingerprints
5.
judgement
conviction
sentencing
6.
facial recognition
face identification
identification image
7.
authentication
verification
person’s identity
8.
defraud
fraudulent activity
fraudster
9.
identifying criminals
recognizing offender
spotting crime
10.
law enforcement
legal officers
criminal justice
Speaking 1
26. Discuss the following questions with your groupmates during
the round-table talk.
1. Do you think our country is a safe place to live and travel? Why or
why not?
2. Is it ever O.K. to break the law? If so, when? Who decides what is
and isn’t a crime?
3. What kinds of crime are most common in our country?
4. What do you think makes people commit acts of violent crime?
5. What can be done to discourage people from breaking the law? With
harsher punishments or better education? Suggest your options.
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6. How has technology helped in ensuring that people obey the law?
7. How can the police best ensure the safety of communities?
8. If a person acts in self-defense and accidentally hurts someone,
should they be punished?
9. If your friend committed a serious crime, how would you act?
10. Do you think there is more or less crime now than in the past?
Why? Do you think the world will be safer or more dangerous in the future? Explain your opinion.
27. Work in pairs. Analyze Fig. 2.3 and discuss the causes of crime:
What makes some people become criminals? Is it poverty, lack of social
welfare, poor upbringing, lack of education, unemployment or something
else? Are some people naturally bad or does their upbringing and environment lead them to commit crimes? How much should we blame society and how much should we blame the person? Give reasons to your
opinion. You may find some more information on this topic in the Internet and share your findings with your partner.
Fig. 2.3. Causes of crime
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Reading 2
28. Read Text 2B and define the differences among the types of
crime according to the severity of punishment.
TEXT 2В. Types of Crime
Crimes can be classified in many ways. Crimes can be grouped by
subject matter. These classifications are basically for convenience and are
not imperative to the study of criminal law. More important and substantive is the classification of crimes according to the severity of punishment.
This is called grading. Crimes are generally graded into four categories: felonies, misdemeanors, felony-misdemeanors, and infractions (see Fig. 2.4).
Fig. 2.4. The classification of crimes according
to the severity of punishment
Felonies are the most serious crimes. They are either supported by
a heinous intent, like the intent to kill, or accompanied by an extremely serious result, such as loss of life, grievous injury, or destruction of property.
Felonies are serious, so they are graded the highest, and all sentencing options are available. Misdemeanors are less serious than felonies, either be-
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cause the intent requirement is of a lower level or because the result is less
extreme. Misdemeanors are usually punishable by jail time of one year or
less per misdemeanor, a fine, or alternative sentencing like probation, rehabilitation, or community service. Felony-misdemeanors are crimes that
the government can prosecute and punish as either a felony or a misdemeanor, depending on the particular circumstances accompanying the offense.
The discretion whether to prosecute the crime as a felony or misdemeanor
usually belongs to the judge, but in some instances the prosecutor can make
the decision. Infractions, which can also be called violations, are the least
serious crimes and include minor offenses such as jaywalking and motor
vehicle offenses that result in a simple traffic ticket. Infractions are generally punishable by a fine.
Although there are many different classifications of crimes which
can be grouped by subject matter (see, for example, Fig. 2.5), criminal acts
can generally be divided into the following categories.
Fig. 2.5. The classification of crimes grouped by subject matter
(an example)
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1. Crimes Against a Person. Crimes against persons or acts of violence are vigorously pursued under criminal laws. These offenses have severe punishments, and law enforcement aims to impose the longest terms
possible. A victim advocate is allocated to every case, and throughout the
criminal court system. Crimes against a person include kidnapping, robbery,
manslaughter, child abuse, murder, assault and battery, sexual assault, rape.
2. Crimes Against Property. Crime against property, in most cases,
is the interference with another person’s property. They generally result in
the suspension of the use of property, however, they may involve harm to
an individual physically or mentally as well. Charges and punishment may
be determined by the kind of property. Crimes against property include theft,
auto theft, destruction of property, shoplifting, grand theft, and arson.
3. Organized Crimes. The illegal operations of people who belong
to criminal organizations that provide illicit goods and services are referred
to as “organized crime.” Distributing and selling illicit products and services are common activities carried out by organized crime groups. Organized crimes include money laundering, drug trade, illegal gambling, cannabis cultivation, and arms smuggling.
4. Crimes Against Morality. These crimes frequently referred to as
victimless crimes, are transgressions that do not include harm to a person
or piece of property. Depending on the nature of the act, punishments for
moral violations can vary from fines to years behind bars. Crimes against
morality include illegal gambling, bigamy, indecent exposure, prostitution,
illegal drug use, selling alcohol to minors.
5. Hate Crimes. Hate crimes are crimes motivated by prejudice against
people or property confined to race, gender, gender identity, handicap, religion, sexual orientation, or ethnicity.
6. White Collar Crimes. White-collar crimes are those committed
by financially secure people who do so within the framework of their particular field of work (There are other definitions: see, for example, Fig. 2.6).
White-collar criminals act unethically either for their advantage or the profit
of the company when it comes to embezzlement or corporate price-fixing.
The environment, customers, employers, and the economy are all victims
of white-collar crime. White-collar crimes include election law violations,
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corporate fraud, healthcare fraud, forgery, insider training, investment fraud,
money laundering, and tax evasion.
Fig. 2.6. White collar crimes
7. Street Crimes. Street crimes are crimes against people or property
that occur in public areas. These crimes can hurt or distress people or companies in public places, and they frequently have an immediate effect on
the community. Street crimes include auto theft, stealing, assault, hit-andrun, robbery, rape, graffiti, and vandalism.
8. Cybercrimes. Cybercrime is the term for using a computer to carry out illegal activities such as fraud, identity theft, the trafficking of child
pornographic and intellectual property theft, and privacy violations. The
number of cases of cybercrime, particularly via the Internet, has increased
as computers have become fundamental to government, entertainment, and
the economy. Cybercrime primarily has financial effects. Several profitdriven criminal activities fall under the umbrella of cybercrime, such as identity theft, ransomware attacks, email and internet fraud, and efforts to steal
credit cards, bank accounts, or other data associated with payment cards.
9. Fraud. Fraud is the word used to signify the deliberate use of deceit to get value, most commonly money. False statements, misrepresentations, or dishonest behavior meant to mislead or deceive are typically used
in fraud cases. Money laundering from illegal operations, benefit fraud, and
tax fraud are all examples of fraud.
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10. Perjury. Perjury is giving a false oath in court or during another
official action, whether verbally or in writing. It is referred to as the false
swearing.
11. Financial Crimes. Financial crime is any behavior that makes it
possible for a person or organization to illegally get financial assets (money, investments, or other property). Either directly robbing a person or organization or unlawfully manipulating or hiding the legal ownership of an
asset, are the usual scenarios. The financial condition of people, as well as
regional or worldwide markets, could remain severely harmed by it.
29. Complete the following statements using Text 2В.
1. Grading is ______. 2. Felonies are either supported by a heinous
intent or ______. 3. Misdemeanors are usually punishable by ______.
4. The discretion whether to prosecute the crime as a felony or misdemeanor usually belongs to ______. 5. Organized crime refers to ______. 6. Victimless crimes are transgressions that ______. 7. Several profit-driven criminal activities fall under the umbrella of cybercrime, such as ______.
8. Street crimes can ______. 9. Infractions are the least serious crimes and
include ______. 10. Crimes that are typically used in fraud cases are as
follows ______.
30. Answer the following questions using Text 2B.
1. How can crimes be classified or grouped? 2. Why are felonies considered the most serious crimes? 3. Why are misdemeanors considered less
serious than felonies? 4. What sentencing options are available for felonymisdemeanors and infractions? 5. Why are crimes against a person punished by the longest terms possible? 6. What are the results of committing
crimes against property? 7. How do hate crimes differ from crimes against
morality? 8. Who commits white-collar crimes? What do these crimes include? Are they dangerous? 9. Does cybercrime always have financial effects? Why or why not? Explain your opinion. 10. What illegal behavior is
called financial crime? How many of them do you know? Name them.
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Vocabulary drilling 2
31. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and word
combinations. Recall how they were used in Text 2B.
Subject matter, to be not imperative, heinous intent, grievous injury,
destruction of property, probation, rehabilitation, community service, minor offenses, jaywalking and motor vehicle offenses, to impose the longest
terms possible, kidnapping, robbery, assault and battery, crimes against property, interference with sth, the suspension of the use of property, organized
crimes, arms smuggling, crimes against morality, transgression, to include
harm to sb/sth, prejudice against people, gender identity, to act unethically,
tax evasion, to occur in public areas, to carry out illegal activities, privacy
violation, profit-driven criminal activity, identity theft, ransomware attack,
email and internet fraud, effort to steal credit cards, bank account, misrepresentation, dishonest behavior, giving a false oath in court, hiding the legal ownership of an asset.
32. Translate the following word combinations into English using
Text 2В. Recall how they were used in Text 2B.
Суровость наказания, мелкое правонарушение, гибель людей, требование наличия мотива/умысла, преследовать и наказывать, конкретные обстоятельства, преступления против личности, непредумышлен-
ное убийство, жестокое обращение с детьми, обвинение и наказание,
уничтожение имущества, кража в магазине, организованная преступная
группа, отмывание денег, торговля наркотиками, незаконная организа-
ция азартных игр, нарушение морали, преступления белых воротничков, проводить годы за решеткой/в тюрьме, преступления на почве
ненависти, растрата, незаконное установление корпоративных цен, кража интеллектуальной собственности, относится к категории киберпреступлений, лжесвидетельство.
33. Match major crimes (felonies) with their definitions. Use these
crime terms in your own sentences.
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