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Файл:Практический английский язык для юристов = Practical English for Law Students. В 2 частях. Ч. 2. Учебное пособие
.pdf
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ABBREVIATIONS
adj — adjective
adv — adverb
AI — artificial intelligence
ALPR — automatic license plate recognition
B.C. — before the Common Era; before Christ
BrE — British English
CAD — Computer Aided Design
CCTV — closed circuit television
ChatGPT — Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer
DDoS — distributed denial of service
DNA — deoxyribonucleic acid
DoS — denial of service
Dr. — doctor = scientific degree
e.g. — exempli gratia = for example
etc. — et cetera = and so on
ex. — exercise
Fig. — figure
GPS — Global Positioning System
HMCS — Her Majesty’s Courts Service
i.e. — id est = that is
ICT — information communications technology
ID — identity
IT — information technology
MaaS — malware-as-a-service
MoJ — the Ministry of Justice
n — noun
NKT — the New Kadampa Tradition
P II — participle II
PC — personal computer
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pl — plural
RF — the Russian Federation
sb — somebody
sth — something
TV — television
UC — uncountable noun
UK — the United Kingdom
US, USA — the United States of America
v — verb
XML — eXtensible Markup Language
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MODULE 1. COURT SYSTEM IN GREAT BRITAIN
Abstract.
Vocabulary: Judiciary branch, Supreme Court, Court of Appeal, High
Court, Crown Court and County Courts, Magistrates’ Courts, Tribunals
Service, judge, lawyers, defendant, court reporter, jury system.
Grammar: Sequence of Tenses; Reported Speech.
Reading: Text 1A. Court System in Great Britain.
Text 1B. Criminal and Civil Cases: What Happens in a Courtroom.
Text 1C. The Jury System.
Listening: Trial by Jury.
Writing: Law Essay.
Learning Objectives.
After studying this module, you should be able to do the following:
1) read and speak about the hierarchy of courts in the UK court sys-
tem, the classification of each court as civil or criminal;
2) understand and use the rules of Sequence of Tenses and Reported
Speech in your oral and written communication;
3) listen to an audio text about trial by jury and speak on this topic;
4) write a law essay.
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
1. Accuse (of) (v) — обвинять, предъявлять обвинение в чем-либо
2. Acquit (v) — оправдывать
3. At the discretion of the court — на усмотрение суда
4. Be biased (v) — относиться предвзято, быть необъективным
5. Be bound (by) (v) — быть обязанным следовать чему-либо, быть
связанным обязательствами
6. Be charged with a crime — быть обвиненным в совершении
преступления
7. Be composed (of) (v) — состоять из чего-либо, иметь в своем
составе
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8. Chancery division — канцлерское отделение высокого суда пра-
восудия (рассматривает гражданские дела)
9. Come before the court — предстать пред судом
10. Comprise (v) — включать, составлять, содержать
11. Compulsory (adj) — обязательный, принудительный
12. Convict sb of a crime — признавать виновным в совершении
преступления
13. County court — окружной, районный суд
14. Court of appeal — апелляционный суд
15. Crown court — суд короны (суд по уголовным делам)
16. Discharge sb from jury service — освободить кого-либо от обя-
занностей присяжного заседателя
17. Divisional court — окружной суд
18. Entity (n) — юридическое лицо, подразделение
19. Family division — отделение высокого суда правосудия по се-
мейным делам, разводам и завещаниям
20. Have jurisdiction (over) — обладать юрисдикцией, полно-
мочиями
21. Hear appeals — рассматривать, заслушивать апелляции
22. High court — высокий суд правосудия
23. House of lords — палата лордов
24. Indictment (n) — обвинительный акт, обвинительное
заключение
25. Intellectual property — интеллектуальная собственность
26. Judge (n) — судья
27. Lord justices of appeal — судьи апелляционного суда
28. Lose lawsuit — проиграть судебный спор
29. Lower courts — нижестоящие суды
30. Magistrates’ court — магистратский суд
31. Maintain order — поддерживать порядок
32. Make a will — составлять завещание
33. Minor matter — незначительное дело
34. Offender (n) — правонарушитель, преступник
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35. Overturn a decision — отменить решение
36. Plead guilty — признать себя виновным
37. Preside (over) (v) — председательствовать, руководить
38. Prove innocence — доказать невиновность
39. Queen’s bench division — отделение королевской скамьи вы-
сокого суда правосудия
40. Reasonable grounds — веские основания
41. Relevant (adj) — соответствующий
42. Severe sentence — суровый приговор
43. Subordinate (to) (v) — подчиняться, ставить в зависимость (от)
44. Supreme court — верховный суд
45. Testify (v) — давать показания, свидетельствовать
46. Trial lawyer — адвокат, выступающий в суде первой инстанции
47. Tribunals service — служба трибуналов
48. Unanimous (adj) — единогласный
49. Unified (p ii) — единый, объединенный
50. Witness testimony — показания свидетелей
WARMING UP
1. Answer the following questions before reading about the Eng-
lish courts.
1. What are the reasons of having a variety of courts in different
countries?
2. Why do people sometimes appeal to the court?
3. What are separate jurisdictions for different areas of law (e.g. pub-
lic and private)?
4. What is the subordination between different courts?
5. What is the role of judges in the Russian Federation?
2. Choose the best answer in the following quiz to test your
knowledge of basic ideas and concepts covered in this module. Explain
your position.
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Preliminary Test: The Judicial System.
1. A court’s authority to hear and decide a matter before any other
court can review the matter is…
a. Appellate jurisdiction
b. Exclusive jurisdiction
c. Concurrent jurisdiction
d. Original jurisdiction
2. Which court would hear a civil or criminal appeal from a district
court?
a. The Supreme Court
b. The District Court
c. The Court of Federal
Claims
d. The Courts of Appeals
3. In civil cases, the injured party who brings an action against an offender is the ….
a. Defendant
b. Plaintiff
c. Prosecutor
d. District Attorney
4. The screening device to determine if there is enough evidence to
bring a defendant to trial is called a …
a. Preliminary hearing
b. Arrest warrant
c. Trial
d. Summons
5. If you are selected to serve on a jury, after listening to the oral arguments of the case, jurors must …
a. Make a formal decision
called a verdict
b. Impose a sentence
c. Submit final questions
to the defenсe
and prosecution
d. Offer a plea
6. Prior to a trial, both parties in a lawsuit may choose to resolve their
conflict in a mutual agreement that ends the dispute. This is called …
a. A continuation
b. An arbitration
c. A trial
d. A settlement
7. What do the justices wear while the Supreme Court is in session?
a. Red robes with powdered
wigs
b. Suits and ties
c. Black robes
d. Very casual attire
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8. Rodney was present at a party at which his best friend was arrested. While he is a witness, he doesn’t want to go to court and testify against
his friend. Which of the following documents might Rodney receive that
will force him to testify in court?
a. Issue of fact
b. Subpoena
c. Brief
d. Court Docket
9. Which of these cases would likely be heard by the justices of the
Supreme Court?
a. A person who is on trial for a speeding ticket.
b. A person who is accused of robbing a bank.
c. A debate about the meaning of the Third Amendment.
d. A debate about using fireworks during a Fourth of July celebration.
10. How many justices must agree to hear a case before it can be argued before the Supreme Court?
a. All of the justices must agree to it.
b. At least four justices.
c. At least seven justices.
d. The justices do not get to decide what cases the court hears.
GRAMMAR IN THEORY.
SEQUENCE OF TENSES
According to the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, the term ‘sequence of
tenses’ refers to “the rules according to which the tense of a subordinate
clause (придаточное предложение) depends on the tense of the main
clause (главное предложение), so that, for example, ‘I think that you are
wrong’ becomes ‘I thought that you were wrong’ in the past tense.” There
are five basic rules regarding sequence of tenses. Learning and understanding the rules to be followed when using multiple verbs in a sentence
is the only way to comprehend how a particular sequence of tenses works.
Rule 1. Past Follows Past.
If the main clause contains a verb in the past tense, the verb in the
subordinate clause should also be in the past tense. Examples:
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• I assumed you had left for work.
• They were explaining that they appreciated our efforts.
• The coach asked if the players had practiced the drills.
• She didn't know whether he would agree to do it.
• My sister was upset because she had been waiting for us for
two hours.
Note! There are two exceptions to Rule 1. Let us explore them.
Exception 1. Present Follows Past.
In certain cases, such as when the subordinate clause represents a universal truth, a routine action or a general fact, the tense should be present
even if the main clause employs a past tense verb. Examples:
• The teacher explained that the sun rises in the east.
• Newton discovered that the force of gravity pulls all bodies to
the Earth.
• Galileo proved that the Earth revolves around the Sun.
• Robert told me that he takes the bus to work every day.
• He didn’t answer your questions because he doesn’t speak
English.
Exception 2. Any Tense in the Subordinate Clause with ‘than’.
When making comparisons using ‘than’, there is no specific rule re-
garding which tense should be used. Consider the following examples.
• Yesterday the patient felt better than he feels today.
• I will miss you more than I ever missed anyone else.
Rule 2. Any Tense Can Follow the Present or Future Tense.
If the main clause contains a verb in the present or future tense, the
verb in the subordinate clause can be in any tense. The choice of tense in
the subordinate clause is dictated by the nature of the information being
conveyed. Examples:
• He claims he met the celebrity yesterday.
• My dad will be thrilled if you visit us.
• Sveta will suspect that we are keeping something from him.
• They are assuming that it wasn’t their mistake.
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Rule 3. The Present Tense Follows the Future Tense.
When using subordinating conjunctions such as ‘when’, ‘as soon as’,
‘after’, ‘immediately after’, ‘once’, etc., to form complex sentences and ‘if/
unless’ to form conditional sentences, the subordinate clause will not use
the future tense if the verb in the main clause is in the future tense. Instead,
the present tense is used. Examples:
• I will tutor you after I complete my homework.
• Unless you study diligently now, you will not pass the exam.
• The team will arrive immediately after they get your message.
Rule 4. The Use of Past Tense in Subordinate Clauses (Subjunctive Mood).
When phrases like ‘as if’, ‘as though’, ‘it is (high) time’, ‘what if’,
‘wish’ are used, the past tense form of the verb should be used. Examples:
• I wish I had met you earlier.
• She behaves as if she knew everything.
• It is high time you saw a doctor.
• What if you had received another opportunity?
• It is time he understood the harm his smoking habit was caus-
ing him.
Rule 5. The Use of Modal Verbs When the Conjunction ‘that’
Is Used.
If a subordinate clause begins with the conjunction ‘that’ or ‘so that’,
you should use modal verbs ‘can’, ‘may’ if the verb in the main clause is
in the present tense and ‘could’, ‘might’ if it is in the past tense. Examples:
• We study hard so that we may succeed.
• They worked hard so that they could not fail.
GRAMMAR IN PRACTICE
3. Choose the best option to complete the sentences. Follow the
rules of sequence of tenses.
1. The student waited for her professor until he ______.
a) arrives
b) will arrive
c) arrived
d) has arrived
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2. The sun will set before I ______ home.
a) will reach
b) reached
c) reach
d) reaching
3. Tim worked very hard that he ______.
a) had succeed
b) will succeed
c) might succeed
d) would succeed
4. My sister said that she ______ the parcel for me.
a) would
collect
b) will collect
c) collects
d) collected
5. The athletes run once the gun ______.
a) was fired
b) will be fired
c) is firing
d) is fired
6. She will wait for him so that they ______ go together.
a) could
b) can
c) can to
d) will be able to
7. I was not aware of the change in plans until you ______ me so.
a) tell
b) had told
c) told
d) will tell
8. He went to find her in every place he ______ of.
a) could think
b) thought
c) would think
d) will think
9. Democritus was the first person who ______ the term ‘atom.’
a) has used
b) will use
c) used
d) use
10. My mother said that a stitch in time ______ nine.
a) saving
b) saved
c) saves
d) will save
11. While gambling, he lost more money than he ______ afford.
a) does
b) can
c) could
d) had
12. Jacob stayed at home because he ______ feeling bad under the
weather.
a) is
b) was
c) will
d) had
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