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Unit 6. Road Transport 71
UNIT 6. ROAD TRANSPORT
1. Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɚ: ɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ (the Numeral).
2. Ⱥɭɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ: ɬɟɤɫɬ “Experimental Bridge”.
3. Ʌɟɤɫɢɤɚ: ɬɟɤɫɬ “History of Road Transport” ɢ ɭɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ.
4. Ʌɟɤɫɢɤɨ-ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɟɫɬ.
6.1 Grammar: the Numeral (See section “Grammar”, G.4)
Ex. 1 Name the cardinal numerals (See “Grammar”, G.4.1, G.4.2).
3, 13, 30, 4, 14, 40, 5, 15, 50, 8, 18, 80, 12, 11, 100, 500, 225, 86, 32, 93, 78,
27, 41, 705, 826, 348, 923, 635, 1 000, 2 826, 4 568, 6 007, 3 829, 5 732, 75 173,
86 112, 425 712, 1 306 527, 2 032 678.
Ex. 2 Name the ordinal numerals formed from the cardinal ones (See
“Grammar”, G.4.1, G.4.2).
1, 11, 21, 2, 12, 20, 3, 13, 30, 4, 14, 40, 5, 15, 50, 6, 16, 60, 8, 18, 80, 9, 19,
90, 100, 103, 300, 425, 705, 1 000, 1 015.
Ex. 3 Read in English and translate (See “Grammar”, G.4.1, G.4.2).
50 kilometres, 300 cars, 3 mln tons, 200 roubles, 480 dollars, 1 007 magazines, 530 students, 4 550 specialists, 5 400 000 books, 675 miles, page 782, text
25, bus 45, room 216, on the 5
th
day, in the 2nd text, 320th km.
Ex. 4 Read the following dates (See “Grammar”, G.4.4):
1242, 1848, 1512, 1783, 1905, 1900, 2003, 2000, 1945, 1306, 1400, 2010,
1625, 1903;
on the 1
st
of May, on January 18th, on the 7th of November, at the beginning
of 1980, at the end of 1899;
12/I – 1946, 22/X – 1983, 31/III – 1995, 27/XI – 1955, 25/V – 1900, 20/VIII
– 1950.
Ex. 5 Read in English (See “Grammar”, G.4.3, G.4.4).
ɚ) 5.4 tons, Ҁ of a kilometre, 0.2 mile, 2.75kg, 5%, 28%, 0.36%, 32°, 2
1
/
2
hours, 45 inches, 3.7 tons, 0.5 km, 37.5°.
b) 5 o’clock in the morning, 2 p.m., 10 a.m., 6.30 in the evening, 3.15 p.m.,
4.20 a.m., 3 o’clock in the afternoon, 12 noon.
72 Section 3:Types of Transports
6.2 Listening
Ex. 6 Get acquainted with new words and some geographical names.
suspension – ɩɨɞɜɟɫɧɨɣ Middle Ages
pier = pile – ɫɜɚɹ Nevada
beam – ɛɚɥɤɚ, ɛɪɭɫ
concrete – ɛɟɬɨɧ
span – ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ, ɩɪɨɥɟɬ
truck = lorry
Ex. 7 While listening to the text “Experimental Bridge” try to find some exotic material for bridge building and be ready to fill in the chart.
Material Span Weight Load capacity Width Height
Ex. 8 Listen to the text “Experimental Bridge”.
Ex. 9 Say which of the following materials are used for bridge building:
Crystal, wood, plastics, steel, stone, paper, limestone, glass, sand, clay, reinforced concrete, concrete, china.
Ex. 10 Look through the chart and check your answers with your groupmates.
Ex. 11 Do you think that paper as a material for bridge building is perspective? Give your reasons using the chart.
Ex. 12 Listen to the text once more and write down the numerals you came
across in the text (See “Grammar”, G.4).
6.3 Speech Pattern
6.3.1 Active Vocabulary
Ex. 13 Learn the words from your active vocabulary.
requirement – ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ
safety – ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ
to ensure – ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ
apart – ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ
volume – ɨɛɴɟɦ
shipment – ɝɪɭɡ, ɩɚɪɬɢɹ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ
Unit 6. Road Transport 73
van – ɮɭɪɝɨɧ
pickup truck – ɦɚɥɨɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɵɣ ɝɪɭɡɨɜɢɤ
truckload – ɝɪɭɡɨɜɨɣ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶ
appropriate – ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ
cargo – ɝɪɭɡ
delivery – ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɚ, ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɚ
vehicle – ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ
to be available – ɛɵɬɶ ɜ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ
trail – ɫɥɟɞ, ɬɪɨɩɚ
traffic – ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ
density – ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ
domestic – ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɣ
to flatten – ɜɵɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɬɶ
to accommodate – ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɚɛɥɢɜɚɬɶ
wheel – ɤɨɥɟɫɨ
to extend – ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɬɶ
to maintain – ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ
medieval – ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɵɣ
tar – ɞɟɝɨɬɶ
to design – ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
soil – ɝɪɭɧɬ, ɩɨɱɜɚ
macadam – ɳɟɛɟɧɶ
terrain – ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬ
to drain – ɫɬɟɤɚɬɶ, ɨɫɭɲɚɬɶ
washway – ɪɚɡɦɵɜ
sophisticated – ɢɡɨɳɪɟɧɧɵɣ, ɭɬɨɧɱɟɧɧɵɣ, ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ
to involve – ɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɬɶ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ
Ex. 14 Pay attention to the word-formation. Translate all the words. Use the
dictionary if necessary.
Transport – transportation;
licence – licencer – licencee – licencing;
require – required – requirement – requisite – requisition;
safe – safety – unsafely;
separate – separately – separation – separable;
industry – industria
l – industrious;
depend – dependence – independence – dependent – independent;
develop – developer – development;
weigh – weight;
ship – shipping – shipment – shipowner – shipper;
deliver – deliverance – delivery;
vary – varying – various – variety – variant – variation – variable;
create – creation – creative – creativity – creator – creature.
74 Section 3:Types of Transports
Ex. 15 Find the synonyms.
Goods, traffic, transportation, lorry, movement, commodity, track, category,
shipping, truck, apart, state, trail, type, marsh, cargo, common, separately, country,
largo, load, similar, to extend, to pave, to consider, east, to increase, to cover, to
think, west, people, humans, place, point, trucking, bog
6.3.2 The Text “History of Road Transport”
Ex. 16 Read the international words and give their Russian meanings (See
“Grammar”, G.27).
transport group category
licence separation industry
nature local infrastructure
distance individual type
service motor package
document courier automobile
mass transit track
domestic element drag
petroleum region chemical
Ex. 17 Get acquainted with some proper and geographical names.
Sumer, the Romans, Europe, India, the Ancient Near East, China, the
medieval Islamic world, the Arab Empire, Baghdad, Iraq, the Industrial
Revolution, John Loudon McAdam.
Ex. 18 Read the text “History of Road Transport” and translate it.
HISTORY OF ROAD TRANSPORT
1. Transportation
Transport on roads can be roughly grouped into two categories:
transportation of goods and transportation of people. In many countries licencing
requirements and safety regulations ensure a separation of the two industries.
The nature of road transportation of goods depends, apart from the degree of
development of the local infrastructure, on the distance the goods are transported
by road, the weight and volume of the individual shipment and the type of goods
transported. For short distances and light, small shipments a van or pickup truck
may be used. For large shipments even if less than a full truckload a truck is more
appropriate. In some countries cargo is transported by road in horse-drawn
carriages, donkey carts or other non-motorized mode.
Unit 6. Road Transport 75
Delivery services are
sometimes considered a
separate category from
cargo transport. In many
places fast food is
transported on roads by
various types of vehicles.
For inner city delivery of
small packages and
documents bike couriers are
quite common.
People (passengers)
are transported by roads
either in individual cars or automobiles or in mass transit / public transport by bus /
coach vehicle. Special modes of individual transport by road like rikshas or
velotaxis may also be locally available.
2. History of road transport
The first earth tracks were created by humans carrying goods and often
followed game trails. Tracks would be naturally created at points of high traffic
density. As animals were domesticated, horses, oxen and donkeys became an
element in track-creation. With the growth of trade, tracks were often flattened or
widened to accommodate animal traffic. Later, the travois, a frame used to drag
loads, was developed. Animal-drawn wheeled vehicles probably developed in
Sumer in the Ancient Near East in the 4th or 5th millennium BC and spread to
Europe and India in the 4th millennium BC and China in about 1200 BC. The
Romans had a significant need for good roads to extend and maintain their empire
and developed Roman roads.
In the medieval Islamic world, many roads were built throughout the Arab
Empire. The most sophisticated roads were those of the Baghdad, Iraq, which were
paved with tar in the 8th century. Tar was
derived from petroleum, accessed from oil fields
in the region, through the chemical process of
destructive distillation.
In the Industrial Revolution, John Loudon
McAdam (1756–1836) designed the first
modern highways, using inexpensive paving
material of soil and stone aggregate (macadam),
and he embanked roads a few feet higher than
the surrounding terrain to cause water to drain
away from the surface. With the development of
motor transport there was an increased need for
hard-topped roads to reduce washways, bogging
and dust on both urban and rural roads,
originally using cobblestones and wooden
76 Section 3:Types of Transports
paving in major western cities and in the early 20th century tar-bound macadam and
concrete paving were extended into the countryside.
The modern history of road transport also involves the development of new
vehicles such as new models of horse-drawn vehicles, bicycles, motor cars, motor
trucks and electric vehicles.
6.3.3 Drilling
Ex. 19 Find in the text English equivalents to Russian ones given below.
Ⱥɜɬɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ, ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ, ɥɢɰɟɧɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɜɟɫ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɨɤ, ɜɢɞ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɢɦɨɝɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɟ (ɞɥɢɧɧɨɟ) ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɥɟɝɤɨɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɚɥɨɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ, ɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɵɟ
ɩɚɪɬɢɢ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɥɨɲɚɞɶɦɢ ɩɨɜɨɡɤɢ, ɨɫɥɢɧɵɟ ɬɟɥɟɠɤɢ, ɧɟɦɨɬɨɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ, ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɟ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɜ ɱɟɪɬɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ, ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɡɟɦɥɹɧɵɟ
ɞɨɪɨɝɢ, ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɹɳɢɟ ɬɨɜɚɪ ɥɸɞɢ, ɦɟɫɬɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɪɚɦɚ
ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɬɚɫɤɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɡɚ, ɜɨɥɨɤɭɲɚ, ɬɵɫɹɱɟɥɟɬɢɟ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ
ɜ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɯ ɞɨɪɨɝɚɯ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɫɸ Ⱥɪɚɛɫɤɭɸ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɸ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɞɟɝɬɟɦ, ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɹ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ, ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ, ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɲɨɫɫɟ, ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɣ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬ, ɫɬɟɤɚɬɶ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɨɡɪɨɫɲɚɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɦɵɜɵ, ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɞɨɪɨɝɢ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ
ɜɢɞɨɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ.
Ex. 20 Add the sentences using the information from the text.
1. Road transport is grouped into 2 categories: ….
2. The nature of road transportation of goods depends on ….
3. For short distance and light and small shipments … are used.
4. For large shipments … is more appropriable.
5. In some countries cargo is transported by road in ….
6. Delivery services are sometimes separated from ….
7. People are transported by roads either in individual cars or in ….
8. The first earth tracks were created by people to ….
9. Tracks are created at points of ….
10. Domesticated animals became an element in ….
11. The most sophisticated roads in the Arab empire were paved with ….
12. John Loudon McAdam designed ….
13. He embanked roads a few feet higher to cause water to ….
14. With the development of motor transport there was an increased need for ….
15. The modern road transport history involves the development of ….
Unit 6. Road Transport 77
Ex. 21 Carry out the following assignments.
1. Find in the text all types of non-motorized modes.
2. Enumerate all the types of passenger transport.
3. Name other kinds of motor vehicles.
Ex. 22 Fill in the table.
Motorized vehicles Non-motorized vehicles
Ex. 23 Answer the questions to the text.
1. How many categories can road transport be grouped?
2. What are these categories?
3. What does the nature of road transportation depend on?
4. Does the degree of the development of the local infrastructure influence road
transportation?
5. What kinds of transport are used for short distance and light and small ship-
ments?
6. For large shipments a truck is more appropriate, isn’t it?
7. Are small packages and documents delivered by bike couriers or velotaxis?
8. Passengers transportation is made only by individual cars, isn’t it?
9. Who created the first earth tracks?
10. Were the tracks created at points of animal traffic?
11. Where were animal-drawn wheeled vehicles developed?
12. When did it happen?
13. Why did the Romans have a significant need for good roads?
14. What road were the most sophisticated in the medieval Islamic world?
15. Where were these roads located?
16. What was John McAdam famous for?
17. What was the peculiarity of his design?
18. What materials were used in road construction that time?
Ex. 24 Put the items of the text in the proper order.
1. The development of motor transport.
2. Passengers transportation.
3. The developments of roads.
4. The need for roads.
5. Modern highways.
Ex. 25 Make up your own plan to the text.
Ex. 26 Speak on the following:
1. Ancient roads.
78 Section 3:Types of Transports
2. Modern roads.
3. Animal-drawn vehicles.
4. Motor transport.
Ex. 27 Read the text “The Progress of Motor Car” (7 min.) and say its content in Russian or English as it is possible for you.
THE PROGRESS OF MOTOR CAR
A motor ɫɚɝ (a British name) or an automobile (an American name) is a road
vehicle with usually 4 wheels which is driven by a motor and used as a means of
transportation for a small number of people.
Now in the world there are 400 million of motor cars. The number of the
cars has been greatly increasing. Every day the plants of Japan, Europe and the
USA produce 100 thousand new cars.
The automobile in its various forms has transformed the way we live, work,
and spend our leisure.
The history of the automobile goes back several hundred years. One of the
earliest attempts to propel a vehicle by mechanical power was suggested by Sir
Isaac Newton in 1680. At first it was little more than a toy consisting of a steam
boiler supplying a steam jet turned to the rear.
Like most other great human achievements the motor car is not the product
of any single inventor. The progress of motor cars was slowed down as it met with
great opposition in many countries.
In Britain the most famous was the restriction resulting from the legislative
act of 1865. It was the Red Flag Act according to which the speed of the steamdriven vehicles was limited to 4 miles per hour and a man with a red flag had to
walk in front of it. In Russia there were cities where motor cars were outlawed altogether.
Slowly but surely the auto industry was perfecting a number of alternatives
to conventional engines found in almost all of today’s passenger cars. Constant efforts were made to standardize common components. Multi cylinder engines came
into use, it became possible to achieve greater reliability of motor cars, and brakes
became more efficient.
In modern society automobile transport has grown from a weak child into a
giant whose habits are hard to live with. Most experts believe that the typical car of
the future will differ in many respects from the one most people like to drive they
predict that the cars will become smaller, lighter and considerably more efficient
and despite environmental and sociological consideration an interesting future lies
ahead for the automobile industry.
Unit 6. Road Transport 79
6.4 Comprehension
Ex. 28 Read and write down the numerals (See “Grammar”, G.4.1, G.4.2).
1. The Titanic was two hundred and sixty-eight metres long, fifty-five metres high
and had nine docks.
2. Her cost was four hundred million American dollars.
3. The price of tickets was fifty thousand dollars for the first-class apartments; one
thousand four hundred and twenty-four dollars for the first-class passengers; six
hundred for the second-class passengers; four hundred and sixty dollars for the
third-class passengers.
4. There were two thousand two hundred and twenty-seven people on board and
there were only enough lifeboats for one thousand and one hundred of them.
5. The Titanic sank with a loss of about one thousand five hundred lives.
Ex. 29 Choose the correct variant (See “Grammar”, G.4).
1. 150 … live in the Russian Federation.
a) millions people b) millions of people
c) million of people d) million people
2. … are starving in the world today.
a) Thousands people b) Thousands of people
c) Thousand of people d) Thousand people
3. You are … who asks me this stupid question.
a) fifth b) the fiveth c) the fifth d) five
4. Two … of my wage I spend on my food.
a) twelve b) twelfth c) twelves d) twelfths
5. Every … person in our company is not satisfied with his salary.
a) three b) the third c) third d) the three
6. Ok! See you on … of April.
a) the twentyth-seventh b) twenty-seven
c) the twenty-seventh d) the twentieth-seven
7. It is … hit. I like such songs.
a) his the third b) his third c) the third his d) the his third
8. … of the territory is covered with ice.
a) One thirds b) One third c) The first three d) The one three
9. This bouquet costs … dollars!
a) two hundreds b) two hundred
c) hundreds two c) two hundred of
10. A fortnight means … weeks.
a) two b) three c) four d) five
11. I wonder what the world will be at the end of … century?
a) twenty one b) the twentieth-first
c) the twenty-first d) twenty-the first
80 Section 3:Types of Transports
12. Personally, I prefer music of ….
a) nineteen seventys b) the nineteen seventies
c) the nineteen seventeens d) nineteen the seventies
Ex. 30 Change the fractions into words (See “Grammar”, G.4.3).
1. ¼ 2. 0,5 3. ½ 4. ¾
Ex. 31 Choose the right variant (See “Grammar”, G.4).
1. In … The Titanic disaster happened.
a) the 1912
2. The calendar year lasts … days.
a) the 365
3. The classes begin at … o’clock.
a) 9 b) the 9
4. His sister is … years old.
a) the 5
5. It took place in … century.
a) the 19
th
b) the 1912 c) 1912
th
b) 365 c) the 365
th
c) the 9
th
b) the 5 c) 5
th
b) the 19 c) 19
6. The population of our country is about ….
a) 150 million b) 150 millions c) the 150 million
7. … tar road was built in the Arab empire.
a) The one b) The first c) First
8. … of the Earth is occupied by water.
a) Three-four b) Three-the fourth c) The three-fourths
9. … of the world wonders is Egyptian pyramids.
a) One b) Two c) Seven
10. … year is famous for Moscow Olympic Games.
a) 1980 b) the 1980
th
c) 1980s
Ex. 32 Fill in the blanks using the words from the Unit.
1. Transport on … can be grouped into two categories.
2. In many countries … requirements and … regulations ensure a separation of
the two services.
3. The nature of road transportation of goods depends on the distance the goods
are transported by road and the … and … of the individual ….
4. For short distance and light, small shipments a … or … may be used.
5. For large distance and full truckload a … is appropriate.
6. Non-motorized modes are horse-drawn carriages and ….
7. A lot of goods are transported on road by various types of ….
8. … are transported in mass transport.
9. Tracks are created at points of ….
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