Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Английский язык для транспортных специальностей вузов. Т.1. Базовый профессиональный курс. Учебное пособие
.pdf
Unit 7. Air Transport 91
Ex. 29 Form the words with the opposite meaning from the given below with
the help of the prefixes (un-, im-, dis-, in-, il-).Translate these words.
Balance, comfortable, legal, load, limited, packing, like, agree, military, controllable, notable, secured, relative, stability.
Ex. 30 Translate the following phrases from English into Russian.
Humanity’s desire, to observe birds, the first flight dates, the early research,
the research through trial and error, the research on imitating birds, to invent flying
machines, to invent glider and kite, to fix wings, to distinguish difference, to distinguish black and white, to fuel an airplane, to refuel an aircraft, to load and
unload aeroplane, to incur high costs within the limited amount, inaccessible places
for landing, secure type of transport, high tariffs, to guarantee high quality of service, fixed-wing aircraft, rotary-wing aircraft, to power flight.
7.3.2 The Text “History of Air Transport”
Ex. 31 Read international words and give their Russian meaning (See
“Grammar”, G. 27).
date observation mythology
focus machine distance
tariff stability illustrate
legend imitate balloon
type agency company
guarantee control partner
Ex. 32 Get acquainted with some proper and historical names.
Daedalus, Icarus, Greek mythology, the Vimanas, Indian mythology, Yuan
Huangtou, Abbas Ibn Firnas, Hezarfen Ahmet Celebi, Lagari Hasan Celebi, Paris,
Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier, Francois d’Arlandes, the Montgolfier brothers, the
Wright brothers.
Ex. 33 Read the text “History of Air Transport” and translate it.
HISTORY OF AIR TRANSPORT
1. The beginning
Humanity’s desire to fly likely dates to the first time man observed birds, an
observation illustrated in the legendary stories of Daedalus and Icarus in Greek
mythology, and the Vimanas in Indian mythology. Much of the focus of early
research was on imitating birds, but through trial and error, balloons, airships,
gliders and eventually aircraft and other types of flying machines were invented.
92 Section 3:Types of Transports
The first attempts at flight were made
by Yuan Huangtou using a kite (559),
Abbas Ibn Firnas using a parachute (852)
and a controllable glider (875), Hezarfen
Ahmet Celebi using a winged glider (1630),
and Lagari Hasan Celebi using a
gunpowder-powered rocket (1633).
Another notable human flight took
place in Paris in 1783, when Jean-François
Pilâtre de Rozier and Francois d’Arlandes went 5 miles (8 km) in a hot air balloon
invented by the Montgolfier brothers. The Wright brothers made the first sustained,
controlled and powered heavier-than-air flight on December 17, 1903.
2. Nowadays aviation
A fixed-wing aircraft, commonly called airplane or aeroplane, is a heavierthan-air craft where movement of the wings in relation to the aircraft is not used to
generate lift. The term is used to distinguish from rotary-wing aircraft, where the
movement of the lift surfaces relative to the aircraft generates lift. A heliplane is
both fixed-wing and rotary-wing. Fixed-wing aircraft range from small trainers and
recreational aircraft to large airliners and military cargo aircraft.
Two necessities for aircraft are air flow over the wings for lift, and an area
for landing. The majority of aircraft also need an airport with the infrastructure to
receive maintenance, restocking, refueling and for the loading and unloading of
crew, cargo and passengers. While the vast majority of aircrafts land and take off
on land, some are capable of take off and landing on ice, snow and calm water.
3. Air transportation
The aircraft is the second fastest
method of transport, after the rocket.
Commercial jets can reach up to
875 kilometres per hour (544 mph1),
single-engine aircraft 175 kilometres per
hour (109 mph). Aviation is able to
quickly transport people and limited
amounts of cargo over longer distances,
but incur high costs and energy use; for
short distances or in inaccessible places helicopters can be used.
Air transportation is the quickest and most secure type of cargo transporta-
tion on average and long distances with low agency tariffs and high quality of service.
Stability with airlines and partners helps companies to have high service,
guarantees safety and high speed of delivery with low cost of transportation.
1. mph = mile per hour
Comments:
Unit 7. Air Transport 93
7.3.3 Drilling
Ex. 34 Change the words from the sentences to the words given below.
Translate both variants of the sentences.
1. The majority of the aircrafts land and take off on land.
1. water 3. rise 5. minority
2. launch 4. airplane
2. Since the early days the humanity has a desire to fly.
1. people 3. want
2. from the very beginning 4. to make flights
Ex. 35 Choose the most suitable variant.
1. Humanity’s desire to fly dates ….
a) the time man invented the flying machines;
b) the time man observed birds;
c) the time man began to move;
2. Two necessities for aircraft are ….
a) an airport and its infrastructure;
b) wings and motor;
c) air flow and an area for landing;
3. The aircraft is the second fastest method of transport ….
a) after train; b) after rocket; c) after ship.
Ex. 36 Enumerate all types of flying machines you came across in the text.
Ex. 37 Find in the text all numerals and write down them in words in the ta-
ble (See “Grammar”, G.4).
Cardinal numerals Ordinal numerals Dates
Ex. 38 Find in the text the comparative constructions and make up your own
sentences with them (See “Grammar”, G.3.2).
Ex. 39 Answer the questions to the text.
1. When does humanity’s desire to fly date?
2. Who of the mythology heroes illustrated this desire most of all?
3. What types of flying machines were invented in earlier days?
4. What were the first attempts to fly?
5. Who made them?
6. What technical peculiarities are essential for modern airplanes?
7. What are the necessities for aircraft?
8. The majority of the aircraft need an airport, don’t they?
9. What does the airport infrastructure include?
94 Section 3:Types of Transports
10. What is the fastest method of transport?
11. Is air transportation the most secure type of cargo transportation?
12. What does the cargo air company guarantee?
13. Who invented hot air balloon?
Ex. 40 Make up dialogues on the following items:
1. Man’s desire to fly.
2. The development of flying apparatus.
3. Technical peculiarities of modern aeroplanes.
4. Air transportation.
5. The airport peculiarities.
Ex. 41 Translate from Russian into English.
1. ɑɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟ ɥɟɬɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɜ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚɯ ɨ Ⱦɟɞɚɥɟ ɢ
ɂɤɚɪɟ ɜ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɢ.
2. Ɋɚɧɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɠɚɧɢɢ ɩɬɢɰ.
3. Ɋɚɡɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɥɟɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɵ.
4. Ʌɟɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ ɷɬɨ ɛɚɥɥɨɧɵ, ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɢ, ɩɥɚɧɟɪɵ, ɩɚɪɚ-
ɲɸɬɵ ɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɟ ɡɦɟɢ.
5. ɂɡɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɛɵ-
ɫɬɪɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɚɜɢɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ.
6. ɉɟɪɜɵɦɢ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɵɦɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɥɟɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɛɪɚɬɶɹ Ɇɨɧɝɨɥɶɮɶɟɪ ɢ Ɋɚɣɬ.
7. Ⱥɷɪɨɩɥɚɧ ɷɬɨ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬ ɫ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɪɵɥɶɹɦɢ.
8. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɢɧɬɨɤɪɵɥɵɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɢɥɢ ɜɟɪɬɨɥɟɬ.
9. ɋɚɦɨɥɟɬɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɯ ɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɞɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ
ɥɚɣɧɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɡɨɜɵɯ.
10. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɜɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɚ – ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɨ
ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɚɞɤɢ.
11. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɭ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɨɜ ɧɭɠɟɧ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬ.
Ex. 42 Read the text “The Progress of Aviation” (5 min.).
THE PROGRESS OF AVIATION
The successful flying machine has had a more dramatic effect on the lives of
the world’s citizens than almost any other invention of the 20
th
century. It had a
long-drawn-out and difficult birth; but once the aircraft had become a practical
means of public transport, its social impact was quickly felt. It achieved its present
prominence in no more than about 60 years.
However, it would be hard to estimate the ratio of motor vehicles to aircraft
(including all private, commercial and military types) that have been manufactured
Unit 7. Air Transport 95
worldwide. But, by accounts, it will be many times in favour of the automotive industry.
Everybody agrees that aviation is more emotive, it could be that since in
general many fewer examples of each aircraft type were built than cars, they tend
to be individually recognized rather than being just one of a mass production.
Aviation is recognized worldwide as an integral part of the twentieth-century
history.
The revolution in freight-carrying has not been as much publicised as that in
passenger traffic, but it is nonetheless profound. A single Boeing 747F jet can
carry as much cargo in a year as was conveyed by all the world’s airlines together
in 1939.
Today any reasonably compact merchandise can go by air. Experts are now
looking ahead to the time when all goods are carried overseas by air. Only the
bulkiest goods, such as mineral ores and timber, will be excluded.
Ex. 43 Find in the above text synonyms to the following words:
To manufacture, freight, freight-carrying, to carry, merchandise.
Ex. 44 Say the content of the text in Russian or English as it is possible for
you.
7.4 Comprehension
Ex. 45 Choose the right answer (See “Grammar”, G.5).
1. Is there ... work for you to do every day?
a) many b) little c) few
2. Does this car use ... petrol?
a) much b) many c) a few
3. There are ... parties that have nice music and pretty decorations.
a) a few b) few c) little
4. … people are early risers.
a) Any b) Some c) No
5. Have you got ... objections?
a) no b) some c) any
6. You can buy stamps at ... post office.
a) any b) some c) no
7. I don’t know about it; ask ... else.
a) nobody b) anybody c) somebody
8. I got the book without ... difficulty.
a) some b) any c) no
9. There is ... new under the sun.
a) no thing b) nothing c) anything
10. Everybody should be able to defend ….
96 Section 3:Types of Transports
a) him b) himself c) his own
11. Selfish people think mainly of ....
a) one another b) themselves c) each other
12. I don’t like ... jokes.
a) hers b) her c) her’s
13. There is ... uniform school organization or curriculum in the USA.
a) not b) no c) none
14. ... are so fond of secrets as those who do not mean to keep them.
a) None b) Not anybody c) No one
15. It was reported that ... were present at the meeting.
a) both b) all c) everybody
16. ... man has his faults.
a) Both b) Both of c) Every
Ex. 46 Put the pronouns some, any, no (See “Grammar”, G.5.6).
1. Will you have … more tea?
2. Do you have … idea of what it is going to be?
3. The scientist was in … need of an interpreter, he knew the language perfectly.
4. I need … proof of your innocence, I am sure of it.
5. Are there … illustrations in this book? – Yes, there are ….
6. There aren’t … matches left, we must buy….
7. Have you read … good books lately?
8. There is … water left in the glass, it’s empty.
9. I am very busy and have … time for idle talks.
10. You may come at … time that is convenient to you.
Ex. 47 Put in the pronouns many, much, little, few, a little, a few (See
“Grammar”, G.5.7).
1. There isn’t … harm in it.
2. … was said, but … done.
3. Say … and do ….
4. Very … people were present at the conference, as nobody knew about it.
5. … is spoken about it, but … people believe it.
6. He knows …, but the … he knows he knows well.
7. The forces were unequal, they were …, we were ….
8. Could you describe a situation in … words?
9. Do you know the English language? – Just ….
10. Please, don’t make so … noise.
Ex. 48 Fill in the blanks with the derivative pronouns some, any, no, every
(See “Grammar”, G.5.6).
1. We didn’t meet … in the corridor.
Unit 7. Air Transport 97
2. He doesn’t know … about it.
3. He failed in the exam, because he knew ….
4. He didn’t come, … must have happened.
5. There was … else in the room except my sister.
6. The task is too difficult. I’m afraid … can do it.
7. We know … about it yet.
8. … expected that he would come.
9. … is waiting for you in the hall.
10. He told … that was quite unexpected for everybody.
Ex. 49 Change the following sentences substituting pronouns for the proper
names and nouns (See “Grammar”, G.5.1).
Model: Tom likes the Browns.
He likes them.
1. Come with Kitty and me.
2. Please read this letter.
3. The letter is from Nelly.
4. I don’t know her husband.
5. I’m glad to meet both you and Ann.
6. We often see our friends.
7. I don’t like Ann’s brother.
8. Freddy likes to play with his dog.
Ex. 50 Extend the statement showing possession. Follow the given pattern
(See “Grammar”, G.5.2).
Pattern: This dress belongs to my sister. It’s hers.
1. These things belong to my husband.
2. This coat belongs to me.
3. These shoes belong to my wife.
4. These pens belong to Tom and Betty.
5. This suit-case belongs to you.
6. These books and magazines belong to us.
7. These toys belong to those children.
8. This basket belongs to my sister.
Ex. 51 Finish these sentences using the reflexive pronouns (See “Gram-
mar”, G.5.3).
Pattern: If you want a job done well, do it ....
If you want a job done well, do it yourself.
98 Section 3:Types of Transports
1. He cannot find anyone to repair the radio, so he will repair it ....
2. I never buy anything until I have seen it ....
3. They say John broke their table, but really they did it ....
4. Next year we will live all by ....
5. Did the boys build this boat ...?
6. You cannot leave the baby in the house all by ....
7. In our canteen we have to serve ....
Ex. 52 Translate from Russian into English using the vocabulary from the
Unit.
1. Ʌɸɛɨɣ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ.
2. ȼ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɭ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɨ-
ɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɡɚɩɚɫɵ, ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɞɨɡɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ.
3. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɨɜ ɜɡɥɟɬɚɸɬ ɫ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɢ ɫɚɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɸ.
4. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɡɥɟɬɚɬɶ ɫɨ ɥɶɞɚ, ɫɧɟɝɚ ɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɫɚɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ
ɥɟɞ, ɫɧɟɝ ɢ ɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ.
5. ɋɚɦɨɥɟɬ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ.
6. Ʉɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɨ 900 ɤɢ-
ɥɨɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɜ ɱɚɫ.
7. Ⱥɜɢɚɰɢɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɢɬɶ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ.
8. ɋɚɦɨɥɟɬɵ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɹɬ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɝɪɭɡɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ.
9. ȼɟɪɬɨɥɟɬɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɢ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨ-
ɪɨɬɤɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ.
10. Ⱥɜɢɚɰɢɹ ɧɟɫɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɭ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ.
11. Ⱥɜɢɚɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɝɪɭɡɨɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɨɤ.
12. ɋɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɚɜɢɚɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɨɛ-
ɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɝɪɭɡɚ, ɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɬɚɪɢɮɵ.
UNIT 8. RAIL TRANSPORT
1. Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɚ: ɧɚɪɟɱɢɟ (the Adverb).
2. Ⱥɭɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ: ɬɟɤɫɬ “Means of Transport”.
3. Ʌɟɤɫɢɤɚ: ɬɟɤɫɬ “History of Rail Transport” ɢ ɭɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ.
4. Ʌɟɤɫɢɤɨ-ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɟɫɬ.
8.1 Grammar: the Adverb (See section “Grammar”, G.6)
Ex. 1 Give the short answers using the adverbs suggested (See “Grammar”,
G.6, G.6.1).
Model: a) Do you ever forget to do your homework? (Yes / sometimes)
– Yes, I sometimes do.
b) Is Bob busy? (Yes / often)
– Yes,he often is.
Unit 8. Rail Transport 99
1. Are cartoon films interesting? (Yes / usually)
2. Does Nina help you with mathematics? (Yes / often)
3. Are your pupils lazy? (Yes / sometimes)
4. Do they go to the country for week-ends? (Yes / usually)
5. Does your bicycle often need mending? (No / seldom)
6. Do you lend money to your friends? (Yes / often)
7. Does he ring you up every day? (No / rarely)
8. Do you understand English speakers? (Yes / usually)
9. Is Mary tired? (No / seldom)
10. Can you get a good breakfast here? (Yes / generally)
11. Is your sister ever wrong? (Yes / frequently)
12. Does your friend miss classes of Grammar? (No / never)
13. Do you understand your teacher of English? (Yes / always)
Ex. 2 Reword the sentences according to the patterns. Use the verbs suggested and the corresponding adverb instead of the adjective in the given sentence
(See “Grammar”, G.6, and G.6.1). Make all the necessary changes.
Model A: Mike is a quick worker. (works)
Mike works quickly.
1. Fred is a quick runner. (runs)
2. Ben is a careful driver. (drives)
3. Your brother is an excellent speaker. (speaks)
4. She’s a beautiful singer. (sings)
5. My granny is a slow walker. (walks)
6. She always gives a prompt reply. (replies)
7. He’s a bad swimmer. (swims)
8. Leonov is a wonderful actor. (acts)
Model B: That is a fast train. (goes)
That train goes fast.
1. Your cousin is a hard worker. (works)
2. Jane is a fast driver. (drives)
3. Kate is an early riser. (rises)
4. This is a daily paper. (comes out)
5. This girl is always a late comer. (comes)
6. He always gives a straight answer. (answers)
Ex. 3 State whether the underlined word is an adjective, pronoun or adverb
(See “Grammar”, G.6, G.5, G.3). Translate the sentences.
1. The questions were so easy
2. I can easily
answer all the questions.
that everybody could answer them.
100 Section 3:Types of Transports
3. They spoke loudly.
4. He spoke in a loud
5. He went straight
voice.
home.
6. The street is quite straight.
7. You would write better if you had a better pen.
8. He has little
9. I little
10. We hope to stay here for a long
11. I don’t think I’ll stay here long
12. He works more
13. I have more
14. He is playing worse
15. This film is much worse
knowledge of English.
thought about this problem.
time.
.
and better now than he did last year.
books than you and they are in a better condition than yours.
than usual.
than the one I saw last month.
Ex. 4 Choose the suitable form of the words in brackets (See “Grammar”,
G.6).
1. I didn’t sleep (good, well) last night.
2. I always get (good, well) marks.
3. He was (angry, angrily) with me.
4. He spoke (angry, angrily) with me.
5. Smoking is a (bad, badly) habit.
6. You passed all the exams (bad, badly).
7. The soldier behaved (brave, bravely).
8. He is a (brave, bravely) soldier.
9. This is quite (clear, clearly).
10. This (clear, clearly) shows the difference.
11. They received me (cold, coldly).
12. The weather was (cold, coldly) yesterday.
13. This is a (comfortable, comfortably) flat.
14. We travelled (comfortable, comfortably).
15. My daughter is (dangerous, dangerously) ill.
16. Smoking is (dangerous, dangerously).
Ex. 5 Form the comparative and the superlative degrees from the following
adverbs (See “Grammar”, G.6.2):
Often, early, easily, well, little, late, clearly, slowly, quickly, much, closely,
fast.
Ex. 6 Put the adverbs in brackets in the comparative or superlative degrees
(See “Grammar”, G.6.2).
1. He works (well) than his assistant.
2. She visits us (frequently) than them.
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]