Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Английский язык для транспортных специальностей вузов. Т.1. Базовый профессиональный курс. Учебное пособие
.pdf
Unit 11. General Description of a Ship 151
Ex. 19 Read the text “General Description of a Ship” and translate it with
the help of dictionary if necessary.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF A SHIP
1. The main body of a ship
The main body of a ship is called a hull. The hull is divided into three main
parts: the foremost part is called the bow; the rearmost part is called the stern; the
part in between is called midships. The hull is the main part of the ship. This is the
area between the main deck, the sides (port and starboard) and the bottom. It is
made up of frames covered with plating. The part of the hull below water is the
ship’s underwater body. The distance between the waterline and the main deck is
the vessel’s freeboard. The hull is divided up into a number of watertight compartments by decks and bulkheads. Bulkheads are vertical steel walls going across
the ship and along.
The hull contains the engine room, cargo spaces and a number of tanks. In
dry cargo ships the cargo space is divided into holds. Openings giving access to
holds are called hatches. In liquid cargo vessels the cargo space is divided into
tanks.
2. On deck facilities
At the fore end of the hull are the forepeak tanks, and at the after end are afterpeak tanks. They are used for fresh water and fuel. If a ship has double sides, the
space between the sides contains wing tanks. The space between the tank top and
the space contains double bottom tanks.
All permanent housing above the main deck is known as superstructure.
Nowadays, cargo vessels are normally built with the after location of the engine
room and bridge superstructure to gain more space for cargo. The forward raised
part of the deck is called the forecastle and its after raised part is the poop. On deck
there are cargo handling facilities, such as cranes, winches, derricks, etc. Ships
having derricks also have cargo masts and cargo posts (or Samson posts) on deck.
152 Section 4: Transport Organization
3. Ship location when loading
Since a ship is supported by fluid pressure, she will incline in any direction
in the process of loading according to the position of the weights placed on her.
Therefore the ship’s position below water must be closely watched. The angle that
a ship is making fore and aft with the water is known as trim. An extreme difference between the water levels at each end of the ship indicates bad loading. The
levels are read by numbers painted on the ship’s stern and called draught marks. A
list or inclination from one side to another, caused by faulty loading, is known as
heel. In the course of loading load lines must be watched above all. The load lines
are engraved and then painted on the both sides of ships. The divided circle on the
left shows the depth to which the ship may be loaded in summer time. Below this
line are, on the grid to the right, two lines. The one marked W means winter loading, the lower one marked WNA means the maximum depth to which the ship may
be loaded if she is going across the North Atlantic in winter. The other marks
above these are: Ɍ for tropical, F for fresh water. These lines are shown on the
ship’s Load Line Certificate. In case of overloading a ship, so that these lines are
under water, the penalties are severe.
11.3.3 Drilling
Ex. 20 Find in the text the main part of the ship and write down then in your
copy-books.
Ex. 21 Find and read out:
– the sentences in the Present Indefinite Active from the passage 1 “The main body
of a ship” (6 sentences).
– the words with the ending –s from the passage 3 “Ship location when loading”
and state whether they are – a) nouns in the plural, b) verbs in the 3d person singular in the Present Indefinite Active, c) nouns in the possessive case.
Ex. 22 Fill in the sentences using words and phrases from the text.
1. The main body of a ship is called a ….
2. The foremost part of the hull is called the …; its rearmost part is called the …;
the part in between is called ….
3. The hull is the area between the main …, the … and the ….
4. The hull is made up of … covered with ….
5. The part of the below water is the ship’s … body.
6. The distance between the waterline and the main deck is the vessel’s ….
7. The hull is divided up into a number of watertight … by … and bulkheads.
8. … are vertical steel walls going across the ship and along.
9. The hull contains … room, … spaces and a number of ….
10. In dry cargo ships the cargo space is divided into ….
11. Openings giving access to holds are called ….
Unit 11. General Description of a Ship 153
12. At the fore end of the hull are the … tanks, and at the after end are … tanks.
13. They are used for … water and ….
14. If a ship has double sides, the space in between contains … tanks.
15. All permanent housing above the main deck is known as ….
16. The forward raised port of the deck is called the … and its after raised part is
the ….
_________________________________________________________________
Freeboard, midships, tanks, forepeak, compartments, superstructure, holds, hull,
engine, frame, deck, underwater, bow, sides, fuel, poop, wing, bottom, stern,
hatches, bulkheads, cargo, plating, decks, afterpeak, fresh, forecastle.
Ex. 23 Agree or disagree with the statements according to the information
from the text, using the clichés:
That’s wrong. – ɗɬɨ ɧɟɜɟɪɧɨ.
That’s (quite) right. – (ɋɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ) ɜɟɪɧɨ.
That’s not quite true to the fact. – ɗɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɮɚɤɬɭ.
According to the text … – ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ …
1. The main body of a ship is called a trim.
2. The hull is divided into five main parts.
3. The part of the hull below water is the ship’s upwater body.
4. The distance between the waterline and the main deck in the vessel’s freeboard.
5. The hull is divided up into one watertight compartment.
6. Bulkheads are horizontal steel walls going across the ship and along.
Ex. 24 Ask your groupmates (See “Grammar”, G.25.2):
1. how the main body of a ship is called;
2. how many parts the hull is divided into;
3. how the main parts of the hull are called;
4. what the hull of a ship is made up of;
5. what spaces the hull contains;
6. what tanks the hull contains.
Ex. 25 Make up as many questions as possible to the following sentences
(See “Grammar”, G.25.2):
1. The space between the tank top and the space contains double bottom tanks.
2. The ship will incline in any direction in the process of loading.
3. Last century all vessels had fore location of superstructures.
Ex. 26 Answer the questions to the text.
1. How is the main body of a ship called?
154 Section 4: Transport Organization
2. What parts is the hull divided into?
3. What is the hull made up of?
4. What cargo spaces are there in dry cargo ships?
5. What tanks are there in dry cargo ships?
6. What are these tanks be used for?
7. Can these tanks be used for carrying the cargo?
8. What is a superstructure?
9. Where is the superstructure located on modern ships?
10. What cargo handling facilities are there on deck?
11. What do we call the forecastle / the poop?
12. What is trim / heel?
Ex. 27 Make up dialogues about parts of a ship.
Ex. 28 Give the general description of a ship.
Ex. 29 Look through the text (5 min). Give a short summary of the text in
Russian.
The total length of the navigable inner waterways in the Khabarovsk Krai is
3.2 thousand km (along the Amur, the Ussuri, the Amgun, the Tunguska and the
Maya rivers) with the navigation period on the Amur River lasting 160-180 days a
year.
The advantage of the Amur River basin is the possibility of a direct connection with the Sea of Okhotsk coast, the Sakhalin Island, China and with the seaports of most of the Asia-Pacific Region countries. During the previous years the
geography of outward voyages of the Russian river seagoing ships was expanded
considerably. New routes to Japan, Shanghai, Singapore, Hong Kong, Pusan and
Inchon were developed.
There are excellent prospects for increasing the volume of Chinese transit
along the rivers of the Sungari, the Ussuri and the Amur. The main seaport of the
Khabarovsk Krai is Vanino. Every year 3.5 thousand ships, 170 thousand railways
cars and 10 million tons of cargo are processed at the port, with 500 thousand tons
of cargo processed through a complex of large capacity containers.
The year round operation of the port is ensured by the ice breaker fleet.
11.4 Comprehension
Ex. 30 Write down the following sentences in the singular in the Present Indefinite (See “Grammar”, G.15.1.1).
1. The students work in the laboratory every day.
2. My children go to school.
3. They get new books from the library every month.
4. They usually visit their grandparents on week-ends.
Unit 11. General Description of a Ship 155
5. The postmen bring newspapers twice a day.
6. They know many English words.
7. My friends take English lessons three times a week.
8. The pupils repeat new rules before the lesson.
9. We usually read newspapers in the evening.
10. The workers come to the factory at 8 o’clock.
Ex. 31 Put the verbs in brackets in the appropriate tense form (See “Grammar”, G.15.1).
1. The delegation (to start) for London two days ago.
2. The train (to leave) at 5 p.m. every day.
3. I usually (to stay) with my friends for the week-end.
4. He (to finish) the experiment next week.
5. He (to come) to us only yesterday.
6. He (to write) letters to his parents every week.
7. He always (to read) English books in the original.
8. I often (to speak) with my friend about our plans.
9. He (to put) the documents on the table and (to go) out of the room.
10. Last year I often (to go) to the theatre.
11. I (to read) a lot in childhood.
12. I (to wait) for you tomorrow.
13. I hope the next mail (to bring) news from home.
14. He (to work) in the laboratory the day after tomorrow.
15. He (to become) an engineer in 5 years.
16. He said that he (to return) very soon.
17. She knew that he (to come) in a day or two.
18. He said that he (to send) the telegram the following day.
19. They informed us that the delegation (to arrive) next Sunday.
20. I was sure that he (to join) us as soon as possible.
Ex. 32 Match the words in the two columns.
1. hull
2. bow
3. stern
4. midships
5. underwater body
6. freeboard
7. bulkheads
8. hatches
9. tanks
10. forepeak tanks
11. afterpeak tanks
12. heel
a) fresh water
b) vertical steel walls across and along the ship
c) foremost part
d) tanks at the after end
e) tropical
f) openings of holds
g) main body
h) distance between waterline and the main
deck
i) winter loading
j) cargo handling facilities
k) rearmost part
156 Section 4: Transport Organization
13. superstructure
14. cranes, winches, derricks
15. W mark
16. WNA mark
17. T mark
18. F mark
l) maximum depth to be loaded crossing the
North Atlantic in winter
m) tanks at the for end
n) part between the bow and the stern
o) cargo space for fluid
p) all permanent housing above the deck
q) part below water
r) list, inclination
Ex. 33 Choose the right verb form (See “Grammar”, G.15.1, G.11, G.12).
1. There … not a passion so strongly rooted in the human heart as envy.
a) is b) were c) are
2. … there millions of stars within our galaxy?
a) is b) are c) has … been
3. Civilization will never flow backward while there … youth in the world.
a) has been b) are c) is
4. There is … in the garden waiting for you.
a) Pete b) your friend c) a man
5. There … ten pens and a magazine on the table.
a) is b) are c) was
6. … there … a lecture tomorrow?
a) Will … be b) Was … be c) Would … be
7. About 85 percent of American students … public schools which are supported
by state and local taxes.
a) attended b) have attended c) attend
8. What … American public schools teach?
a) are b) do c) does
9. Wise kings generally … wise councilors.
a) to have b) has c) have
10. All historical places of London … in the West End.
a) had been b) were c) are
11. The city of Montreal … 70 square miles.
a) covering b) covers c) is covered
12. Man … live by bread alone.
a) do not b) does not c) is not
13. Perhaps in the future men … on the sea, away from the crowded and noisy cities on land.
a) will live b) would live c) are living
14. The student … as an apprentice to a trained worker next week.
a) works b) will work c) would work
15. During the apprenticeship period the student … to earn money.
a) begins b) would begin c) will begin
16. We … take a vacation this month.
a) is not b) did not c) will not
Unit 12. Types of Vessels 157
17. Sir Walter was a proud knight and … to think that he had to submit to the
commands of a tyrant lord.
a) had hated b) was hating c) hated
18. … you … the ancient stone carvings at the museum last week?
a) Have … seen b) Did … see c) Had … seen
19. Dinosaurs … millions of years ago.
a) died out b) had died out c) were died out
20. In the year 1620 a ship named The Mayflower … 120 Englishmen to the rocky
coast of America.
a) has brought b) brought c) had brought
UNIT 12. TYPES OF VESSELS
1. Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɚ: ɩɪɨɞɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɥɨɝɚ (the Continuous Active).
2. Ⱥɭɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ: ɬɟɤɫɬ “Traffic Lights”.
3. Ʌɟɤɫɢɤɚ: ɬɟɤɫɬ “Types of Vessels” ɢɭɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ.
4. Ʌɟɤɫɢɤɨ-ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɟɫɬ.
12.1 Grammar: the Continuous Active (See section “Grammar”, G.15.2)
Ex. 1 Translate the sentences paying attention to the tense forms of the
predicates (See “Grammar”, G.15.1, G.15.2).
1. She usually translates new texts very quickly.
She is translating a new text now.
2. She translated the new text yesterday.
She was translating the new text all the evening yesterday.
3. She will translate the new text tomorrow.
She will be translating the new text from 5 to 7 o’clock tomorrow.
4. We write dictations every day.
We are writing a dictation now.
5. We wrote a dictation at the previous lesson.
We were writing a dictation for half an hour.
6. We will write a dictation next time.
We will be writing a dictation when you come.
7. They often make experiments in the laboratory.
They are making an experiment.
8. They made a number of experiments last week.
They were making experiments for a long time.
9. They will make an experiment in a week.
Tomorrow at 5 o’clock they will be making an experiment.
158 Section 4: Transport Organization
Ex. 2 Change the Indefinite tenses to the Continuous ones adding necessary
adverbs or time attributives (See “Grammar”, G.15.1, G.15.2).
1. I prepare for examinations in the library.
2. He reads scientific journals.
3. My sister works at her thesis.
4. The students study new words at the lesson.
5. They have dinner at home.
6. The engine rotated with high speed.
7. They built a new metro line.
8. The car went in the opposite direction.
9. We discussed a very important problem.
10. The scientist spoke about the discovery.
11. They will listen to the lecture tomorrow.
12. Tomorrow we shall have a laboratory work.
13. The engineer will test the new equipment on Monday.
14. They will show a new TV program next week.
15. The plant will install the new safety system.
Ex. 3 Put the following sentences into the Past Continuous and Future Continuous Tenses adding necessary adverbs or time attributives (See “Grammar”,
G.15.2).
1. They are looking at the blackboard.
2. I am listening to the concert from the Philharmonic Society.
3. He is looking through a magazine.
4. The train is approaching the station.
5. We are speaking over the telephone for 10 minutes.
6. The English students are writing their examination paper.
7. The professor is delivering a lecture.
8. I am working in the laboratory.
9. The doctors are examining their patients.
10. The director is making arrangements over the telephone.
Ex. 4 Put the sentences into the interrogative and negative forms (See
“Grammar”, G.15.2).
1. They are still discussing the first report.
2. The secretary is looking through the morning mail.
3. I am carrying out an experiment.
4. We are leaving the town tonight.
5. You are having a rest now.
6. The secretary was typing the report all the morning.
7. People were hurrying to the station.
8. We were packing our things when he came.
Unit 12. Types of Vessels 159
9. He was waiting for us at 5 o’clock.
10. I was having visitors at this time yesterday.
11. We will be playing chess for half an hour.
12. They will be still discussing our proposal when we come.
13. I will be writing a report at 5 o’clock tomorrow.
14. The laboratory assistant will be taking readings of the apparatus from 5 to 7
p.m.
15. Tomorrow at this time you will be sailing across the English Channel.
Ex. 5 Put the verbs in brackets in the appropriate Continuous tenses (See
“Grammar”, G.15.2).
1. Now they (to organize) another kind of experiments in the laboratory.
2. Where is Peter? – He (to play) volley-ball.
3. Listen! The telephone (to ring).
4. The man who (to smoke) a pipe at the window now is my brother.
5. Don’t ring him up now! I think he still (to work) in the laboratory.
6. I (to read) all the evening yesterday.
7. When I came the secretary (to type) the letters.
8. Large crowds of people (to wait) at the station when the delegation arrived.
9. It (to rain) from nine to eleven last night.
10. The train couldn’t stop at once because it (to travel) too fast.
11. I (to wait) for him at 7 o’clock tomorrow.
12. At this time tomorrow I (to have) an English lesson.
13. He (to work) all day tomorrow.
14. The day after tomorrow we (to install) the new equipment from 6 to 8 p.m.
15. When you come back they still (to discuss) our proposal.
Ex. 6 Translate the sentences paying attention to the predicates (See
“Grammar”, G.15.2).
1. He is planning to begin a new set of experiments on crystals.
2. We are analysing the experimental data.
3. The laboratory staff is gathering for a meeting.
4. I am taking a post-graduate course in shipbuilding.
5. Our scientists are making a great contribution to the development of world sci-
ence and technology.
6. The students were checking and adjusting the devices all day yesterday.
7. We were making measurements and recording the data for 2 hours.
8. He was making computations in the laboratory when the telephone rang.
9. My scientific adviser was working on a new theory when the conference be-
gan.
10. I was writing the article for a long time.
11. The department will be conducting tests on new materials for two weeks.
12. During the whole next year those specialists will be studying new substances.
160 Section 4: Transport Organization
13. At 5 o’clock tomorrow I will be testing this device.
14. When you come we will be making preparations for the departure.
15. The students will be making measurements and recording the data from 5 to 7
p.m.
16. He said that he would be making computations for 2 hours.
17. The laboratory assistant confirmed that he would be taking readings of the ap-
paratus all the evening.
18. She said she would be taking her exam from 9 to 11 a.m.
19. It was clear that the device would be functioning only for half an hour.
20. He asked if we would be still working during the break.
Ex. 7 Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Indefinite and the Present
Continuous (See “Grammar”, G.15.1.1, G.15.2.1).
1. Mr. Smith (teach) us at present. He (substitute) for Mr. Reese, who (be) our
regular teacher.
2. I (go) to visit Peter tonight. He (leave) tomorrow morning. – He (come) back
the same day? – I (not / know).
3. John often (stay) in a hotel when he (come) to town, but tonight he (stay) with
us.
4. The fourth class always (meet) on the 18th floor, but our class (meet) on the 17
floor. However, since they (paint) our regular classroom now, we (go) to meet
in the club-room today.
5. Nick (leave) today. – What train he (take) for his journey? – He (catch) the
5.50 train.
6. The mechanic (repair) my car today. So I must go to work by the underground.
7. You (write) him tonight? – Yes, I always (write) him on his birthday. You
(want) send any message? – Certainly.
8. John (say) he (leave) for Chicago on the fifteenth.
9. I (go) to the seaside on my holiday.
10. My brother (come) to see me next week.
11. Whenever I (call) at the Smiths’ home, they (play) cards. I really (think) they
(play) every night.
12. Jack (make) at least ten spelling errors in every lesson.
th
Ex. 8 Open the brackets. Use the Past Indefinite in case of permanent, repeated one-time actions. Use the Past Continuous if the action is a temporary one
taking place at a given moment in the past (See “Grammar”, G.15.1.2, G.15.2.2).
1. I (open) the shutters and (look) out. The car (stand) where I had left it.
2. Suddenly I (realize) that they (not / pay attention) to me any longer. They (mut-
ter) something and all (look) in the same direction. I (turn) my head and (look)
where they all (look). A man (come) slowly down a steep little street that (lead)
uphill between the houses on my right.
3. On my left I (see) the lights of the first house of the village, and I (hurry) to-
wards it through the wood when a sudden flash of light (make) me stop.
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]