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Unit 8. Rail Transport 111
Ex. 31 Put the linking words in the correct place in each paragraph. The
linking words are in the right order. Sometimes you will need to change the punctuation.
1. First of all Also for example
2. However Firstly Secondly for example
3. Despite the disadvantages because
Ex. 32 Make topics on one of these items:
1. Travelling by train.
2. Travelling by car.
3. The development of rail roads.
4. The development of steam engine.
5. The trains of future.
8.4 Comprehension
Ex. 33 Choose the suitable word from the given in brackets (See “Gram-
mar”, G.6, G.3).
1. I have a (different, differently) opinion.
2. They were dressed quite (different, differently).
3. His description is not quite (exact, exactly).
4. I don’t know (exactly, exact) what has happened.
5. The work was done (perfect, perfectly).
6. The weather in the country was (perfect, perfectly).
7. He moved (slow, slowly) and (quiet, quietly).
8. Her voice was (quiet, quietly) and her movements were (slow, slowly).
9. It is a very (serious, seriously) thing.
10. Do you (serious, seriously) wish to go there?
11. The task is quite (simple, simply).
12. The question can be answered quite (simple, simply).
13. You will have to work (hard, hardly) to achieve good results.
14. I could (hard, hardly) hear what he said.
15. He was (near, nearly) ready with the experiment.
16. He lives quite (near, nearly) my house.
17. I have seen very little of him (late, lately).
18. You’ve come too (late, lately).
19. His works are (wide, widely) known all over the world.
Ex. 34 Put the adverbs in brackets in the comparative and the superlative
degrees (See “Grammar”, G.6.2).
1. The (much) you read, the (soon) you enlarge your vocabulary.
112 Section 3:Types of Transports
2. Yesterday he came home (late) than usually.
3. I like this picture (well) of all.
4. She was treated (badly) than anybody else.
5. We were far from our homes, but she suggested that we should go still (far).
6. She writes dictations (badly) of all.
7. The fire was put out (quickly) than we expected.
8. You work (little) now than you did last year.
Ex. 35 Translate the adverbs in brackets from Russian into English (See
“Grammar”, G.6, G.6.1).
1. I am (ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨ) interested in the final settlement of this problem.
2. The equipment was tested (ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ).
3. He is a (ɜɵɫɨɤɨ) educated man.
4. She opened the door (ɲɢɪɨɤɨ).
5. The wind was blowing so (ɫɢɥɶɧɨ) that I could (ɟɞɜɚ) stand on my feet.
6. (ȼɫɤɨɪɟ) after graduating from the University I went to Siberia.
7. The only thing that was seen (ɹɫɧɨ) was his mother’s face.
8. He was breathing (ɬɹɠɟɥɨ).
9. He shouted (ɝɪɨɦɤɨ) and (ɞɨɥɝɨ) but no one came.
10. (Ʌɟɝɱɟ) said than done.
Ex. 36 Reword the sentences, inserting one of the two adverbs suggested in
the proper place (See “Grammar”, G.6, and G.6.1).
1. (pretty, prettily) It is difficult to speak to her.
(pretty, prettily) The hall was decorated.
2. (high, highly) I saw a plane in the sky.
(high, highly) The idea seems improbable.
3. (late, lately) We have heard very little of him.
(late, lately) He usually comes home after classes.
4. (hard, hardly) I can understand what he is saying.
(hard, hardly) You must work at your spelling.
5. (near, nearly) We were late.
(near, nearly) We made sure it was safe before we went.
6. (dear, dearly) I love my son.
(dear, dearly) They sell these coats.
Ex. 37 Choose the right answer (See “Grammar”, G.6, G.6.1).
1. What ... have you seen at the museum?
a) still b) more c) else
2. Tom has ... finished his work.
a) still b) already c) yet
3. Don’t make such a noise! – Are the children ... sleeping?
a) still b) yet c) more
Unit 8. Rail Transport 113
4. Don’t worry. He is ... on the danger list.
a) no more b) not longer c) no longer
5. I want to go for a walk. Has it stopped snowing ...?
a) else b) yet c) still
6. Do you want ... tea?
a) any b) some c) any more
Ex. 38 Match the part of the sentences in the right column with the begin-
ning of the sentences in the left one.
1. The history of rail transport …
2. Ancient rail transport included systems …
3. The first horse power wagonways …
4. In the 16
th
century German me-
chanic …
5. The Coalbrookdale Company was
the first …
6. In 1803 the first public railway …
7. Reciprocating engine is capable …
8. The first railway steam locomotive
was built by R. Trevithick, …
9. The first railway underground …
10. The first Russian railroad built by
F. Gerstner …
a) … to fix cast iron plates to the
wooden rails.
b) … of powering a wheel.
c) … appeared in ancient Greece.
d) … an English engineer from Corn-
wall.
e) … dates back nearly 500 years.
f) … was opened in south London.
g) … appeared in London as Metropoli-
tan Railway.
h) … illustrated the operation of the
wagonways utilizing primitive
wooden rails.
i) … linked St. Petersburg and Tsar-
skoye Selo.
j) … with man or horse power and rails
of wood.
Ex. 39 Fill in the blanks with the words given below.
1. The history of rail transport … … nearly 500 years.
2. The first transport systems were used for … coal from the mines.
3. The earliest prototypes of the … was found in Greece.
4. The wagonways were in use until … … the 1
st
century AD.
5. The first horse power wagonways … on Malta and the Roman Empire.
6. The technology of utilizing primitive … rails spread across Europe.
7. They were capable to … about 150 kg of coal.
8. Due to the smooth and hard surface of the wooden … tonnage of bulk … could
be carried without damage to railways.
9. In the late 1760s … … plates were fixed to the wooden rails.
10. So, John Curr invented … rail.
11. Until the 19
th
century only animals were used to … wagon.
12. A steam locomotive was … and patented by James Watt.
13. The first … steam railway was built in 1825.
14. Kilometres of rails … villages, cities and countries.
114 Section 3:Types of Transports
15. A huge … of railways is … in everyday life by millions of passengers.
16. The necessity of connecting several parts of a town ….
17. The metro stations are built … … ….
18. Rail transport is one of the most extensive … of transport.
19. It is the means of … cargoes and a major form of public ….
__________________________________________________________________
At least, transport, flanged, dates back, wooden, draw, moving, rails, cast iron,
public, railways, spread, cargoes, invented, network, means, linked, increased, carrying, applied, under the ground.
Section 4: Transport Organization 115
SECTION 4: TRANSPORT ORGANIZATION
ȼ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɟɦɵ:
ɭɪɨɤ 9 – «Ɇɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ», ɭɪɨɤ 10 – «ɉɨɪɬɵ – ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ», ɭɪɨɤ 11 – «Ɉɛɳɟɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɫɭɞɧɚ», ɭɪɨɤ 12 – «Ɍɢɩɵ ɫɭɞɨɜ», ɭɪɨɤ 13 –
«Ɍɢɩɵ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ».
ȼɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ «Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɚ» ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡɭɱɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ:
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɢ, ɫɨɸɡɵ, ɫɥɨɜɚ-ɡɚɦɟɫɬɢɬɟɥɢ; ɩɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ
ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɦɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɥɨɝɚ.
UNIT 9. MARINE STRUCTURES
1. Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɚ: ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝ (the Preposition).
2. Ⱥɭɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ: ɬɟɤɫɬ “Horatio Nelson”.
3. Ʌɟɤɫɢɤɚ: ɬɟɤɫɬ “On Marine Structures” ɢ ɭɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ.
4. Ʌɟɤɫɢɤɨ-ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɟɫɬ.
9.1 Grammar: the Preposition (See section “Grammar”, G.7)
Ex. 1 Translate the sentences paying attention to the place and direction
prepositions (See “Grammar”, G.7).
a) at
1. Let’s meet at the bus stop.
2. The teacher is standing at the blackboard.
3. Two tables are at the window, and the third one is at the door.
4. We were at the airport at half past six.
5. My mother works at school.
6. At the lesson we do many exercises.
7. When I am at home I have no time for watching TV.
8. At work I have to meet many people.
9. Usually he is at the office from 9 to 11 a.m.
10. We were at Mike’s house yesterday evening.
11. His signature is at the bottom of the page.
12. I saw him yesterday at the end of the street.
13. The car stopped at the traffic lights.
14. We had a good rest at the seaside.
15. I don’t see anything at the top of the envelope.
b) in
1. We visited several countries in Europe last year; we were in Spain, in France,
in Italy and in the South of Germany.
2. I’d like to live in the country.
3. He lived in London in a small house, nearly in the center of the city.
4. All things were packed in boxes and in small parcels.
5. When walking in the park I have a feeling of being in a village.
116 Section 4: Transport Organization
6. He was sitting comfortably in an armchair.
7. They stood in queue for tickets.
8. I always look so funny in photographs.
9. You should stay in bed, you are seriously ill.
10. He is in hospital now.
c) on
1. He is lying on the sofa all day long.
2. The vase stood on the top of the bookcase.
3. My native town is on the north coast of the Pacific Ocean.
4. Many cities on the Volga are very ancient.
5. On the right-hand side of the street there is a big shop.
6. I live on the ground floor of a multi-storey building.
7. They lived on a small island in the Indian Ocean.
8. On the way to my office I often meet my friends.
9. We were on a farm last month and are going to visit it again.
10. The address must be on the front of the envelope.
d) ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɢ
1. A car stopped in front of the house.
2. Please, go in front of me.
3. The boy was hiding behind a tree.
4. There was an orchard behind the house.
5. Walk close behind me.
6. Sit beside me.
7. The hotel is near the station.
8. My house is by the river.
9. We passed under a bridge.
10. It was 10˚ below zero.
11. The people in the rooms below are very noisy.
12. There was light above (over) my head.
13. The Mediterranean Sea is between Europe and Africa.
14. I saw him among the people near the bus stop.
15. He will go to America next year.
16. She goes to school every morning.
17. I usually go to bed at 11 o’clock.
18. He was taken to hospital yesterday.
19. In the evening I usually go to the park near my house.
20. Don’t wait outside! Come into the house!
21. I took it out of the water.
22. He was walking slowly towards the sea.
23. He travelled from Rome to London.
24. He jumped from the wall.
25. Bees fly from flower to flower.
26. The ball rolled off the bench.
Unit 9. Marine Structures 117
27. He got off the train.
28. I live across the road.
29. They went across the field.
30. He jumped over the wall.
31. The road went through a forest.
32. The burglar came through the window.
33. We went along the street.
34. There are trees all along the road.
35. We were walking about the town.
36. He has travelled around the world.
37. Ships moved up and down the river.
38. He came up to me.
Ex. 2 Look at the picture below and answer the following questions (See
“Grammar”, G.7).
a) 1. Are the pictures on the wall?
2. Is the reading-lamp on the chair?
3. Is the ball in the middle of the room?
4. Are the apples on the table?
5. Are the lights on the ceiling?
6. Are the note-books in the drawer?
7. Are the books on the desk?
8. Is the telephone on the floor?
9. Is the umbrella in the corner?
10. Are the envelopes in the drawer?
11. Are the pens and pencils on the desk?
12. Is the rug under the desk?
13. Is the table near the wall?
14. Are the chairs behind the desk?
118 Section 4: Transport Organization
b) 1. Where is the desk?
2. Where are the pictures?
3. Where is the umbrella?
4. Where is the table?
5. Where are the apples?
6. Where is the telephone?
7. Where are the note-books?
8. Where are the envelopes?
9. Where is the ball?
10. Where are the chairs?
11. Where are the lights?
12. Where is the reading-lamp?
13. Where are the pens and pencils?
14. Where is the rug?
Ex. 3 Insert the appropriate place and direction prepositions (See “Grammar”, G.7).
1. My brother works … the factory.
2. I will be … the meeting tomorrow morning.
3. Go … the library!
4. My father returned … Moscow yesterday.
5. Your dictionary is … the shelf.
6. I didn’t go … the lecture yesterday, because I had to go … hospital.
7. His table is … the window, mine is … the door.
8. He was sitting … the sofa and suddenly he stood up and ran … the room.
9. I’ll be … the library all day tomorrow.
10. She came … the room and sat … the chair.
Ex. 4 Translate the prepositions in the brackets (See “Grammar”, G.7).
1. Put the letter (ɜ) the table.
2. Take the letter (ɢɡ) the table.
3. The ship sailed (ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɤ) the south.
4. He returned (ɢɡ) Kiev.
5. You’d better get (ɢɡ) the tram (ɧɚ) the next stop.
6. They built a new bridge (ɱɟɪɟɡ) the river.
7. A lamp was hanging (ɧɚɞ) the table.
8. She looked (ɱɟɪɟɡ) the window.
9. Let us walk (ɜɞɨɥɶ) the shore.
10. The steamer went (ɜɜɟɪɯ ɩɨ) the river.
11. He walked (ɩɨ) the garden.
12. I usually go (ɜ) the Institute (ɩɨ) the street which leads (ɨɬ) my house (ɞɨ) the
main building of the Institute.
13. He studies (ɜ) the University and lives (ɜɨɡɥɟ) it.
Unit 9. Marine Structures 119
14. It takes me 10 minutes to get (ɞɨ) my office.
15. He went (ɢɡ) the room, walked (ɜɞɨɥɶ ɩɨ) the corridor, then went (ɜɜɟɪɯ ɩɨ)
the stairs, looked (ɜ) the laboratory and stopped (ɩɟɪɟɞ) the time-table.
Ex. 5 Translate the sentences paying attention to the time prepositions (See
“Grammar”, G.7).
a) at
1. I usually get up at 6 o’clock and go to bed at eleven.
2. The lesson began at a quarter past eight.
3. He came late at night, probably at midnight or even later.
4. Usually we all meet at lunch time.
5. I always stay at home at the week-end.
6. We were in Moscow at Christmas.
7. I can’t help you at the moment.
8. At present there are 9 faculties at our University.
9. He is going on business trip at the end of January.
10. At the beginning of the 20
th
century people knew nothing about computers.
b) in
1. He was born in 1964, in April.
2. The TV was invented in the 20
th
century.
3. In summer we usually go to the South.
4. I will return in a few minutes.
5. See you in a week’s time.
6. I read newspapers in the morning.
7. I am always busy in the afternoon.
8. In the evening we usually go to the theatre or watch TV.
9. You will get all the necessary information in the end.
10. He will finish school in 2 years.
c) on
1. He is coming on Sunday, on the third of May.
2. I saw him on Friday morning.
3. He promised to have dinner with us on Sunday afternoon.
4. It happened on Christmas day.
5. On receiving your letter I telephoned to your brother.
6. On coming home I began to work.
d) ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɢ
1. I’ve lived in this house for 20 years.
2. We watched the game for 2 hours.
3. Are you going away for the weekend?
4. During the last three months he has made great progress in English.
5. It must have been raining during the night.
120 Section 4: Transport Organization
6. They arrived before holiday.
7. It happened before the war.
8. This event took place in the 2
nd
century BC.
9. Let’s wait till tomorrow.
10. I’ll wait until 5 o’clock.
11. Children under 16 are not allowed to see this film.
12. It has been known from ancient times to our days.
13. I was at the station from 3 to 5 waiting for you.
14. You should have done it by Monday.
15. By the time I finished my work I was very tired.
16. We will have finished the experiment by tomorrow.
17. I have been working since 12 o’clock.
18. I haven’t seen him since childhood.
19. He works from eight till four. Tomorrow he’ll work from ten.
20. He studied English from the age of five.
21. Come to me after 2 o’clock.
22. Everything got quiet after midnight.
23. It is half past three.
24. Payment will be made within 10 days.
25. We met him the day before yesterday.
Ex. 6 Insert the appropriate prepositions (in, on, for, at, by), (See “Grammar”, G.7).
1. He was born … 1930, I think … May.
2. Our train stops here only … 5 minutes.
3. I can give you this book … a short time.
4. The train arrived … 6 o’clock.
5. Do you go to work … Thursdays?
6. I hope he will come back … five days.
7. I’ll be back … a few minutes.
8. I think I’ll have finished my report … next Friday.
9. I can’t do it … an hour.
10. He read the story … two hours.
Ex. 7 Translate the time prepositions in brackets (See “Grammar”, G.7).
1. He will go abroad (ɧɚ) two months.
2. Everything must be ready (ɤ) 5 o’clock.
3. I lived in the South (ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ) 10 years.
4. He was sleeping (ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ) the whole lecture.
5. Can you finish this work (ɤ) Saturday? – No, but I can finish it (ɜ) Monday or
(ɤ) the beginning of February.
6. I expect to get an answer from him (ɱɟɪɟɡ) 2 days.
7. The accident took place (ɜ) Christmas day.
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