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Unit 1.Christopher Columbus’ Voyages 21
was a grown man now, but he still asked questions, and he still learned. He used to
ask questions about the east. Now he began asking about the west. The Great Sea
of Darkness was to the west. Beyond it nothing was lying. The world stopped like
the end of a plank, and if you went too far you would fall off. At least that's what
most people said. But some educated men said “no”. “The earth is not flat like a
plank. It is round like a ball. If you sail far enough to the west, you will reach the
east – India.” – they said.
But how was it far? No one knew.
Some people tried to guess. An Italian
doctor named Toscanelli even drew a
map. The Sea of Darkness was in the
middle of the map. Spain and Portugal
and the islands of the African coast were
on one side of it. On the other side of the
Sea India was. It had to be, if the world
was round
.
Most people laughed at Toscanelli; but Christopher Columbus believed him.
Moreover, Christopher believed that he himself was the man to prove that the earth
was round. He believed that God had chosen him for that work.
But where would he get the money to pay for such a venture? He needed
ships, men, supplies and goods to trade with the people of India. Columbus never
doubted that he would succeed. He had no money, but he did have faith. If he
could only find someone with both money and faith!
He asked King John of Portugal. “No.”
He asked King Ferdinand of Spain. Ferdinand needed his money to fight a
war. But Queen Isabella of Spain saw the faith in Columbus's eyes. She said, “Ask
us again when the war is over.”
King Ferdinand won his war. So Columbus laid his plans before the Spanish
King once more. Ferdinand still said, “No.”
Then ragged, penniless, but still rich in faith, Columbus set out to walk to
France. Perhaps the French King had both faith and money. But Columbus did not
walk far. Royal messengers on swift horses overtook him and brought him back.
Queen Isabella had been talking to Ferdinand, and so Columbus would have his
ships! Three ships – Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria.
3. Columbus’ dream came true
Columbus set sail from Palos, Spain, on August 3, 1492. He sailed out of the
well-known Mediterranean into the strange and terrifying Sea of Darkness. He
passed the Canary Islands, the last known bit of land.
The map said there should soon be many islands. Columbus saw not one –
only water, vast, unending water. The sailors grew frightened. The map was wrong
about the islands. Was it wrong about the earth was being round?
“Turn back!” they begged Columbus.
“Sail on,” Columbus said.
“Turn back,” the sailors begged. “We must turn back.”
22 Section 2:Marine Voyages
“We must sail on,” Columbus said.
They sailed. Columbus offered gold and rich gifts to the first man who
would sight land. The sailors climbed to the top of the rigging and looked, looked
and looked. One day a sailor called, “Land! Land, ho!” But it was only a cloud. At
last they began to see a few birds and drifting weeds.
One day the waves carried the branch of a wild rose bush! That night Columbus stood alone on deck. The men were all below sleeping so that they would
be ready to look for land when the moon came up. Suddenly far ahead Columbus
saw a light. He shouted out the news. They all peered into the darkness. When at
last the moon rose, they all saw it. Land! Land!
In the early sunlight the men saw an island. “The gateway to India,” they
thought, not knowing that it was a gateway to a whole new world.
The sailors who had begged Columbus to turn back now called him their
hero. They said that this date would be the greatest in history – October the twelfth,
fourteen hundred and ninety-two.
1.3.3 Drilling
Ex. 15 Choose the right answers according to the information from the text.
1. What was Columbus when he was 14?
a) Columbus was a worker.
b) Columbus was a scientist.
c) Columbus was a sailor.
2. What was Columbus interested in?
a) He wrote music.
b) He intended to stay a common seaman.
c) He learned how to steer a ship by the stars, how to make maps, and how to
chart a ship’s voyage through strange waters.
3. Who gave the money to pay for Columbus’ venture?
a) The French King.
b) King Ferdinand of Spain.
c) King John of Portugal.
4. When did Columbus open a gateway to a new world?
a) In 1317.
b) In 1565.
c) In 1492.
Ex. 16 Add the sentences, using the information from the text.
1. Ch. Columbus intended to be not only a common seaman, but knew how to ….
2. In his youth he sailed to all different lands that ….
3. He commanded … when he was 24.
4. He worked as … in Lisbon.
5. He asked questions about ….
Unit 1.Christopher Columbus’ Voyages 23
6. Columbus believed the earth ….
7. He needed … for his trip to India.
8. He had only ….
9. King Ferdinand of Space gave him ….
10. The voyage was ….
11. In the early sunlight sailors and Ch. Columbus saw ….
12. The gateway to India occurred to be ….
13. The date … is the greatest day in the history of adventures.
Ex. 17 Answer the questions to the text.
1. What was Columbus?
2. What do you know about Columbus?
3. When did he become a sailor?
4. What was he interested in his youth?
5. What lands did Columbus want to discover?
6. He began his sailor’s career as the first mate to the captain, didn’t he?
7. Was Columbus successful at the very beginning of his career?
8. Where did he work after his failure?
9. Did he continue interesting in the west?
10. What was Columbus’ faith?
11. Who helped him with money, ships, goods and supplies in his further voyage?
12. Was his voyage successful and difficult?
Ex. 18 Speak about, using key words.
1. The youth of Columbus: sailor, a common seaman, to steer a ship, to make
maps, to chart a ship’s voyage, captain mate, bloody fights.
2. Columbus commanded a battle-ship: voyages of exploration, make and lose for-
tunes, to sink to the bottom, map maker, to ask question about the west, flat like
a plank, round like a ball.
3. An Italian doctor Toscanelli: to draw a map, the Sea of Darkness, to believe, to
get money, to begin venture, supplies and goods, to have faith.
4. Columbus sought for money: Kings of Portugal, Spain, France; to fight a war, to
lay the plans, to be rich in faith.
5. The discovery of new land: to sail out, to brighten, to beg, to stay alone on deck,
to look for land, the gateway to India.
Ex. 19 Dramatize on the basis of the text below.
Example:
Christopher Columbus was born in Spain / Portugal / Italy in 1451.
Student A: I think it was in Spain where Christopher Columbus was
born.
Student B: No, it wasn’t Spain.
Student A: OK. Was it …?
24 Section 2:Marine Voyages
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
Christopher Columbus was born in Spain / Portugal / Italy in 1451. He believed that he could reach India / China / America by sailing west. Manual I of Portugal / Ferdinand of Spain / Henry VII of England eventually agreed to pay for a
voyage and in August 1492 / 1494 / 1496 he set sail on the Santa Maria / Hispaniola / Mayflower and two other ships. They reached the coast of Labrador / the
West Indies / New England on October 12, and took the news back to Europe. After three more voyages to America, Columbus died in poverty in Spain / Italy /
Portugal in 1506.
Ex. 20 Make up dialogues discussing Columbus’ discovery.
Ex. 21 Retell the text.
Ex. 22 Guess the riddle.
In fourteen hundred ninety-two,
This sailor sailed the ocean blue.
He left his home for unknown worlds.
In three small ships, their sails unfurled.
Finding islands was his game,
Finding islands was his name.
Ex. 23 Read the text “At the Seaside”. Reproduce the information closely
to the text in your own words.
AT THE SEASIDE
Although more and more people are going abroad for their holidays, a third
of British holidaymakers still go for a traditional seaside holiday in Britain. It is
not surprisingly since nobody in Britain lives more than 120 km from the sea. It
was in the 18
th
century, when fashionable London society followed George IV to
Brighton. He found the climate agreeable and built himself a summer pavilion
there. Today Brighton is very popular and in summer it is overcrowded with people carrying their umbrellas to the beach. There are a lot of places of amusement in
Brighton and people spend lot of money there.
1.4 Comprehension
Ex. 24 Fill in the blanks with the suitable form of the verb to be (See
“Grammar”, G.11, G.11.1).
1. The sky … very blue today.
2. I … not tired.
3. This shelf … very heavy.
Unit 1.Christopher Columbus’ Voyages 25
4. These shelves … very heavy.
5. The child … asleep.
6. Look ! This … Mabel.
7. I … cold. Can you shut the window, please!
8. The castle … one thousand years old.
9. My brother and I … good tennis players.
10. Amy … at home but her parents … in church.
11. I … a student.
12. My sister … an archeologist.
13. Last year their son … 26, so he … 27 now.
14. Today the weather … nice, but yesterday it … cold.
15. I … cold. Can I have something hot to drink?
16. I … hungry last night, so I had something to eat.
17. Where … you at 10 o’clock last Sunday morning?
18. Don’t buy those shoes. They … too expensive.
19. Why … you so tired yesterday?
20. We must go now. It … very late.
21. This time last year I … in England.
22. We … tired when we arrived home, so we went to bed.
23. Anton Chekhov died in 1904. He … a famous Russian writer.
24. Where … the dogs? – I don’t know. They … in the garden ten minutes ago.
Ex. 25 Write full sentences. Use am, is, are each time (See “Grammar”,
G.11, G.11.1).
1. my grandparents, very old
2. my desk, very comfortable
3. your spectacles, in your bag
4. I, not very clever today
5. this house, very expensive
6. the shops, not open today
7. Mr. Wren’s grandson, six years old
8. the houses in this street, very big
9. the examination, not difficult
10. those flowers, very beautiful
Ex. 26 Write positive or negative sentences with the verb to be (See
“Grammar”, G.11, G.11.1).
1. Brussels ... the capital of Belgium.
2. Pavel Bure ... interested in hockey.
3. I ... angry.
4. It ... cold today.
5. The Hague ... in Switzerland.
6. I ... afraid of dogs.
26 Section 2:Marine Voyages
7. My hands ... dirty.
8. Russia ... a very big country.
9. The Amur ... in Europe.
10. Diamonds ... cheap.
11. Motor-racing ... a dangerous sport.
12. Squirrels ... big animals.
13. We didn’t like that house. It … very old and it … large enough.
14. Helen got married when she … 21 years old.
15. I called you yesterday evening but you … at home. Where … you?
16. My son … at work last week because he … ill. He’s better now.
17. The shops … open yesterday because it … a public holiday.
18. … you … at home at 9.30? – No, I … . I … … at work.
Ex. 27 Translate from Russian into English.
1. Ɍɜɨɣ ɛɪɚɬ ɞɨɦɚ?
2. ɗɬɚ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɰɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɞɨɪɨɝɚɹ.
3. ə ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɸɫɶ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨɦ.
4. ȼɫɟ ɦɚɝɚɡɢɧɵ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵ.
5. Ɇɨɹ ɫɟɫɬɪɚ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪ.
6. Ɉɧɢ ɧɟ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ, ɨɧɢ ɜɪɚɱɢ.
7. Ƚɞɟ ɨɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɱɟɪɚ ɜɟɱɟɪɨɦ?
8. ȿɝɨ ɜɱɟɪɚ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɜ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɟ.
9. Ɇɟɧɹ ɬɚɦ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ.
10. ȿɟ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɞɨɦɚ ɜ 5 ɱɚɫɨɜ.
Ex. 28 Fill in the blanks:
a) using the words from the Active Vocabulary.
1. Columbus became … when he was 14.
a) a sailor b) a mate captain c) a map-maker
2. Columbus … to stay a common seaman.
a) did not frighten b) did not intend c) did not want
3. He had bloody fights with ….
a) kings of Europe b) sailors c) pirates
4. The earth was not … like a plank.
a) round b) flat c) square
5. During all the night Columbus was standing alone on ….
a) deck b) rigging c) coast
6. “My … are sleeping,” thought Columbus when he saw the land.
a) captain b) king c) seamen
7. They didn’t know there was a … to a new world.
a) gateway b) weeds c) deck
Unit 2.Magellan’s Voyages round the World 27
b) using the words below.
1. … and … are those who sail on different kinds of ships through different wa-
ter.
2. The captain of any ship is responsible for ….
3. A map-maker … different geographical items.
4. Russia … many countries of Western Europe in the west.
5. Many people like to rest on the Black Sea’s ….
6. Columbus’ battleship … to the bottom in a terrible storm.
7. Columbus needed greatly ships and money in his … to the West.
8. Columbus wanted to trade … and … with the people of India.
9. When sails out of a port a captain always stands on ….
10. Columbus opened the … to India.
Gateway, coast, sailors, seamen, deck, borders, steering, supplies, goods, charts,
venture, sank.
UNIT 2. MAGELLAN’S VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD
1. Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɚ: ɝɥɚɝɨɥ to have (the Verb to have).
2. Ⱥɭɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ: ɬɟɤɫɬ “Daniel Defoe (1660?–1731)”.
3. Ʌɟɤɫɢɤɚ: ɬɟɤɫɬ “The First Voyage round the World” ɢ ɭɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ.
4. Ʌɟɤɫɢɤɨ-ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɟɫɬ.
2.1 Grammar: the Verb to have (See section “Grammar”, G.12)
Ex. 1 Put the sentences into the Past Indefinite and the Future Indefinite
Tenses (See “Grammar”, G.12, G.12.1).
1. They have a big and comfortable flat.
2. My friend has much work.
3. His mother has a very interesting job.
4. She has a dog and a cat.
5. We have many interesting books.
6. I have a car.
7. These students have 5 lectures every day.
8. All people have equal rights.
9. Each party has its own committees.
10. The laboratories have up-to-date equipment.
Ex. 2 Put the sentences into interrogative and negative forms (See “Gram-
mar”, G.12, G.12.1).
1. They have seminars every day.
2. They had a lot of flowers in the garden last summer.
28 Section 2:Marine Voyages
3. We’ll have letters from home next week.
4. He often has a sore throat.
5. I usually have warm shoes in the winter.
6. She had a new dress previous summer.
7. We have many laboratories at the Institute.
8. This system has some advantages.
9. They had some problems with their work.
10. They will have a light supper tonight.
REMEMBER!!!
to have dinner / breakfast – ɨɛɟɞɚɬɶ, ɡɚɜɬɪɚɤɚɬɶ
to have tea / coffee, etc. – ɩɢɬɶ ɱɚɣ, ɤɨɮɟ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
to have a bath / a shower – ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɜɚɧɧɭ, ɞɭɲ
to have a shave / a wash – ɩɨɛɪɢɬɶɫɹ, ɩɨɦɵɬɶɫɹ
to have a rest / a sleep / a dream, etc. – ɨɬɞɨɯɧɭɬɶ, ɩɨɫɩɚɬɶ, ɩɨɦɟɱɬɚɬɶ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
to have a holiday / a good time, etc. – ɨɬɞɨɯɧɭɬɶ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
Ex. 3 Make up 3-5 sentences with the above mentioned set-expressions.
Ex. 4 Translate the sentences paying attention to the different forms of the
verb to have (See “Grammar”, G.12, G.12.1).
1. We usually have many lectures every day.
2. I have neither time nor desire to discuss this problem.
3. I have a wife and two children.
4. He has a large family.
5. She has many things to do.
6. It has no real value for me.
7. They had many subjects last term.
8. At the end of the 18
th
century the USA had a population of about 3 million peo-
ple.
9. We will have 5 exams next term.
10. In the nearest future this party will have a majority in our Parliament.
Ex. 5 Fill in blanks with the suitable form of the verb to have (See “Gram-
mar”, G.12, G.12.1).
1. We usually … breakfast at
9 o’clock.
2. This teacher … two lectures every day.
3. Our University library … a big specialized book collection.
4. Now his parents … a nice house in the country.
5. Yesterday they … no lecture on physics.
6. I … no time to visit you last week.
7. Two days ago we … a very interesting talk with Prof. D.
8. We … a meeting tomorrow.
Unit 2.Magellan’s Voyages round the World 29
9. Next year our students … practical training at industrial enterprises of our city.
10. I hope I … more free time in a couple of days.
2.2 Listening
Ex. 6 Get acquainted with new words and some proper names.
a shipwrecked man – ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɩɨɬɟɪɩɟɜɲɢɣ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɟɤɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ
desert – ɩɭɫɬɵɧɧɵɣ
to catch goats – ɥɨɜɢɬɶ ɤɨɡɥɨɜ
pot – ɝɨɪɲɨɤ
to invent – ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɶ
Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe Alexander Selkirk
Ex. 7 Listen to the text “Daniel Defoe”.
Ex. 8 Answer the questions to the text.
1. Who wrote the book about Robinson Crusoe?
2. Who was the real prototype of Crusoe?
3. What had happened to Robinson before he occurred on a desert island?
4. Describe Robinson’s life on the island.
5. What was the name of his friend?
6. Can you add any information about D. Defoe or Robinson Crusoe?
Ex.9 Guess the riddle.
Upon an island, left alone,
This outcast sailor made his home.
He sewed his clothes from skin of goats.
He grew his food, he built his boats.
A friend named Friday helped him do so;
Story books call him _______________.
2.3 Speech Pattern
2.3.1 Active Vocabulary
Ex. 10 Learn the words from your active vocabulary.
island – ɨɫɬɪɨɜ
round – ɜɨɤɪɭɝ
like – ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɣ, ɩɨɯɨɠɢɣ, ɤɚɤ
for – ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ, ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ
, ɞɥɹ
30 Section 2:Marine Voyages
to turn out – ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ
neither … nor … – ɧɢ … ɧɢ
to reach – ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ
Ex. 11 Translate from English into Russian the following words and word-
combinations:
Island, a big island, I see an island, an unknown island, round the world,
round the global, round the forest, he is like his father, they look like well, bold
like a ball, for two hours, for a whole year, for his sailors, for their friends, for the
king was seriously ill, for they had no food and water, to turn out to be friendly, to
turn out to be a new way, they turned out to become competitors, neither food nor
water, neither friends nor enemies, neither hot nor cold, to reach the coast, to reach
the shore, to reach South America, to reach quickly.
Ex. 12 Correlate the two columns.
1. voyage
2. to travel by sea
3. rich
4. to stop at nothing
5. to do the best
6. to be in need
7. in one's turn
8. to be in a hurry
9. to be pleased
10. to take part
ɚ) ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ
ɛ) ɛɨɝɚɬɵɣ
ɜ) ɬɨɪɨɩɢɬɶɫɹ
ɝ) ɩɭɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɢɟ
ɞ) ɧɭɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ
ɟ) ɜɫɜɨɸɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ
ɠ) ɩɭɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɨɪɟɦ
ɡ) ɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɱɟɦ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɢ) ɛɵɬɶ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɵɦ
ɤ) ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɥɭɱɲɟɟ
Ex. 13 Make up your own sentences with the following word-combinations:
Voyage, to travel by sea, to travel by air, to travel by train, rich, rich in
money, rich in friends, to stop at nothing, to stop at difficulties, to stop at obstacles,
to do the best, to do the worth, to be in need, to be in need of money, to be in need
of ships, to be in need of supplies, to be in need of water, in one’s turn, in his turn,
to be in a hurry, to be pleased, to take part, to take part in voyage , to take part
in battle, to take part in talks.
REMEMBER!!!
to travel by train to travel by ship to travel by land
to travel by rail to travel by ferry to travel by air
to travel by sea to travel by car to travel by plane
to travel by boat to travel by bus to travel on foot
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