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Unit 5. Water Transport 61
7. What did the Navy do to find the planes?
8. How many planes and people vanished on that day?
Ex. 13 You heard the report of the event over the radio. Tell your friends
about it.
5.3 Speech Pattern
5.3.1 Active Vocabulary
Ex. 14 Learn the words from your active vocabulary.
to weigh –ɜɟɫɢɬɶ
horsepower (h.p.) – ɥɨɲɚɞɢɧɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ
in order to – ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ
to fly (flew, flown) – ɥɟɬɚɬɶ
to suppose – ɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ
tɨ seem – ɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ
iron – ɠɟɥɟɡɨ
steel – ɫɬɚɥɶ
tɨ replace – ɡɚɦɟɧɹɬɶ, ɜɵɬɟɫɧɹɬɶ
timber – ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɥɟɫ, ɞɟɪɟɜɨ (ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ)
size – ɪɚɡɦɟɪ
tɨ promote – ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ, ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ
quantity – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
raw – ɫɵɪɨɣ, ɧɟɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɣ
a great deal – ɦɧɨɝɨ
a few – ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
owing to – ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ, ɢɡ-ɡɚ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ
tɨ operate – ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ; ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ
ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ
negligible – ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ
capacity – ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ; ɺɦɤɨɫɬɶ
reliable – ɧɚɞɺɠɧɵɣ
protection – ɡɚɳɢɬɚ, ɨɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ
tɨ widen – ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɬɶ(ɫɹ)
to deepen – ɭɝɥɭɛɥɹɬɶ(ɫɹ)
narrow – ɭɡɤɢɣ
to run (ran, run) – ɛɟɠɚɬɶ; ɩpɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ; ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ (ɨɦɚɲɢɧɟ)
Ex. 15 Translate the sentences using the Active Vocabulary.
1. This boat weighs several tons.
2. Cars were moving slowly along the mountain road.
3. Moskvitch-2141 has an 82-horsepower engine.
62 Section 3:Types of Transports
4. He came here in order to see us.
5. Who was the first to fly across the North Pole?
6. He is right, I suppose.
7. He was thirty, but he seemed much older.
8. It is difficult to prove his point of view.
9. He proved (to be) a very good friend, when I needed help.
10. The first iron bridge was built in the 18th century.
11. Modern ships are built of iron and steel.
12. Buses are replacing trams in towns.
13. In Scandinavia trees are planted for timber.
14. The scientists studied the shape and size of meteorites found in the taiga.
15. It is necessary to build good roads to promote the rapid development of this re-
gion.
16. I prefer quality to quantity.
17. A great deal of earth work is to be done before the construction starts.
18. Only a few people could understand the significance of the discovery at that
time.
19. There was much delay of transport owing to the accident.
20. The lift is operated by electricity.
21. This power machine is operated by one person.
22. A negligible quantity of the chemical substance is sometimes enough to deter-
mine its properties.
23. This factory has a production capacity of 200 cars a week.
24. The tank has a capacity of 100 liters.
25. He was recommended as a reliable person.
26. When working an electrician must use some means of protection.
27. The old street had to be widened.
28. This shallow river must be deepened for better navigation.
29. This narrow bridge has been used for many years; now it needs widening.
30. You have to run very quickly, if you want to be the first.
31. For several miles the road runs through a thick forest.
32. The engine was running at full speed.
5.3.2 The Text “The History of Water Transport”
Ex. 16 Read the international words and give their Russian meaning (See
“Grammar”, G.27).
barge compass diesel
port radiation colony
companion army aeroplane
reactor turbine revolution
magnetic ton atomic
canal motor
Unit 5. Water Transport 63
Ex. 17 Get acquainted with some proper and geographical names.
The Norwegian scientist, Thor Heyerdahl, Kon Tiki, Peru, Tuamotu Islands,
the ancient Romans, the Mediterranean, Europe, America, Africa, India, the Atlantic, The Savannah, New York, Leningrad, the Arctic, the Thames, England, the
Rhine, the Volga, the Mississippi, the United States, the British canals, Great Britain, France, Paris, the English Channel.
Ex. 18 Read the text “History of Water Transport” and translate it.
HISTORY OF WATER TRANSPORT
1. Ancient water transport
Since the early days people have tried to use rivers, lakes and seas for transportation. They improved the design of ships and there appeared new types of them
during different periods of time.
One of the most important things about water transport is the small effort
needed to move floating craft. A heavy boat or a barge weighing several tons can
be moved through the water, slowly but steadily, by one man. In order to fly an
airplane of the same weight as the barge needs engine of 1000 horsepower or more.
The raft made of logs of wood is supposed to be the earliest type of boat.
Rafts seem to be clumsy vessels, although the Norwegian scientist Thor
Heyerdahl and his five companions in 1947 made a voyage on the raft Kon Tiki
from Peru to Tuamotu Islands – a distance of 4 500 miles.
The water transport in ancient times developed most rapidly on great rivers.
The ancient Romans used vessels to carry their armies and supplies to colonies.
These ships, usually called galleys, continued to be used in the Mediterranean till
1750.
The introduction of the magnetic compass allowed long voyages to be made
with much greater safety. At the end of the 15th century, sailing vessels are known
to have carried men from Europe to America and round Africa to India.
The middle of the 19th century proved the highest point in the development
of sailing ships.
2. Steam and motor ships
One of the earliest steamboats
is known to have been tested at the
end of the 18th century. The first
steamship to cross the Atlantic was
The Savannah, 98-foot ship built in
New York, which made the crossing
in 1819. Like all the early steamships, it had sails as well as paddles1. By the middle of the 19th century it became possible to build
64 Section 3:Types of Transports
much larger ships for iron and steel began to replace timber.
The rapid increase in the size and power of ships was promoted by the industrial revolution. The industrial countries produced great quantities of goods
which were carried to all parts of the world by ships. On their return voyages, the
ships brought either raw materials such as cotton, metals, timber for the factories,
or grain and foodstuffs for the growing population.
During the same period, a great deal was done to improve ports, and that
permitted larger ships to use them and to make loading and unloading faster.
Improvements introduced in the 20th century included the smoother and
more efficient type of engines called steam turbines and the use of oil fuel instead
of coal. Between 1910 and 1920 the diesel engine began to be introduced in ships.
These diesel-engine ships are called motor ships2. The largest ships, however, are
still generally driven by steam turbines. In the late 1950s a few ships were being
built which were equipped with nuclear reactors for producing steam.
3. The atomic ice-breaker
In 1957 the world’s first atomic ice-breaker was launched in Leningrad.
This atomic ice-breaker is equipped with an atomic engine owing to which
her operating on negligible quantities of nuclear fuel is possible. In spite of the capacity of her engine being 44 000 h.p. it will need only a few grams of atomic fuel
a week.
The atomic ice-breaker has three nuclear reactors. The operation of the nuclear reactor is accompanied by powerful radiation. Therefore, the ice-breaker is
equipped with reliable means of protection. The ice-breaker is designed for operation in Arctic waters.
4. Canal transport
Sea-going ships can use some rivers, such as the Thames in England, the
Rhine, and the Volga in Europe and the Mississippi in the United States. Generally, however, a river has to be “canalized” before ships can use it. This means
widening and deepening the channel and protecting its banks so that they do not
wash away and block the river with mud.
We find the British canals to be quite narrow and shallow. The canals in
Europe are much larger than those in Great Britain. France has a big network of
canals, centered on Paris, and linking ports of the Atlantic, Mediterranean and English Channel coasts with each other and with other countries.
1. paddle – ɝɪɟɛɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɟɫɨ
2. motor ship – ɬɟɩɥɨɯɨɞ
Comments:
5.3.3 Drilling
Ex. 19 Find in the text the passages describing the earliest types of a boat
and how the water transport was developing on great rivers. Read one of these
passages aloud. (Approximate time of reading is 45 seconds.)
Unit 5. Water Transport 65
Ex. 20 Find in the text key words which can be used to speak about water
transport.
Ex. 21 Look through the text “History of Water Transport” once more and
fill in the table with information about ships.
The name of the
vessel
Atomic ice-breaker in 1957 by atomic engine
When did it
appear?
What is (was) it
driven by?
of 44 000 h.p.
What is (was) it
used for?
for operation in
Arctic waters
Motor ship
Steamship
Sailing vessel
Galley
Ex. 22 Find in the text sentences with the adjectives in the comparative or
the superlative degrees (See “Grammar”, G.3.1).
Ex. 23 Work with the dictionary. Read and translate the sentences. State the
part of speech of the words in italic.
1. a) A loaded boat was moving in the direction of the port.
b) A lot of people went boating on this Sunday afternoon.
c) Will this boat hold all five of us?
2. a) They used boats to carry supplies of food to the island.
b) I took with me a good supply of books.
c) The expedition was supplied with all the necessary equipment.
3. a) In modern ports the ships are loaded and unloaded mechanically.
b) When does the ship leave?
c) Have the goods for the Polar Station been shipped?
4. a) The boat was sailing at full speed.
b) The boat had beautiful sails.
c) Can you sail a boat?
5. a) Our opinions differ on some points.
b) The water was heated to the boiling point.
c) Everything points to a cold winter.
6. a) Before crossing a street look first to the left, then to the right.
b) Put a cross on the map to show where we are.
c) We can cross the river at the next village.
7. a) The lorries were loaded mechanically.
b) The load weighs a hundred kilograms.
c) They loaded us with work.
8. a) Every machine needs oiling.
b) Water is heavier than oil.
c) What sort of oil is there at this service station?
66 Section 3:Types of Transports
9. a) What kind of fuel is used in these motor cars?
b) We had to stop to fuel the car.
c) This passenger car needs fuelling every 300 miles.
10. a) He is working on the design for a new machine.
b) The architect is designing a new school.
c) The ice-breaker is designed for operation in Arctic waters.
11. On the fifth day of the voyage they saw an island.
12. In the morning the travellers saw a snowcapped mountain at the distance of
about 5 miles.
13. I’ll be waiting for you here till 5 o’clock.
14. The 20thcentury ended on the 31st of December, 2000.
15. The children were dancing round a big tree.
16. a) At the end of the lesson the teacher gave us a test.
b) How does the story end?
17. a) He is like his father in everything.
b) They are behaving like children.
18. a) He did not come to the meeting for he was ill.
b) He was ill for 5 days.
c) He has left this book for you.
19. In the 19th century a considerable number of raw materials were imported from
colonial countries.
20. I like English poets such as Keats and Shelley.
21. Some European countries import raw cotton from America and India and export cotton goods to other parts of the world.
22. It’s easy to drive when the road is smooth.
23. Efficient methods were used to increase the quantity of manufactured goods.
Ex. 24 Find the words from the right column opposite to the words in the left
one.
1. negligible
2. slowly
3. narrow
4. to load
5. shortage
6. to repair
7. the same
8. weakness
9. simple
10. gradually
11. small
a) internal b) previous ɫ) considerable d) permanent
a) chiefly b) directly c) rather d) quickly
a) flat b) wide c) shallow d) advanced
a) to operate b) to design c) to unload d) to develop
a) abundance b) protection ɫ) establishment d) significance
a) to cross b) to damage c) to test d) to widen
a) close b) recent c) main d) different
a) capacity b) strength c) century d) provision
a) complicated b) reliable ɫ) successful d) major
a) unfortunately b) probably c) at once d) scarcely
a) valuable b) rapid c) main d) huge
Unit 5. Water Transport 67
Ex. 25 Find the words in the right column proper to the words in the left
one.
1. a great deal
2. to promote
3. to replace
4. till
5. to suppose
6. boat
7. to solve
8. between
9. to supply
10. invention
11. to design
12. earth
a) quantity b) according to c) plenty of d) consist of
a) to need b) to require c) to receive d) to facilitate
a) to load b) to cross c) to change d) to include
a) round b) until c) in order to d) for
a) to like b) to find out c) to try d) to think
a) ship b) fuel c) island d) cotton
a) to develop b) to consider ɫ) to decide d) to send
a) round b) among ɫ) in spite of d) through
a) to sail b) to maintain c) to provide d) to move
a) century b) influence c) size d) discovery
a) to point b) to construct c) to test d) to drive
a) land b) iron c) steel d) coal
Ex. 26 Read the text “Maritime History” and give its short summary in Rus-
sian.
MARITIME HISTORY
The history of transport evolved with the development of human culture.
Long distance walking tracks developed as trade routes in Paleolithic times. For
most of human history the only forms of transport apart from walking were
transport in small boats.
In the Stone Age primitive boats developed to permit navigation of rivers
and for fishing in rivers and off the coast. It has been argued that boats suitable for
a significant sea crossing were necessary for people to reach Australia an estimated
40 000 – 45 000 years ago. With the development of civilization, bigger vessels
were developed both for trade and war. In the Mediterranean, galleys were
developed about 3000 BC1. Galleys were eventually rendered obsolete by oceangoing sailing ships, such as the Arabic caravel in the 13th century, the Chinese
treasure ship in the early 15th century, and the Mediterranean man-of-war in the
late 15th century. In the industrial revolution, the first steam ships and later dieselpowered ships were developed. Eventually submarines were developed mainly for
military purposes.
Meanwhile specialized craft were developed for river and canal transport.
Canals were developed in Mesopotamia circa2 4000 BC. The Indus Valley
Civilization in Pakistan and North India (from circa 2600 BC) had the first canal
irrigation system in the world. The longest canal of ancient times was the Grand
Canal of China. It was 1 794 kilometers (1 115 miles) long and was built to carry
the Emperor Yang Guang between Beijing and Hangzhou. The project began in
605, although the oldest sections of the canal may have existed since circa 486 BC.
Canals were developed in the Middle Ages in Europe in Venice and the
Netherlands.
68 Section 3:Types of Transports
Pierre-Paul Riquet began to organize the construction of the 240 km-long
Canal du Midi in France in 1665 and it was opened in 1681. In the Industrial
Revolution, inland canals were built in England and later in the United States
before the development of railways. Specialized craft were also developed for
fishing and later whaling3.
Maritime history also deals with the development of navigation,
oceanography, cartography and hydrography.
Comments:
1. BC (before Christmas) – ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (ɞɨ ɪɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɚ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɜɚ)
2. circa – ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ, ɨɤɨɥɨ
3. whaling – ɤɢɬɨɛɨɣɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɫɟɥ, ɨɯɨɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɢɬɨɜ
Ex. 27 Form groups of 3-4 students and summarize all the information from
above two texts in your discussions.
5.4 Comprehension
Ex. 28 Choose the right forms in these sentences. In some cases both forms
are right (See “Grammar”, G.3.1).
1. Is the station much (further / farther)?
2. You’ll find the explanation (further / farther) on.
3. Your record is (worse / worst) than mine.
4. It’s the (less / lesser) of two evils.
5. She always wears the (last / latest) fashion.
6. We have no (further / farther) information.
7. Nick skates (good / well).
8. His (latest / last) words were: “The end”.
9. She is the (oldest / eldest) member of our family.
10. My flat is (littler / smaller) than yours.
11. I’ve got (less / lesser) patience than you.
12. He is much (older / elder) than his wife.
13. This is the (more / most) beautiful picture I’ve ever seen.
14. His English is (best / better) than mine.
15. She is (better / best) now.
16. It’s the (furthest / farthest) point west.
17. It’s the (oldest / eldest) building in the city.
18. He’s my (older / elder) brother.
19. I’m not hurt in the (least / less)!
20. It is the (more / most) I can do for you.
Ex. 29 Translate the words in brackets (See “Grammar”, G.3.1).
1. This is (ɫɚɦɚɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɚɹ ɤɧɢɝɚ) I have ever read on this subject.
Unit 5. Water Transport 69
2. Swimming is (ɫɚɦɵɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ) summer sport.
3. Shakespeare is (ɫɚɦɵɣ ɜɵɞɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ) English poet and playwright of all the
ages.
4. Coal is (ɫɚɦɵɣ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ) natural resource.
5. He is (ɫɚɦɵɣ ɭɦɧɵɣ) man.
6. This jacket is too small. I need (ɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ).
7. He’s not so keen on his studies. He’s (ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɟɬɫɹ) in sports and
music.
8. You’ll find your way around the town (ɥɟɝɱɟ) if you have a map.
9. You’re making too much noise. Can you be (ɩɨɬɢɲɟ)?
10. There were a lot of people on the bus. It was (ɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɦ) than usual.
11. You’re late. I expected you to be here (ɪɚɧɶɲɟ).
12. You hardly ever write to me. Why don’t you write (ɱɚɳɟ)?
13. The hotel was surprisingly cheap. I expected it to be (ɞɨɪɨɠɟ).
14. It’s a pity you live so far away. I wish you lived (ɩɨɛɥɢɠɟ).
Ex. 30 Make up sentences using not so … as or as … as (See “Grammar”,
G.3.2).
1. The bus, the train, fast.
2. My flat, her flat, big.
3. His voice, Caruso’s, brilliant.
4. The pond, the river, deep.
5. Your typing, hers, fast.
6. This lecture, that lecture, interesting.
7. This hat, that hat, beautiful.
8. His article, her article, long.
Ex. 31 Use the required form of the adjective in the following sentences (See
“Grammar”, G.3.1):
1. The sound grew (faint) and (faint).
2. He’s a far (intelligent) person than my brother.
3. She was the (practical) of the family.
4. He thought how much (advanced) and broad-mended the (young) generation
was.
5. I wanted to ask you both what you thought of my (late) film if you saw it.
6. The first edition of the dictionary is (good), the new one is still (good).
7. He turned out to be (angry) than I had expected.
8. Today I’m not (wise) than yesterday.
9. The (much) we go into the matter, the much (complex) it becomes.
10. Jack is the (clever) of the three brothers.
11. They are (good) people, far (good) than you.
12. He felt (bad) yesterday than the day before.
13. The (near) house is three miles away.
70 Section 3:Types of Transports
14. He was the (last) man to come.
15. The (long) the night, the (short) the day.
16. He is the (tall) of the two.
17. She is (amusing) in a small company.
18. My brother is much (young) than myself.
Ex. 32 Translate into English (See “Grammar”, G.3.2).
1. Ɉɧ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɡɚɧɹɬ, ɱɟɦ ɬɵ.
2. ɗɬɨɬ ɝɨɞ ɛɵɥ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɬɪɭɞɧɵɦ.
3. Ɍɵ ɱɢɬɚɥ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɸɸ ɫɬɚɬɶɸ?
4. Ɍɵ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɠɟ ɤɪɚɫɢɜɚɹ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɬɜɨɹ ɦɚɬɶ.
5. Ɇɧɟ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɥɟɝɱɟ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɞɭ.
6. ȼ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ ɝɨɞɭ ɡɢɦɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɟ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɚɹ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ.
7. ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɦɵ ɱɢɬɚɟɦ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɦɵ ɡɧɚɟɦ ɨ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ.
8. ə ɭɠɟ ɫɬɚɪɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɹ ɜ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɚ ɫɬɚɪɲɟ ɜɚɫ.
Ex. 33 Fill in the blanks with the words given below.
1. … transport is represented by floating vessels.
2. A heavy boat can … several tons.
3. Different types of ships transport … of goods.
4. Some canals need … because of the … pass.
5. The car moved …. Its … was out of order.
6. The motor of his boat is about 1.8 ….
7. At the … of the 15
th
… the sailing vessels carried men from Europe to Africa.
8. A good education … better carrier.
9. A group of many small isles were situated … one big ….
10. The … of this engine is larger than of that one.
11. Thor Heyerdahl … the existence of the old civilizations.
12. I was surprised at the … of this ocean liner.
13. In construction we use ….
14. He was … his elder brother as twins.
15. She is the most … person I’ve ever met.
__________________________________________________________________
Widening, horsepower, like, weigh, reliable, engine, narrow, promotes, round,
timber, century, size, water, a great deal, end, island, slowly, proved, capacity.
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