Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Английский язык для транспортных специальностей вузов. Т.1. Базовый профессиональный курс. Учебное пособие
.pdf
Unit 8. Rail Transport 101
3. We all ran fast, but Sam ran (fast) than I, Dick ran (fast) of all.
4. Which of all these books did you enjoy (much)?
5. Which of these two books did you enjoy (much)?
6. You should have told me about it (early).
7. He speaks English (correctly) of all in our group.
Ex. 7 Translate the sentences paying attention to the different meaning of
some adverbs (See “Grammar”, G.6, G.6.1).
a) ɟɳɟ (still, yet, else, more, other, only, as early as)
1. She is still sleeping.
2. He is too young yet to get married.
3. He hasn’t come yet.
4. What else can you tell me?
5. Where else are you going tomorrow?
6. Give me some more water.
7. What other books did you buy?
8. It’s only 8 o’clock.
9. He was with us only yesterday.
10. It was known as early as in the 19
th
century.
ɛ) ɞɚɜɧɨ (long, for a long time, long ago, a long time ago)
1. Have you been here long?
2. I have been waiting for you for a long time.
3. It happened long ago.
4. The accident took place a long time ago.
5. I have known him for a long time, since our first meeting which was quite a long
time ago.
ɜ) ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ (not … long, not long ago, lately, recently)
1. I haven’t been sitting here long.
2. This book came out not long ago.
3. It happened quite recently.
4. Have you seen him lately?
5. His new book was published recently, though I haven’t heard anything about
him lately.
ɝ) ɨɱɟɧɶ (very, very much, too - ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ)
1. He is a very nice man.
2. The text is very difficult.
3. She is very much better.
4. I like this painting very much.
5. I am very much obliged to you.
6. The bus runs too slowly.
7. You are too young to grumble.
102 Section 3:Types of Transports
8. It is too late to do anything.
9. It is a very interesting work, but it is too responsible and too complicated.
ɞ) ɩɨɱɬɢ (hardly, scarcely, nearly, almost)
1. There were hardly any people in the street.
2. I scarcely ever see him.
3. It is nearly 5 o’clock.
4. I have nearly finished my work.
5. I almost made a mistake.
ɟ) ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ (quite, fairly, rather)
1. The film is quite good.
2. The play is quite awful.
3. What is his English like? – It’s fairly good.
4. She is fairly pretty.
5. I’m afraid his health is rather poor.
6. Your words have been rather unpleasant.
7. The ice-cream is rather good.
8. Your pronunciation is rather good; it’s quite correct and fairly audible.
ɠ) ɬɨɠɟ, ɬɚɤɠɟ (too, also, either, as well)
1. I will be there too.
2. Have you read the story too?
3. They also agreed with me.
4. He has a dog, but he has also a cat.
5. He is clever and industrious too.
6. I was there as well.
7. Has she gone away as well?
8. I haven’t seen him either.
9. She can’t write yet, she can’t read either.
10. I didn’t know about it either.
Ex. 8 Form the adverbs from the words given below with the help of the suffixes (See “Grammar”, G.6).
1)– ly
quiet, steady, day, month, loud, bright, cheap, recent, probable, certain, obvious,
main, natural;
2) – ward, - wards
up, down, North, East, South, West, back, for.
Ex. 9 Translate the following adverbs and the sentences with them (See
“Grammar”, G.6):
a) somewhere, everywhere, nowhere, anyway, sideways, endways, sidewise,
clockwise, likewise.
Unit 8. Rail Transport 103
b) 1. I’ve seen her somewhere before.
2. This device is used everywhere.
3. You can find this book nowhere.
4. I’ll try to do it anyway.
5. The ship was damaged and moved sideways.
6. Place the instrument endways.
7. You should move clockwise, not sidewise.
8. Look at me and do likewise.
Ex. 10 Reword the given sentences inserting either the adjective or the adverb suggested in the proper place (See “Grammar”, G.6, G.3).
Model: (bright, brightly) The sun was shining.
The sun was shining brightly.
(bright, brightly) There was a fire in the room.
There was a bright fire in the room.
1. (regular, regularly) He attends classes.
(regular, regularly) He has working hours.
2. (real, really) Do you want to go there?
(real, really) She has a lot of friends.
3. (easy, easily) This is an exercise.
(easy, easily) I can translate this article.
4. (complete, completely) These volumes contain the works of Pushkin.
(complete, completely) I am satisfied.
5. (clear, clearly) Give him an answer.
(clear, clearly) This shows the difference.
6. (pretty, prettily) Alice danced too.
(pretty, prettily) They’ve got a little garden.
7. (terrible, terribly) What weather we are having!
(terrible, terribly) It was a long war.
8. (quick, quickly) Peter ran off.
(quick, quickly) That’s a reply!
9. (pleasant, pleasantly) We had a talk on Monday.
(pleasant, pleasantly) The days passed.
10. (rare, rarely) This is a postage stamp.
(rare, rarely) I see him.
11. (angry, angrily) She spoke to him.
(angry, angrily) That was an answer.
Ex. 11 Change the sentences using the adverb as … as. Make all the necessary changes according to the pattern (See “Grammar”, G.6.2).
Pattern: He speaks English fluently. (Nick)
Nick speaks English as fluently as he does.
104 Section 3:Types of Transports
1. Alec drives the car carefully. (his wife)
2. He usually speaks calmly. (Bill)
3. Your sister speaks English correctly. (you)
4. Mary knows English History well. (Ann)
5. They speak English beautifully. (Madge)
6. We often go to the library. (you)
7. My children will go camping willingly. (your children)
8. I seldom went to the country. (you)
9. My daughter reads a lot. (your son)
10. Nelly and Paul live far from the University. (you)
8.2 Listening
Ex. 12 Get acquainted with the unknown words.
steam-powered locomotive – ɩɚɪɨɜɨɡ
hot-air-balloon – ɛɚɥɥɨɧ
oar – ɜɟɫɥɨ
paddle-wheeled – ɜɟɫɟɥɶɧɨ-ɤɨɥɟɫɧɵɣ
blacksmith – ɤɭɡɧɟɰ
Ex. 13 Pronounce the following geographical and proper names:
the Montgolfier brothers Paris
Paul Cornu Philadelphia
Richard Trevithick Trenton
John Fitch Bristol
I. K. Brunel America
The Great Western England
Robert Fulton The Great Britain
The Clermont France
Kirkpatrick MacMillan the Hudson River
Orville Wright Scotland
Jacques Gamerin Flyer I
George Stephenson The Rocket
Ex. 14 Listen to the text “Means of Transport”. While listening to the text
fill in the web chart.
Means of transport Inventors Date
Sea transport
Ground transport
Air transport
Unit 8. Rail Transport 105
Ex. 15 Enumerate all means of:
1. sea transport;
2. ground transport;
3. air transport.
Ex. 16 Do you know any other inventors of transport? Tell your group-
mates about them.
8.3 Speech Pattern
8.3.1 Active Vocabulary
Ex. 17 Learn the words from your active vocabulary.
flanged wheel – ɤɨɥɟɫɨ ɫ ɪɟɛɨɪɞɨɣ
cast iron – ɱɭɝɭɧ
steam – ɩɚɪ
to haul – ɛɭɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɬɹɧɭɬɶ
to draw (drew, drawn) – ɬɚɳɢɬɶ, ɜɨɥɨɱɢɬɶ
to spread (spread) – ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɬɶ(ɫɹ)
to obtain – ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ
collier – ɭɝɥɟɤɨɩ, ɲɚɯɬɟɪ
reciprocating engine – ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɨɣ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ
fodder – ɤɨɪɦ ɞɥɹ ɫɤɨɬɚ, ɮɭɪɚɠ
Ex. 18 Pay attention to the word-formation of the following set-expressions.
Make up your own sentences with them.
a) to mean (meant) – ɡɧɚɱɢɬɶ, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ
mean – ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɚ
means – ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ
by means of – ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
by all means – ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣɫɬɚ
b) to move – ɞɜɢɝɚɬɶ(ɫɹ)
mover – ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ, ɞɜɢɠɭɳɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ
movement – ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ
moveless – ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɣ
c) to introduce – ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ, ɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɬɶ
introduction – ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɧɨɜɨɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
introductory – ɜɜɨɞɧɵɣ, ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ
d) to invent – ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɶ
106 Section 3:Types of Transports
invention – ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ
inventor – ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɟɥɶ
inventory – ɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɶ, ɬɨɜɚɪɧɨ-ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɡɚɩɚɫ
inventive – ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ
e) to apply – ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ, ɨɛɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ (ɡɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ)
appliance – ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɟ
applicant – ɩɪɟɬɟɧɞɟɧɬ (ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ)
application – ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ, ɡɚɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ
applied – ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɣ (ɧɚɭɤɚ)
applicable – ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɵɣ, ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ
8.3.2 The Text “History of Rail Transport”
Ex. 19 Read the international words and give their Russian meaning (See
“Grammar”, G.27).
history transport system
prototype wagon illustrate
operation utilize primitive
technology intensive installation
tonnage mineral fix
modern metal manager
engineer public patent
design locomotive dramatic
economic distance industrialization
Ex. 20 Get acquainted with some proper and geographical names.
Greece, Dialkos, the Isthmus, Corinth , Malta, the Roman Empire, Germany,
Georgius Agricola, Europe, the Wollaton wagonways, Britain, the Coalbrookdale
Company, John Curr, Sheffield, William Jessop, the Surrey Iron Railway, London,
James Watt, Scottish inventor, Richard Trevithick, Cornwall, the Napoleonic
Wars, George Stephenson, the Locomotion, Metropolitan Railways, Russia, Saint
Petersburg, Tsarskoye Selo, Bohemia, Frantishek Gerstner, Asia, India, China,
South Korea, Japan.
Ex. 21 Read the text “History of Rail Transport” and translate it.
HISTORY OF RAIL TRANSPORT
1. Ancient world
The history of rail transport dates back nearly 500 years and includes systems with man or horse power and rails of wood. They were used especially for
moving coal from the mines. But the earliest prototype of the railways was found
Unit 8. Rail Transport 107
in Greece in 600 BC. In was Dialkos wagonway which transported boats across the
Isthmus of Corinth and was about 8.5 km long. These wagonways were in use for
over 650 years until at least the 1st century AD.
The first horse power wagonways also appeared in ancient Greece, and then
they spread on Malta and the Roman Empire.
2. Early railways
In 1556 in Germany, Georgius
Agricola illustrated the operation of
the wagonways utilizing primitive
wooden rails. The technology spread
across Europe and the Wollaton
wagonways (Britain) obtained the intensive installation. They were capable
to transport about 130-150 kg of coal
hauling by a single horse.
Due to the smooth and hard surface of the wooden rails and greater quantity
and tonnage of bulk goods such as coal and minerals could be carried without
damage to railways.
In the late 1760s the Coalbrookdale Company began to fix plates of cast iron
to the wooden rails. These had flanged wheels as on modern railways, but another
system was introduced, in which unflanged wheels ran on L-shape metal plates –
these became known a plateways. It was John Curr, a Sheffield colliery manager
who invented this flanged rail.
On 26 July, 1803 William Jessop, a civil engineer, opened the Surrey Iron
Railway in south London. It was the world’s first public railway powered by a single horse.
Until the beginning of the 19th century only animals were used to draw wagons with people and cargoes.
3. Steam power introduced
James Watt, a Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer, developed a reciprocating engine capable of powering a wheel. Day by day he was improving his
invention and patented a design as a steam locomotive in 1784. The first railway
steam locomotive was built in 1804 by Richard Trevithick, an English engineer
from Cornwall.
The impact of the Napoleonic Wars resulted in a dramatic rise in the price of
fodder. This was evident that the locomotive became an economically preferable.
In 1825 George Stephenson built the Locomotion which became the first public
steam railway in the world. Since that day millions of kilometres of rails have been
linking villages, cities, towns and countries. A huge network of long distance railways was arranged and is applied in everyday life by millions of people nowadays.
108 Section 3:Types of Transports
4. The development of rail transport
Railways quickly became essential to the swiftest movement of goods and
labour that was needed for industrialization. By 1950s many steam-powered railways in Britain had reached the mass usage by passengers and the necessity of
connecting several parts of London increased. So Metropolitan Railways was built
under the ground and thus the world’s first Metro appeared.
In Russia the first public railroad was the Saint Petersburg – Tsarskoye Selo
Railway, proposed and built by a Bohemian engineer, Frantishek Gerstner, in
1836.
Rail transport nowadays is one
of the most extensive means of transport. Due to its various benefits it is
not only a means of carrying cargoes
but a major form of public transport
in many countries. In Asia, for example, many millions use trains as
regular transport in India, China,
South Korea and Japan. It is also
widespread in European counties.
8.3.3 Drilling
Ex. 22 Find in the text synonyms to the following words. Illustrate your an-
swers with the sentences from the text.
To haul, engine, to transport, mine, wagon, to use, railway, public, to invent.
Ex. 23 Fill in the chart using the information from the text. Compare your
answers with the ones of your group-mates.
Date Country or town The name of inventor or company Invention
Ex. 24 Choose as many words as possible from the right column content
with the words from the left one.
transport
power
rail
wagon
railway
cargo
technology
to improve, primitive, horse, to open, wooden, rail, man, to
draw, flanged, public, unflanged, steam, mass, to connect,
cast iron, underground, animal, to widespread, to haul, to
power, to apply, to build, to carry, to need, to transport, to
spread, to patent, to propose, to use, to move, to appear, to
link, to design, to fix, to invent, to arrange, to introduce, to
develop
Unit 8. Rail Transport 109
Ex. 25 Make up your own sentences with the above word-combinations on
the theme “Rail transport”.
Ex. 26 Complete the sentences by the names of the inventors or the companies. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the translation of the amplifying
construction (It is (was) … who (that) – ɢɦɟɧɧɨ), (See “Grammar”, G.5.8).
1. It was … who illustrated the operation of the wagonways.
2. It was … that obtained the intensive installation in Britain.
3. It was … that began to fix plates of cast iron to the wooden rails.
4. It was … who invented flanged rail.
5. It was … who opened the Surrey Iron Railway in south London.
6. It was … who developed a reciprocating engine.
7. It was … who built the first railway steam locomotive.
8. It was … who built the first public steam railway.
9. It was … who proposed and built the first public railway in Russia.
Ex. 27 Agree or disagree with the statements according to the information
from the text using the clichés:
That’s wrong. – ɗɬɨ ɧɟɜɟɪɧɨ.
That’s (quite) right. – (ɋɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ) ɜɟɪɧɨ.
That’s not quite true to the fact. – ɗɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɮɚɤɬɭ.
According to the text … – ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ …
1. The earliest wagonways appeared in the Roman Empire.
2. They were used to transport cargoes across the Vatican.
3. These kinds of ways exist nowadays.
4. Earlier different animals served as a haul power to carry cargoes.
5. The first wagonways operated utilizing primitive wooden rails.
6. It was James Watt who invented flanged wheel.
7. The first steam engine was designed and patented by William Jessop.
8. Due to its benefit rail transport became the most extensive means of carrying
only cargoes.
9. In many countries all over the global rail transport is applied as form of under-
ground public transport.
10. It is called Metro.
Ex. 28 Translate the sentences from Russian into English.
1. ɋɚɦɵɟ ɪɚɧɧɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɞɨɪɨɝ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɜ Ƚɪɟɰɢɢ ɟɳɟ ɞɨ
ɧ.ɷ.
2. ɗɬɢ ɞɨɪɨɝɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɜ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 650 ɥɟɬ.
3. ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɬɹɝɥɨɜɵɟ ɞɨɪɨɝɢ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣ Ƚɪɟɰɢɢ.
110 Section 3:Types of Transports
4. ɇɟɦɟɰɤɢɣ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɜɚɝɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɪɨɝɢ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶ-
ɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɥɶɫɨɜ.
5. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɣ ɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɥɶɫɨɜ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɜɨɡ-
ɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɢɬɶ ɝɪɭɡɵ ɛɟɡ ɭɳɟɪɛɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɥɶɫɨɜ.
6. Ɇɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɨɜ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɧɟɫɥɢ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɣ
ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ.
7. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɟɣ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɥ ɪɟɥɶɫɵ ɫ ɪɟɛɨɪɞɨɣ.
8. Ⱦɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ 19 ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɹɝɥɨɜɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɚɫɶ ɞɥɹ
ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɢ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ.
9. ȼ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɚɹ ɞɨɪɨɝɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɥɚ ɋɚɧɤɬ-
ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ ɢ ɐɚɪɫɤɨɟ ɋɟɥɨ.
10. ɀɟɥɟɡɧɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɩɟɪɟ-
ɜɨɡɤɢ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ.
Ex. 29 Read these notes about travelling by train.
Advantages Disadvantages
– fast
– comfortable
– not stressful
– expensive
– sometimes crowded
– sometimes delayed
– not door to door
You can: You must:
– relax
(read and look out of the window)
– work
– travel at certain times
– use other transport to get
to the station
– eat
Ex. 30 Read the text “The Advantages and Disadvantages of Travelling by
Train”. What is the main idea of each paragraph?
THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
OF TRAVELLING BY TRAIN
1. Travelling by train has many advantages. There are no stressful traffic
jams, and trains are fast and comfortable. You can use the time in different ways.
You can just sit and read, or watch the world go by. You can work, or you can
have a meal or a snack in the buffet car.
2. Travelling by train also has some disadvantages. It is expensive and the
trains are sometimes crowded and delayed. You have to travel at certain times and
trains cannot take you from door to door. You need a bus or a taxi to take you to
the railway station.
3. I prefer travelling by train to travelling by car. I feel more relaxed when I
reach my destination.
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]