Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Английский язык для транспортных специальностей вузов. Т.1. Базовый профессиональный курс. Учебное пособие
.pdf
Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ 211
ȼɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɬɨɹɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ-ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ:
1. ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɵɦ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɦ:
Be careful! Don’t hurt yourself! – Ɉɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨ! ɇɟ ɭɲɢɛɢɬɟɫɶ!
2. ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɟɛɹ (ɫɟɛɟ, ɫɨɛɨɣ):
ɇɟ never speaks about himself. – Ɉɧ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɨ ɫɟɛɟ.
ɍɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɫ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɵɦɢ, ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹɦ ɫɚɦ, ɫɚɦɚ, ɫɚɦɨ, ɫɚɦɢ. ȼ
ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɧɢ ɫɬɨɹɬ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɧɢ
ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ.
We will solve this problem ourselves. – Ɇɵ ɪɟɲɢɦ ɷɬɭ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɫɚɦɢ.
The new crane itself turns the derrick. – ɇɨɜɵɣ ɤɪɚɧ ɫɚɦ ɩɨɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɬɪɟɥɭ.
5.4 ɍɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ (The Demonstrative Pronouns)
Ʉ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ this, that, it,
such, same.
ɍɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ this, that ɢɦɟɸɬ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ:
this – ɷɬɨɬ, ɷɬɚ, ɷɬɨ these – ɷɬɢ
that – ɬɨɬ, ɬɚ, ɬɨ those – ɬɟ
ȼ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɨɧɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɟ: This is our plant. – ɗɬɨ ɧɚɲ ɡɚɜɨɞ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ: We work at this plant. – Ɇɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɦ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɡɚɜɨɞɟ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ, ɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɰɟɩɨɱɤɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ:
We work at this large steel plant. – Ɇɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɦ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪ-
ɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɜɨɞɟ.
ȼ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟ it, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦɭ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɸ ɷɬɨ:
What is this? It is a new vehicle. – ɑɬɨ ɷɬɨ? ɗɬɨ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ.
Ʉ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ such ɬɚɤɨɣ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟ same, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɚɪɬɢɤɥɟɦ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɵɣ, ɬɚɤɨɣ ɠɟ.
Ɋɨɞ, ɱɢɫɥɨ, ɩɚɞɟɠ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɪɨɞɚ, ɱɢɫɥɚ ɢ
ɩɚɞɟɠɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ:
such an instrument – ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɛɨɪ
212 Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ
the same instrument – ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɩɪɢɛɨɪ
such a length – ɬɚɤɚɹ ɞɥɢɧɚ
the same length – ɬɚ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɚɹ ɞɥɢɧɚ
5.5 ȼɨɩɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ
(The Interrogative and Relative Pronouns)
ȼɨɩɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ, ɜ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ; ɷɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ who (whom) ɤɬɨ (ɤɨɦɭ, ɤɨ-
ɝɨ), whose ɱɟɣ, which ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ, what ɱɬɨ, ɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ – ɤɚɤɨɣ:
Whose discovery is this? – ɑɶɟ ɷɬɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɟ?
What is this? – ɑɬɨ ɷɬɨ?
What institute do you go to? – ȼ ɤɚɤɨɦ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɟ ɜɵ ɭɱɢɬɟɫɶ?
Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦɭ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɸɡɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɬ.ɟ. ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ, ɧɨ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ:
This is the element whose properties we are interested in. – ɗɬɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬ-
ɜɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɚɫ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɸɬ.
I am explaining to him what we are working at. – ə ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɸ ɟɦɭ, ɧɚɞ ɱɟɦ ɦɵ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɦ.
5.6 ɇɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ
(The Indefinite Pronouns and their Derivatives)
Ʉ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ some, any,
every (ɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ) ɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟ one.
Some ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸ-
ɳɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ:
1. ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɢɫɱɢɫɥɹɟɦɵɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬ-
ɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ:
I have some friends here. – ɍ ɦɟɧɹ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɪɭɡɟɣ.
2. ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ – ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɟɢɫɱɢɫɥɹɟɦɵɦɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ some ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ:
There is some water in the tank. – ȼ ɬɚɧɤɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɚ.
Ɇɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟ some, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ
ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ. Ɉɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟɦ any ɤɚɤɨɣ-
ɧɢɛɭɞɶ.
I have some friends here. There is some water in the tank.
Have you any friends here? Is there any water in the tank?
I have no (not any) friends here. There is no (not any) water in the tank.
Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ 213
3. ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ – ɩɟɪɟɞ ɢɫɱɢɫɥɹɟɦɵɦɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ
ɱɢɫɥɟ:
The engineer read about this mode in some magazine. – ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪ ɱɢɬɚɥ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɣ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɜ ɤɚɤɨɦ-ɬɨ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɟ.
4. ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɤɨɥɨ – ɩɟɪɟɞ ɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ:
There are some 30 students at the lecture. – ɇɚ ɥɟɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨ 30 ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ.
Ɇɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟ any ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɭɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢ-
ɹɯ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɥɸɛɨɣ, ɜɫɹɤɢɣ:
You can find this book in any shop. – ȼɵ ɦɨɠɟɬɟ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɷɬɭ ɤɧɢɝɭ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɦɚ-
ɝɚɡɢɧɟ.
ɇɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ each ɢ every ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɫɬɨɹɬ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɭɳɟ-
ɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɪɬɢɤɥɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ:
Every engineer must learn foreign languages. – Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɢɡɭ-
ɱɚɬɶ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ.
Each student of our group takes part in some research. – Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬ ɧɚɲɟɣ
ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɤɚɤɨɦ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ.
Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟ no ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ, ɧɟɬ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ
ɢ not any, ɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ
ɜɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ nɨ ɚɪɬɢɤɥɶ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ
ɧɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɭɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟ:
ɇɟ has no lectures today. – ɍ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɧɟɬ ɥɟɤɰɢɣ.
ɉɟɪɟɞ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ nɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ, ɧɢ ɨɞɢɧ:
No magazine writes about this discovery. – ɇɢ ɨɞɢɧ (ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ) ɠɭɪɧɚɥ ɧɟ
ɩɢɲɟɬ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɢ.
No information comes from him. – Ɉɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ.
Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟ none ɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɢɫɱɢɫɥɹɟɦɨɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟɢɫɱɢɫɥɹɟɦɨɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ:
None of them answered this question. – ɇɢɤɬɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɧɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɥ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɬ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫ.
Is there any liquid in the tank? – ȿɫɬɶ ɜ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɟ ɤɚɤɚɹ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ?
No, there is none. – ɇɟɬ. (Ɍɚɦ ɧɟɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ.)
Ɇɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ some, any, every, no ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ: thing – ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɞɭɲɟɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ, body ɢ one – ɞɥɹ
214 Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ
ɨɞɭɲɟɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ. ȼ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ where ɨɧɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ
ɧɚɪɟɱɢɹ (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 1, ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6 Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ).
ȼ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ nobody (no one),
nothing, ɚɧɟ not … anybody ɢɥɢ not … anything, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ-ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɟ
ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɜ 3-ɦ ɥɢɰɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɜ ɭɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɮɨɪɦɟ:
Nobody has read this article yet. – ɇɢɤɬɨ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɱɢɬɚɥ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ.
ɋ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɧɚɪɟɱɢɹɦɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟ:
ɇɟ knows nothing about it. – Ɉɧ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɟɬ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ.
ɇɟ does not know anything about it. – Ɉɧ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɟɬ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ.
Ɇɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟ one ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ.
Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɨɧɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚɦɢ
must, should, can. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɭɠɧɨ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɡɚ-
ɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟ one ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ, ɜɫɹɤɢɣ:
One cannot always find time for reading. – He ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɥɹ
ɱɬɟɧɢɹ.
One should always come to the classes in time. – ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɚ
ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹ ɜɨɜɪɟɦɹ.
One can do it easily. – Ɇɨɠɧɨ (Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ) ɥɟɝɤɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɷɬɨ.
5.7 Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ (The Quantitative Pronouns)
Ʉ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ many, few,
much, little.
Many ɦɧɨɝɨ ɢ few ɦɚɥɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɢɫɱɢɫɥɹɟɦɵɦɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬ-
ɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ:
ɇɟ has many (few) mistakes in his test-paper. – ɍ ɧɟɝɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ
ɦɧɨɝɨ (ɦɚɥɨ) ɨɲɢɛɨɤ.
Much ɦɧɨɝɨ ɢ little ɦɚɥɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɧɟɢɫɱɢɫɥɹɟɦɵɦɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ:
ɇɟ has much (little) work today. – ɍ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɦɧɨɝɨ (ɦɚɥɨ) ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.
Much ɢ many ɦɨɝɭɬ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɚɦɢ: a lot (of), lots (of), plenty
(of). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɭɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɚ great many, a
great number (of) ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ many; a great deal (of), a great
amount (of) – ɜɦɟɫɬɨ much:
I have plenty of work. – ɍ ɦɟɧɹ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.
Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ 215
Little ɢ few ɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɚɪɬɢɤɥɟɦ – ɚ little
ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ, a few ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ, ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ:
ɇɟ has little time. – ɍɧɟɝɨɦɚɥɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
We have a little time, let’s go to the cinema. – ɍ ɧɚɫ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ,
ɩɨɲɥɢ ɜ ɤɢɧɨ.
There are few English magazines in the library. – ȼ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɟ ɦɚɥɨ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɯ
ɠɭɪɧɚɥɨɜ.
There are a few chemical magazines on that shelf. – ɇɚ ɬɨɣ ɩɨɥɤɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɠɭɪɧɚɥɨɜ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɢ.
5.8 Ɇɧɨɝɨɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ it
Ɇɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟ it ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɜ ɪɨɥɢ:
1. ɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ (ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɟ, ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ):
Your solution is correct. – ȼɚɲɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ.
Explain it, please. – Ɉɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɟ ɟɝɨ, ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣɫɬɚ.
2. ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ (ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɟ):
What is this? It is a new device. – ɑɬɨ ɷɬɨ? ɗɬɨ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɩɪɢɛɨɪ.
3. ɛɟɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ (ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɟ):
It is said that he is an experienced engineer. – Ƚɨɜɨɪɹɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɨɩɵɬɧɵɣ
ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪ.
4. ɭɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ (ɞɥɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɩɪɟɞ-
ɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ):
It is Popov who invented the radio. – Ɋɚɞɢɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɥ ɧɟ ɤɬɨ ɢɧɨɣ, ɤɚɤ ɉɨɩɨɜ.
5.9. Ɇɧɨɝɨɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɥɨɜɚ that
ɋɥɨɜɨ that ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ:
1. ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ:
ɚ) ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ (ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɟ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ):
That new instrument is very precise. – ɗɬɨɬ (ɬɨɬ) ɧɨɜɵɣ ɩɪɢɛɨɪ ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɬɨɱɧɵɣ.
ɛ) ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɜɜɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɟɬ ɭɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ:
An equation that states a rule i
ɬɨɪɨɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ.
2. ɫɨɸɡɚ:
ɚ) ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ:
D. I. Mendeleyev was sure that the missing elements would be found. –
Ⱦ. ɂ. Ɇɟɧɞɟɥɟɟɜ ɛɵɥ ɭɜɟɪɟɧ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵ.
n brief form is called a formula. – ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨ-
216 Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ
ɛ) ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ:
That it is possible to convert heat to energy and energy back to heat can be demonstrated in a number of ways. – To, ɱɬɨ ɬɟɩɥɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ
ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ.
ɜ) ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɵɯ:
The main difficulty is that the experiments haven’t shown good results yet. –
Ƚɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɵ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɞɚɥɢ ɩɨɥɨ-
ɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ.
3. ɫɥɨɜɚ-ɡɚɦɟɫɬɢɬɟɥɹ:
The power of atomic ice-breaker is much greater than that of tanker. – Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ
ɚɬɨɦɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɞɨɤɨɥɚ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɧɤɟɪɚ.
6. ɇȺɊȿɑɂȿ (THE ADVERB)
ɇɚɪɟɱɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɟɱɢ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ. ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɧɚɪɟɱɢɹ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ: ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ.
ɉɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɧɚɪɟɱɢɹ: here ɡɞɟɫɶ, ɫɸɞɚ, now ɬɟɩɟɪɶ, soon ɫɤɨɪɨ ɢɞɪ.
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɧɚɪɟɱɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɪɟɱɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚ –ly: easily ɥɟɝɤɨ, daily ɟɠɟɞɧɟɜɧɨ.
6.1 Ɇɟɫɬɨ ɧɚɪɟɱɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ
ɇɚɪɟɱɢɹ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ always ɜɫɟɝɞɚ, often ɱɚɫɬɨ, seldom
ɪɟɞɤɨ, already ɭɠɟ, usually ɨɛɵɱɧɨ, sometimes ɢɧɨɝɞɚ, soon ɫɤɨɪɨ, never ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɬ.ɞ. ɫɬɚɜɹɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɦ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɦ:
We often make experiments. – Ɇɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦ ɨɩɵɬɵ.
Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɧɚɪɟɱɢɟ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ:
We have already made this experiment. – Ɇɵ ɭɠɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɥɢ ɷɬɨɬ ɨɩɵɬ.
ɇɨ ɷɬɢ ɧɚɪɟɱɢɹ ɫɬɚɜɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ to be:
ɇɟ is always present at the lectures. – Ɉɧ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩ
ɇɚɪɟɱɢɹ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɫɬɨɹɬ ɥɢɛɨ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ, ɥɢɛɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ:
Tomorrow I will go to the library. – Ɂɚɜɬɪɚ ɹ ɩɨɣɞɭ ɜ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɭ.
ɇɚɪɟɱɢɹ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ, ɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɸ-ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ
ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɧɚɪɟɱɢɸ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ
ɫɬɨɹɬ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ:
highly important problem – ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ
ɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɥɟɤɰɢɹɯ.
Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ 217
quickly moving vehicle – ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɣɫɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ
6.2 ɋɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɪɟɱɢɣ (The Degrees of Comparison)
Ɉɞɧɨɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɧɚɪɟɱɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɤ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɧɚɪɟɱɢɹ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɜ –ɟr (ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ) ɢ –est (ɜ
ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ). Ⱦɜɭɫɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɧɚɪɟɱɢɟ early ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɦ
ɠɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
late – later – latest
early – earlier – earliest
Ⱦɜɭɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɧɚɪɟɱɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɜ more ɢ most:
clearly – more clearly – most clearly
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɪɟɱɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ (ɫɦ.
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 1, ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 7 Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟɣ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɪɟɱɢɣ).
ɉɪɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɪɢɫɭɳ ɨɞɢɧ ɢ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ,
ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɩɚɪɧɵɣ ɫɨɸɡ as … as:
This plane moves as quickly as the sound does. – ɗɬɨɬ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬ ɞɜɢɠɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ
ɠɟ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɡɜɭɤ (ɬ.e. ɋɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɜɭɤɚ).
ɋɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ as well as ɦɨɠɟɬ, ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɟɣ,
ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɦ ɫɨɸɡɨɦ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ (ɢ). ɋɪɚɜɧɢɬɟ:
ɇɟ knows mathematics as w
The English system of weights was used in England as well as in a number of
other countries. – Ⱥɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɟɫɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɚɫɶ ɜ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ,
ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ.
ɇɚɪɟɱɢɟ as well ɢɦɟɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ:
The plant produces cars. It produces vessels as well. – ɗɬɨɬ ɡɚɜɨɞ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɪɟɱɢɹ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɫ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ
ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɢɯ ɩɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ:
long – ɞɥɢɧɧɵɣ, ɞɨɥɝɢɣ long – ɞɚɜɧɨ
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɪɟɱɢɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ
ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚ –ly, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɨɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ:
real – ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ really – ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ell as his friend does. – Ɉɧ ɡɧɚɟɬ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɭ ɬɚɤ
ɠɟ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɞɪɭɝ.
ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɢ. Ɉɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɢ.
218 Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɪɟɱɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɜɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ: ɨɞɧɭ ɛɟɡ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚ, ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɳɭɸ ɫ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɞɪɭɝɭɸ – ɫ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɦ –ly. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 1, ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 8 Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɧɚɪɟɱɢɣ):
high –ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ high – ɜɵɫɨɤɨ highly – ɜɟɫɶɦɚ, ɨɱɟɧɶ, ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ
7. ɉɊȿȾɅɈȽ (THE PREPOSITION)
ɉɪɟɞɥɨɝɢ – ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ (ɢɥɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɣ) ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ. (ɫɦ.
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 1, ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 9 Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɨɜ)
ɉɪɟɞɥɨɝɢ ɜ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ: ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ (place) ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (direction), ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (time), ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɟ (compound)
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɢ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɢ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɚɞɟɠɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ (case). ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɨɜ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɨɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɚɦɢ
(prepositional phrases).
ɉɪɟɞɥɨɝɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɝɨɥɢɛɨ, ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ
ɢɥɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ:
on the table – ɧɚ ɫɬɨɥɟ
in the room – ɜ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɟ
under the book – ɩɨɞ ɤɧɢɝɨɣ
at the desks – ɭ ɫɬɨɥɨɜ
ɉɪɟɞɥɨɝɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɤɚɤɨɦɭ-ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɭ, ɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɥɢɰɚ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ, ɢɡ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ:
to the table – ɤ ɫɬɨɥɭ
into the room – ɜ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɭ
from (off) the table – ɫɨ ɫɬɨɥɚ
from Kiev to Moscow – ɢɡ Ʉɢɟɜɚ ɜ Ɇɨɫɤɜɭ
out of the bag – ɢɡ ɩɨɪɬɮɟɥɹ
8. ɋɅɈȼȺ-ɁȺɆȿɋɌɂɌȿɅɂ (THE NOUN-SUBSTITUTES)
ȼ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ-ɡɚɦɟɫɬɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ.
8.1 Ɇɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ one, ones
Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɦɟɧɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟ one. Ɇɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟ one ɢɦɟɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ
Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ 219
ones, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ
ɱɢɫɥɟ:
The new laboratory is equipped better than the old one. – ɇɨɜɚɹ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɹ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɚ ɥɭɱɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɫɬɚɪɚɹ (ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɹ).
There are many diagrams here. – Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ.
The most interesting ones are on that wall. – ɋɚɦɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɟ (ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ) –
ɧɚ ɬɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɟ.
Ɇɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟ one ɤɚɤ ɫɥɨɜɨ-ɡɚɦɟɫɬɢɬɟɥɶ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɬ.
Ɇɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟ one ɤɚɤ ɫɥɨɜɨ-ɡɚɦɟɫɬɢɬɟɥɶ ɧɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɢɬɹɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɚɹ
ɮɨɪɦɚ ɩɪɢɬɹɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɣ. Ɉɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɪɢɬɹɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɚɞɟɠɟ:
This experiment is more complicated than yours. It will take more time. – ɗɬɨɬ
ɨɩɵɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɟɧ, ɱɟɦ ɜɚɲ. ɇɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
Your drawing is good, but Victor’s is much better. – ȼɚɲ ɱɟɪɬɟɠ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ, ɧɨ
ɱɟɪɬɟɠ ȼɢɤɬɨɪɚ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɥɭɱɲɟ.
8.2 Ɇɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ that, those
Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɦɟɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟ that (ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬ-
ɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ those).
The speed of the TU-154 is greater than that of the TU-124. – ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɚ
Ɍɍ-154 ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ (ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ) ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɚ Ɍɍ-124.
ɋɥɨɜɚ that, those ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɧɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɸɬ, ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ.
8.3 Ƚɥɚɝɨɥ to do
Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ, ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ to
do ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ:
Metals conduct electricity better than semiconductors do. –Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɥɭɱɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɢ.
The new computer works with greater precision than the old one did. – ɇɨɜɵɣ
ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɱɟɦ (ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥ) ɫɬɚɪɵɣ.
9. ɋɈɘɁɕ (THE CONJUNCTIONS)
ɋɨɸɡɵ – ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɫɥɨɜɨɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 1, ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 10 Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɸɡɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɸɡɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ).
220 Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ
ɋɨɸɡɵ ɜ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɱɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ; ɩɨɞɱɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ (ɫɦ.
G.26.3 ɉɪɢɞɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ).
10. ȽɅȺȽɈɅ (THE VERB)
Ƚɥɚɝɨɥ – ɷɬɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɟɱɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ
ɥɢɰɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ. Ƚɥɚɝɨɥ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ: ɱɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɥɢɰɨ (ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ)?
ɱɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɥɢɰɨɦ (ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ)?
Ɏɨɪɦɵ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɟɥɢɱɧɵɟ:
1. Ʌɢɱɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɥɢɰɨ, ɱɢɫɥɨ, ɧɚɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ, ɜɪɟɦɹ,
ɡɚɥɨɝ. ɋɸɞɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɥɢɰɚɯ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɥɨɝɚ ɜ ɢɡɴɹɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɢ ɫɨɫɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɵɦ ɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ ɜ ɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɱɢɫɥɟ.
2. ɇɟɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ – ɢɧɮɢɧɢɬɢɜ (the Infinitive), ɝɟɪɭɧɞɢɣ (the
Gerund) ɢ ɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɟ (the Participle), ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɛɟɡ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɰɚ, ɱɢɫɥɚ ɢ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɜ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɵɦ.
ɉɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɟ, ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ-ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ.
1. ɋɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟ-
ɧɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɵɦ:
We study at the Technical Institute. – Ɇɵ ɭɱɢɦɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɟ.
2. Ɇɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ can, may, must ɢɞɪ. ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡ-
ɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɢɧɮɢɧɢɬɢɜɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ. (ɫɦ.
G.20 Ɇɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ).
3. Ƚɥɚɝɨɥɵ-ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɚ-
ɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ: to be (ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ
ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ), to become, to get, to turn, to grow ɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɢɞɪ.:
My father is an engineer. – Ɇɨɣ ɨɬɟɰ – ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪ.
She will become a doctor. – Ɉɧɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ (ɫɬɚɧɟɬ) ɜɪɚɱɨɦ.
4. ȼɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ to be, to have, to do, will (would) ɫɥɭɠɚɬ
ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ (ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ) ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ. Ɉɧɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ:
I did not like the article. – Ɇɧɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɧɪɚɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɷɬɚ ɫɬɚɬɶɹ.
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]