Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Английский язык для транспортных специальностей вузов. Т.1. Базовый профессиональный курс. Учебное пособие
.pdf
Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ 231
2. ɫɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɧɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɢɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ: this week ɧɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɧɟɞɟɥɟ, this month ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɟɫɹɰɟ, this
year ɜɷɬɨɦɝɨɞɭ, today ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɢɬ.ɞ.:
I haven’t seen him today. – ə ɧɟ ɜɢɞɟɥ ɟɝɨ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ. (ɞɟɧɶ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɢɥɫɹ)
3. ɫ ɧɚɪɟɱɢɹɦɢ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɬɨɹɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɦ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɦ: often ɱɚɫɬɨ, seldom ɪɟɞɤɨ, always
ɜɫɟɝɞɚ, never ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ, ever ɤɨɝɞɚ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ, just ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɬɨ, not yet ɟɳɟ ɧɟ,
sometimes ɢɧɨɝɞɚ:
We have just finished handling cargo. – Ɇɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɬɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɢɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵ-
ɜɚɬɶ ɝɪɭɡ.
4. ɫ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɨɦ since ɫ (ɫɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɬɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ) ɢ ɫ ɫɨɸɡɨɦ since ɫ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɤɚɤ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɨɦ for ɜɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ:
I have not seen him for two years. – ə ɧɟ ɜɢɞɟɥ ɟɝɨ
I have not seen him since he finished handling cargo. – ə ɧɟ ɜɢɞɟɥ ɟɝɨɫɬɟɯɩɨɪ,
ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɢɥ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɝɪɭɡ.
Present Perfect ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɝɥɚ-
ɝɨɥɚ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ, ɪɟɠɟ – ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ, ɜɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢɨɬɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ:
The astronomers have determined the distance between the Sun and the Earth.
– Ⱥɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɋɨɥɧɰɟɦ ɢ Ɂɟɦɥɟɣ.
ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɥɟɬ.
15.3.2 The Past Perfect Tense [had + V3(ed)]
Past Perfect ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ ɡɚ-
ɤɨɧɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ, ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝ by ɤ:
We had finished handling cargo by 5 o’clock. – Ɇɵ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɢɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ
ɝɪɭɡ ɤ ɩɹɬɢ ɱɚɫɚɦ.
We had finished handling cargo our experiment before he came. – Ɇɵ ɭɠɟ ɡɚ-
ɤɨɧɱɢɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɝɪɭɡ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧ ɩɪɢɲɟɥ.
15.3.3 The Future Perfect Tense [will have + V3(ed)]
Future Perfect ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚɦɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɜɢɞɚ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫ ɧɚɪɟɱɢɟɦ ɭɠɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ, ɱɬɨ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɢɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ:
They will have completed handling cargo by the end of the week. – Ɉɧɢ ɡɚɤɨɧ-
ɱɚɬ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɝɪɭɡ ɭɠɟ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɭ ɧɟɞɟɥɢ.
They will have completed handling cargo before you return. – Ɉɧɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɚɬ ɨɛ ɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɝɪɭɡ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ
ɱɟɦ ɜɵ ɜɟɪɧɟɬɟɫɶ.
232 Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ
15.4 ȼɊȿɆȿɇȺ ɁȺȼȿɊɒȿɇɇɈɃ ɉɊɈȾɅȿɇɇɈɃ ȽɊɍɉɉɕ
(THE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSES) [have been + Ving]
ȼɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ Perfect Continuous ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɢ
ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɦ ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ,
ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ.
ȼɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ Perfect Continuous ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ to be ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ Present, Past ɢɥɢ Future
Perfect ɢ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ ɫ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟɦ –ing (ɢɥɢ Participle I).
Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɯ:
We have not been handling cargo for three hours. – Ɇɵ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɝɪɭɡ
ɭɠɟ ɬɪɢ ɱɚɫɚ.
Had I been handling cargo for a long time when the captain came? – ə ɭɠɟ ɞɨɥɝɨ
ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɥ ɝɪɭɡ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɲɟɥ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɧ?
Yes, I had been. – Ⱦɚ. No, I hadn’t been. – ɇɟɬ.
15.4.1 The Present Perfect Continuous Tense [have / has been + Ving]
Present Perfect Continuous ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɧɚɱɚɜɲɟɟɫɹ
ɞɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɪɟɱɢ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɪɟɱɢ. Present Perfect
Continuous ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɦ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɪɟɱɢɹ ɭɠɟ:
They have been handling cargo for two hours. – Ɉɧɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɝɪɭɡ ɭɠɟ
2 ɱɚɫɚ.
15.4.2 The Past Perfect Continuous Tense [had been + Ving]
Past Perfect Continuous ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɜɲɟɟ ɞɨ
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ:
They had been handling cargo for two hours before you came. – Ɉɧɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵ-
ɜɚɥɢ ɝɪɭɡ
15.4.3 The Future Perfect Continuous Tense [will have been + Ving]
Future Perfect Continuous ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɚɱɧɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɟɳɟ
ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ:
When the ship return to the port, the sailors will have been waiting for several
hours. – Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɶ ɜɟɪɧɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɪɬ, ɦɨɪɹɤɢ ɭɠɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɠɞɚɬɶ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɨɜ.
ɉɪɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ Perfect Continuous ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɞɨɥɝɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɥɨɫɶ, ɢɥɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ.
ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɱɚɫɨɜ, ɞɨ ɬɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɜɵ ɩɪɢɲɥɢ.
Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ 233
ɋɪɚɜɧɢɬɟ:
ȼɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɉɟɪɟɜɨɞ
Present Perfect
Continuous
Present Continuous We are handling cargo
Past Perfect
Continuous
Past Continuous I was handling cargo when
(ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 1, ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 11 Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɥɨɝɚ)
We have been handling
cargo for three hours.
now.
I had been handling cargo
for a long time when the
captain came.
the captain came.
Ɇɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɝɪɭɡ ɭɠɟ
ɬɪɢ ɱɚɫɚ.
Ɇɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɝɪɭɡ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ.
ə ɭɠɟ ɞɨɥɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɥ
ɝɪɭɡ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɲɟɥ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɧ.
ə ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɥ ɝɪɭɡ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɩɪɢɲɟɥ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɧ.
234 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 1. Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ
ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ 1
ȽɊȺɆɆȺɌɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɌȺȻɅɂɐɕ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ʋ ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ
1 Cɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵe ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧ-
ɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ -s ɤ
ɮɨɪɦɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ
2 ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɨɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ
ɫɜɢɫɬɹɳɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɲɢɩɹɳɢɣ ɡɜɭɤ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ
ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ -es
3 ȼ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɨɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ
-ɭ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨɣ, ɭ ɩɟɪɟɯɨ-
scientist – scientists,
science – sciences,
day – days, radio – radios
class – classes,
box – boxes,
match – matches,
city – cities,
library – libraries
ɞɢɬ ɜ i ɢ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ -es
4 ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɨɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ -ɨ
ɫ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨɣ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ
negro – negroes,
tomato – tomatoes
ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ -es
5 ȼ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɨɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ
-f ɢɥɢ -fe, f ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ v ɢɩɪɢ-
ɛɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ -es
6 Cɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ
ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɷɬɢɯ
ɹɡɵɤɨɜ
7 ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɜɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ
8 ɇɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢ
ɞɪɟɜɧɸɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ
leaf – leaves,
life – lives,
ɧɨ roof – roofs
basis – bases,
crisis – crises,
datum – data,
phenomenon – phenomena
medium – media – mediums,
memorandum – memoranda
– memorandums
man – men,
woman – women,
child – children,
tooth – teeth,
foot – feet
9 ɋɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚ-
ɡɭɸɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɫɥɨɜɭ
sister-in-law – sisters-in-law,
editor-in-chief –
editors-in-chief,
carpet-sweeper –
carpet-sweepers
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 1. Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ 235
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɞɟɠɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ
ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ
ɉɚɞɟɠ ȼ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ȼ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ
ɹɡɵɤɟ
ɂ.ɩ.
(ɤɬɨ? ɱɬɨ?)
ɞɪɭɝ
Ɋ.ɩ. (ɤɨɝɨ? ɱɟɝɨ?)
ɞɪɭɝɚ
Ⱦ.ɩ. (ɤɨɦɭ? ɱɟɦɭ?)
ɞɪɭɝɭ
ɇɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɚ. Ɇɟɫɬɨ
– ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɵɦ.
of
The book of friend.
to
I often write to my
friend.
ȼ.ɩ. (ɤɨɝɨ? ɱɬɨ?)
ɞɪɭɝɚ
Ɍ.ɩ. (ɤɟɦ? ɱɟɦ?)
ɞɪɭɝɨɦ
ɇɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɚ. Ɇɟɫɬɨ
– ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ.
by
The work is done by
my friend.
with
(ɫ ɧɟɨɞɭɲɟɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚɦɢ)
I write with a pen.
ɉ.ɩ. (ɨɤɨɦ? ɨ ɱɟɦ?)
ɨɞɪɭɝɟ
about – ɨ, of – ɨ
I often think about (of)
my friend.
ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɨɜ
of – ɢɡ
one of them – ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ
is made of glass – ɫɞɟɥɚɧ ɢɡ
ɫɬɟɤɥɚ
to – ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
to the plant – ɧɚ ɡɚɜɨɞ
to Moscow – ɜ Ɇɨɫɤɜɭ
by – ɭ, ɤ, ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ
by the window – ɭ ɨɤɧɚ
by summer – ɤ ɥɟɬɭ
by radio – ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ (ɩɨ)
ɪɚɞɢɨ
with – ɫ
with my friend –
ɫ ɦɨɢɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ
ɚbout – ɨɤɨɥɨ,
ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
About 45 students are pre-
sent at the lecture. –
ɇɚ ɥɟɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɨɤɨɥɨ 45 ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ.
236 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 1. Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟɣ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɋɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ
(the Comparative Degree)
ɉɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ
(the Superlative Degree)
Ɉɞɧɨɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
big
young
bigger
younger
the biggest
the youngest
Ɇɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
interesting
beautiful
more interesting
more beautiful
the most interesting
the most beautiful
ɂɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ
good/well
bad
many
much
little
old
far
better
worse
more
more
less
o
lder / elder
fa
rther / further
the fa
the best
the worth
the most
the most
the least
ldest / the eldest
the o
rthest / the furthest
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɑɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɉɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɵɟ
1 — 12 13 — 19
(ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫ –teen)
20 — 90
(ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫ –ty)
1 — one 1 — the first (1st)
2 — two 20 — twenty 2 — the second (2nd)
3 — three 13 — thirteen 30 — thirty 3 — the third (3rd)
4 — four 14 — fourteen 40 — forty 4 — the fourth (4th)
5 — five 15 — fifteen 50 — fifty 5 — the fifth (5th)
6 — six 16 — sixteen 60 — sixty 13 — the thirteenth (13th)
7 — seven 17 — seventeen 70 — seventy 15 — the fifteenth (15th)
8 — eight 18 — eighteen 80 — eighty 20 — the twentieth (20th)
9 — nine 19 — nineteen 90 — ninety 21 — the twenty-first (21st)
10 — ten 30 — the thirtieth (30th)
11 — eleven 40 — the fortieth (40th)
12 — twelve 100 — the hundredth (100th)
ɢ.ɩ.
(ɤɬɨ?
ɱɬɨ?)
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 1. Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ 237
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɣ
Ʌɢɱɧɵɟ ɉɪɢɬɹɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬ. ɩ.
(ɤɨɦɭ? ɤɨɝɨ?)
me ɦɧɟ, ɦɟɧɹ
you ɬɟɛɟ, ɬɟɛɹ
him ɟɦɭ, ɟɝɨ
her ɟɣ, ɟɺ
it ɟɦɭ, ɟɝɨ, ɟɣ, ɟɺ
us ɧɚɦ, ɧɚɫ
you ɜɚɦ, ɜɚɫ
them ɢɦ, ɢɯ
ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ
ɮɨɪɦɚ
(ɱɟɣ?)
my
your
his
her
its
our
your
their
ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬ.
ɮɨɪɦɚ
(ɱɟɣ?)
mine
yours
his
hers
its
ours
yours
theirs
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5
ȼɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɨ-
ɭɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6
Ɇɟɫɬɨɢɦɟ-
ɧɢɹ
some
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ
ɤɚɤɨɣ-
ɧɢɛɭɞɶ
any
ɜɫɹɤɢɣ
ɥɸɛɨɣ
not any
= no
ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ
any?
ɤɚɤɨɣ-
ɧɢɛɭɞɶ?
ɟvery
ɤɚɠɞɵɣ
ɜɫɹɤɢɣ
+ thing + body
something
ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ
ɱɬɨ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ
anything
ɜɫɺ
not … anything
not … anɭbody
= nothing
ɧɢɱɬɨ
ɧɢɱɟɝɨ
anything?
ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ?
ɱɬɨ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ?
everything
ɜɫɺ
+ one
somebody
someone
ɤɬɨ-ɬɨ
ɤɬɨ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ
anybody
anyone
ɜɫɹɤɢɣ
ɜɫɟ
= nobody
no one, none
ɧɢɤɬɨ
anybody?
ɤɬɨ-ɬɨ?
ɤɬɨ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ?
everybody
everyone
ɜɫɟ
+ where ɍɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟ-
ɧɢɟ
somewhere
ɝɞɟ-ɬɨ
ɤɭɞɚ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ
ɤɭɞɚ-ɬɨ
ɜ ɭɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ
ɝɞɟ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ
anywhere
ɜɟɡɞɟ
ɩɨɜɫɸɞɭ
ɜ ɭɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ
not …
anɭwhere
= nowhere
ɧɢɝɞɟ
ɜ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ
ɧɢɤɭɞɚ
anywhere?
ɝɞɟ-ɬɨ?
ɤɭɞɚ-ɬɨ?
ɝɞɟ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ?
ɜ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ
ɤɭɞɚ-
ɧɢɛɭɞɶ?
everywhere
ɜɟɡɞɟ
ɩɨɜɫɸɞɭ
ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɪɺɯ
ɬɢɩɚɯ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ
238 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 1. Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 7
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟɣ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɪɟɱɢɣ
ɉɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɋɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɉɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ
well – ɯɨɪɨɲɨ
badly – ɩɥɨɯɨ
much – ɦɧɨɝɨ
little – ɦɚɥɨ
far – ɞɚɥɟɤɨ
better – ɥɭɱɲɟ
worse – ɯɭɠɟ
more – ɛɨɥɶɲɟ
less – ɦɟɧɶɲɟ
farther (further) – ɞɚɥɶɲɟ
best – ɥɭɱɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ
worst – ɯɭɠɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ
most – ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ
least – ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ
farthest (furthest) – ɞɚɥɶɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 8
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɧɚɪɟɱɢɣ
ɉɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɇɚɪɟɱɢɹ
ɛɟɡ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚ
long – ɞɥɢɧɧɵɣ, ɞɨɥɝɢɣ
very – ɫɚɦɵɣ, ɬɨɬ ɫɚɦɵɣ
only – ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ
far – ɞɚɥɟɤɢɣ
long – ɞɚɜɧɨ
very – ɨɱɟɧɶ
only – ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
far – ɞɚɥɟɤɨ;
ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ
direct – ɩɪɹɦɨɣ
ready – ɝɨɬɨɜɵɣ
large – ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ
real – ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ
hard – ɬɪɭɞɧɵɣ
high – ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ
wide – ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ
near – ɛɥɢɡɤɢɣ
late – ɩɨɡɞɧɢɣ
close – ɛɥɢɡɤɢɣ
real – ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ
hard – ɭɩɨɪɧɨ
high – ɜɵɫɨɤɨ
wide – ɲɢɪɨɤɨ
near – ɛɥɢɡɤɨ
late – ɩɨɡɞɧɨ
close – ɛɥɢɡɤɨ,
ɪɹɞɨɦ
ɇɚɪɟɱɢɹ ɫ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɦ
directly – ɫɪɚɡɭ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬ
ɜɟɧɧɨ
readily – ɛɵɫɬɪɨ, ɥɟɝɤɨ
largely – ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɨɱɟɧɶ,
ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ
really – ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
hardly –ɟɞɜɚ
highly – ɜɟɫɶɦɚ, ɨɱɟɧɶ, ɱɪɟɡ-
ɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ
widely – ɨɱɟɧɶ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
nearly – ɩɨɱɬɢ
lately – ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ,
ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ
closely – ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɬɟɫɧɨ,
ɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
-
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 1. Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ 239
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɨɜ
ɉɪɟɞɥɨɝ Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɚbout
1. ɜɨɤɪɭɝ, ɤɪɭɝɨɦ (ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɱ.-ɥ.)
2. ɨɤɨɥɨ, ɛɥɢɡ, ɭ (ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɱ.-ɥ.)
3. ɩɨ (ɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ)
4. ɨɤɨɥɨ, ɤ (ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ)
5. ɨ, ɨɛ; ɧɚɫɱɟɬ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
above
1. ɧɚɞ
2. ɫɜɵɲɟ, ɛɨɥɶɲɟ; ɜɵɲɟ
according to
1. ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ
2. ɩɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɸ, ɩɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ
across
after
ɫɤɜɨɡɶ, ɱɟɪɟɡ; ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ, ɩɨ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ
1. ɡɚ, ɩɨɡɚɞɢ (ɦɟɫɬɨɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɡɚɞɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɜɢɠɟ-
ɧɢɟ ɜɞɨɝɨɧɤɭ)
2. ɩɨɫɥɟ, ɡɚ, ɱɟɪɟɡ, ɫɩɭɫɬɹ (ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ,
ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ)
3. ɩɨ, ɫ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ (ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɱ.-ɥ. ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɠɚɧɢɟ ɤ.-ɥ.)
against
1. ɩɪɨɬɢɜ (ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ)
2. ɨ, ɨɛ, ɩɨ, ɧɚ, ɤ (ɨɩɨɪɚ, ɮɨɧ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɟ)
3. ɪɹɞɨɦ, ɭ (ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɟɞɫɬɜɨ)
4. ɧɚ, ɫ (ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ)
along
among
around (round)
ɜɞɨɥɶ, ɩɨ
ɫɪɟɞɢ, ɦɟɠɞɭ
1. ɜɨɤɪɭɝ
2. ɩɨ; ɡɚ; ɨɤɨɥɨ
3. ɨɤɨɥɨ; ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
at
1. ɜ, ɧɚ, ɭ, ɩɪɢ (ɦɟɫɬɨɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ)
2. ɜ, ɤ, ɧɚ (ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ)
3. ɜ, ɧɚ (ɦɨɦɟɧɬ, ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ)
4. ɡɚ (ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɡɚɧɹɬɢɟ)
5. ɜ, ɧɚ (ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ)
before
1. ɩɟɪɟɞ (ɦɟɫɬɨɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ)
2. ɞɨ, ɩɟɪɟɞ (ɜɪɟɦɹ)
behind
below
beside
besides
between
beyond
ɡɚ, ɫɡɚɞɢ, ɩɨɡɚɞɢ; ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɧɢɠɟ, ɩɨɞ
ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫ; ɨɤɨɥɨ, ɛɥɢɡ
ɩɨɦɢɦɨ, ɤɪɨɦɟ
ɦɟɠɞɭ
1. ɩɨ ɬɭ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ; ɡɚ
2. ɜɧɟ; ɫɜɟɪɯ, ɜɵɲɟ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 9
240 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 1. Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 9
ɉɪɟɞɥɨɝ Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
by
1. ɭ, ɩɪɢ, ɨɤɨɥɨ (ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɶ)
2. ɦɢɦɨ (ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɦɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ
ɦɟɫɬɨ)
3. ɤ (ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ, ɫɪɨɤɭ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.)
4. a book by Tolstoy (ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ; ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɨɛɨ-
ɪɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɜ. ɢɥɢ ɪɨɞ. ɩ.)
5. by plane (ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ; ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɧɵɣ
ɨɛɨɪɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɬɜ. ɩ.)
6. ɱɟɪɟɡ, ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ, ɨɬ, ɩɨ (ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ, ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ)
by means of
concerning
down
due to
during
except
except for
for
ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɜɧɢɡ, (ɜɧɢɡ) ɩɨ; ɜɞɨɥɶ ɩɨ
ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ
ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ, ɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ; ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɹ, ɤɪɨɦɟ
ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ, ɤɪɨɦɟ
1. ɞɥɹ, ɪɚɞɢ
2. ɡɚ
3. ɤ, ɜ (ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ)
4. ɢɡ-ɡɚ, ɡɚ, ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ
5. ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ, ɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ
from
1. ɨɬ, ɢɡ, ɫ (ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ)
2. ɫ, ɨɬ, ɢɡ (ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧóɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ)
in
1. ɜ (ɨ), ɧɚ, ɭ (ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɱ.-ɥ.)
2. ɜ, ɧɚ (ɜɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɢɥɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɱ.-ɥ.;
ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤ.-ɥ. ɫɪɟɞɭ)
3. ɜ, ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ, ɱɟɪɟɡ (ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧóɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ)
4. ɜ, ɩɪɢ, ɫ, ɧɚ (ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɚɹ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ, ɨɛɫɬɨɹ-
ɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ)
in accordance with
in addition to
in front of
in spite of
instead of
into
like
near
of
ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ
ɜɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ, ɜ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ
ɩɟɪɟɞ, ɜɩɟɪɟɞɢ
ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ, ɧɟɜɡɢɪɚɹ ɧɚ
ɜɦɟɫɬɨ
ɜ, ɧɚ (ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ, ɜ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ɱ.-ɥ.)
ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ, ɤɚɤ
ɜɨɡɥɟ, ɭ, ɨɤɨɥɨ
1. (ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ; ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɨɛɨɪɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɜɨ-
ɞɢɬɫɹ ɪɨɞ. ɩ.) the wall of the room
2. ɢɡ (ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ)
3. ɨ, ɨɛ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]