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Unit 9. Marine Structures 121
8. I haven’t met him (ɫ) childhood.
9. I will stay here (ɞɨ) the evening.
10. Applicants seeking admission should be (ɞɨ) 35 years old.
Ex. 8 Translate the sentences paying attention to the underlined compound
prepositions (See “Grammar”, G.7).
1. According to
2. He acted in accordance with
3. It can be done by means of
4. We achieved good results due to
5. We couldn’t get there owing to
6. Thanks to
7. Your essay is good except for
8. We finished the work in time in spite of
9. We bought a new car instead of
10. I am sending you this letter in addition to
11. The post-office is just in front of
the schedule the steamer arrives at 7 o’clock.
our instructions.
heat treatment.
hard work.
the storm.
his help we could finish the work in time.
a few mistakes.
all the difficulties.
the old one.
my telegram.
our house.
Ex. 9 Translate the compound prepositions in brackets (See “Grammar”,
G.7).
1. (ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ) the received information, the delegation is to arrive tomorrow.
2. The production of machinery in our country has greatly increased (ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟ-
ɧɢɸ ɫ) the pre-war period.
3. You should walk (ɞɨ) the next turning.
4. You can achieve much (ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ) your good knowledge of English.
5. Your English is excellent (ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ) pronunciation.
6. We worked out our program (ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ) preset plans.
7. (ȼ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ) the main task you’ll have to solve some additional problems.
Ex. 10 Translate the sentences with the case prepositions (See “Grammar”,
G.7).
1. The roof of the house was painted green.
2. I showed the picture to my brother.
3. The letter was signed by the director.
4. He cut the letter with a knife.
5. The lecture on civil law will be tomorrow.
6. He wrote a book about the judicial system of the USA.
7. The garden is surrounded with a high wall.
8. The port is connected by a system of waterways with several rivers and lakes.
9. The magazine was illustrated with very good pictures.
10. My brother lives on fourth floor of a big house in the center of the town.
11. The plant is equipped with machinery made by foreign firms.
122 Section 4: Transport Organization
12. I gave several books on history to my friend.
13. The child was washed by his mother with soap and warm water.
14. The lecture on international situation will take place tomorrow.
15. Yesterday he bought several books on transportation.
16. I must send a letter to my mother.
17. I explained everything to him and don’t want to speak about it any more.
18. Your report about the new discovery was rather exhaustive.
19. What are you talking about?
20. The house was destroyed by fire.
21. She paid ten roubles for this book.
22. His watch is made of gold.
23. My brother felt so bad that I sent for a doctor.
24. He was killed by lightning.
25. I can’t write with this pen, it’s very bad.
26. Whom was the theatre built by?
27. Wash your hands with warm water.
28. Whom did you buy this book for? – I bought it for you.
29. He always illustrates his lectures with tables and diagrams.
30. What is your case made of? – It’s made of leather.
31. How much did you pay for your shoes?
32. Your shoes are made of very good leather.
33. Send for him immediately.
34. A thermometer is used for measuring temperature.
35. He telephoned to me yesterday.
36. What is your opinion on this subject?
9.2 Listening
Ex. 11 Get acquainted with the unknown words.
to disobey – ɧɟ ɫɥɭɲɚɬɶɫɹ
the Commander-in-Chief – ɝɥɚɜɧɨɤɨɦɚɧɞɭɸɳɢɣ
to hoist the signal – ɩɨɞɧɹɬɶ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ
on his flagship – ɧɚ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɮɥɚɝɦɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɟ
the Danish – ɞɚɬɱɚɧɟ
a musket ball – ɦɭɲɤɟɬɧɚɹ ɩɭɥɹ
Ex. 12 Pronounce the following geographical and proper names:
Horatio Nelson Copenhagen
the Royal Naval College Sir Hyde Parker
St.Vincent Cape Trafalgar
Unit 9. Marine Structures 123
Ex.13 Listen to the text “Horatio Nelson”. While listening to the text fill in
the web chart.
Date Events
Ex. 14 Answer the questions to the text.
1. What was H. Nelson?
2. Did he pass his lieutenant’s exam successfully?
3. When did he become famous? What battle?
4. When did he loose his right arm and the sight in his right eye?
5. Remember some details at the battle of Copenhagen in 1801.
6. When and how was Nelson wounded?
7. How was his heroism memorized?
Ex. 15 Make up dialogues discussing Nelson’s bravery heroism.
9.3 Speech Pattern
9.3.1 Active Vocabulary
Ex. 16 Learn the words from your active vocabulary.
breakwater – ɜɨɥɧɨɥɨɦ
port basin – ɚɤɜɚɬɨɪɢɹ ɩɨɪɬɚ
prevailing – ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɣ, ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ
designation – ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
to arrange – ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɬɶ
to facilitate – ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɬɶ
gate – ɜɨɪɨɬɚ
to submerge – ɩɨɝɪɭɠɚɬɶ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
jetty – ɦɨɥ, ɩɪɢɫɬɚɧɶ
Ex. 17 Translate and remember the meaning of the following words:
Accommodation, harbour, to rank among, to claim attention, shore, mostly,
to withstand, thoroughly, to facilitate, excavation, to pump out, float, removal, to
demand for, volume, urgent, pollution, leakage.
9.3.2 The Text “On Marine Structures”
Ex. 18 Read the international words and give their Russian meaning (See
“Grammar”, G.27).
port basin protect
action special nature
124 Section 4: Transport Organization
marine structure economy
meteorological phenomena storm
designer effect prevail
stability combination per cent
construct dock type
constant excavate selection
local condition discuss
tank steel corrosion
Ex. 19 Read the text “On Marine Structures” and translate it with the help
of dictionary if necessary.
ON MARINE STRUCTURES
1. Breakwaters
To create a quiet and provide safe accommodation for the ships the harbour
should be protected from the wind and wave actions by special engineering works
if sheltering has not been provided by nature.
As marine structures rank among the most expensive the demands for safety
and economy of the engineering works are especially high. As for meteorological
phenomena – winds, frequency of storms, the height and force of waves, etc. –
special attention of the designer is claimed to protect structures, such as breakwaters. As the name implies, they serve to break the waves and reduce their force and
effect on the port basin. They are built away from the shore on the side of the port
mostly affected by prevailing winds and waves. Being gravity structures breakwaters depend for their stability upon their weight. Natural rock and concrete or combinations of both are the materials which form 96 per cent or more of all breakwaters constructed.
ing and unloading of cargoes.
2. Docks
Any important port cannot do without docks of which
there are three main types depending on the designation.
They are: harbour docks, repair
or dry docks and shipbuilding
docks. The harbour docks are
particularly useful in harbours
with a considerable water level
change due to tides. It is so arranged that the water inside
may be kept at a more or less
constant level to facilitate load-
Unit 9. Marine Structures 125
Repair docks are basins usually made by excavation, having entrance-ways
closed with gates. After the ship is floated in, the gates are closed, the water is
pumped out and the ship settles on the blocks specially provided for the purpose.
Another type of this structure is a floating dock serving the same purpose but functioning on a different principle. It is submerged by letting water into its interior and
the ship is floated into position. The removal of the water from the dock by pumping raises the structure with the ship within. Both the docks have their advantages
and the selection of the type of structure fully depends on local conditions and requirements.
3. Jetties
When discussing port structures mention should be made of coal and oil jetties – special berths situated apart, for reasons of convenience and fire prevention.
They either have storage tanks or are equipped with pipelines leading to storage
tanks on the shore. To move large volumes of oil around the world gigantic tankers
have been developed. This gave rise to the problem of enlarging oil ports to accommodate tankers of, say, 312,000-ton deadweight. No less urgent is the problem
of effective oil pollution control.
As to the materials used for marine structures the leading role is played by
concrete of prestressed and precast kinds and steel. Improved protective coatings
against corrosion help to make steel below water level reasonably permanent.
9.3.3 Drilling
Ex. 20 Agree and disagree with the statements according to the information
from the text, using the clichés:
That’s wrong. – ɗɬɨ ɧɟɜɟɪɧɨ.
That’s (quite) right. – (ɋɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ) ɜɟɪɧɨ.
That’s not quite true to the fact. – ɗɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɮɚɤɬɭ.
According to the text … – ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ …
1. With the growth of the deadweight of oil tankers the necessity of more effective
pollution control has become very urgent.
2. Navigation is a harnessed river is made possible by providing locks.
3. Breakwaters are built to reduce the force of waves and their effect on the port
basin.
4. Dry docks may be used for providing protection for vessels during unloading
operations.
5. In harbours with a considerable water level change harbour docks are particu-
larly useful.
6. Coal and oil in modern ports are handled together with other cargoes.
7. Passenger transportation traffic has greatly increased of late and forms a special
part of port operation.
8. Ships must be protected against impact at berthing.
126 Section 4: Transport Organization
Ex. 21 Put the items of the text's content in the right order.
1. Modern means of improving the durability of reinforced concrete in marine
structures.
2. Provision of ship repairing facilities.
3. Problems rose due to increased volumes of oil to be moved around the world.
4. Means of providing safe accommodation of a ship in the port.
Ex. 22 The word formation. Make up adjectives with the help of suffixes
(-able, -ible) and nouns - (-ility) from the following words . Translate them.
Suit, access, desire, advise, capable, able, available, flexible, possible,
responsible, durable.
Ex. 23 Translate the sentences paying attention to the difference of the
meanings of the underlined words.
ready – ɝɨɬɨɜɵɣ
readily – ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ, ɥɟɝɤɨ
a room – ɤɨɦɧɚɬɚ
room – ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ, ɦɟɫɬɨ
to continue – ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶ
continuous – ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɣ, ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɣ
to consider – ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ, ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ
considerable – ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ
various – ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɣ
variable – ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ, ɤɨɥɟɛɥɸɳɢɣɫɹ
project – ɩɪɨɟɤɬ
to project – ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɜɩɟɪɟɞ, ɜɵɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ
to refer to – ɫɫɵɥɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ
to be referred to … as … – ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ
to support – ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ, ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɨɩɨɪɨɣ
support – ɨɩɨɪɚ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ
1. There was much room provided for some additional machinery to be installed
later on. They were received in a room which resembled a museum hall.
2. The cargoes ready for handling were stored at the nearest end of the pier. The
harbour basin should be wide enough to enable vessels to readily enter and leave
it.
3. The design they considered had definite advantages in many respects over the
rest. The force of waves may be considerable and may cause destruction.
4. The discharge operation should not continue too long so as not to keep other
ships waiting for berthing. A quay is a continuous structure along the river bank
or the sea shore used for berthing.
Unit 9. Marine Structures 127
5. Various marine structures are designed for such loading. The wind velocity and
its direction are variable and it should be taken into consideration in the design.
6. The chapter the author refers to deals with the details of the construction. The
structure referred to as a wharf, serves for berthing operations.
7. The marine structures may support a roadway, railway tracks and some handling
machinery. You may support my proposal or not, but this is my opinion.
8. A structure projecting into the water is called a pier or a jetty. The design data of
the project were thoroughly examined and checked by different means.
Ex. 24 Group the following sentences according to the items A, B, C.
A. Marine structures demand an accurate design of stresses.
B. Docks may be of different types depending on their designation.
C. Sheltering in very important for port location.
1. The foundation character is very important as it takes the reaction of all the
stresses.
2. Sometimes nature provides sites quite sheltered from storms and winds.
3. A harbour dock implies the creation of a basin of constant level to make cargo
handling operations easier in tides.
4. Breakwaters are mostly affected by prevailing storms and winds.
5. Berths, in addition, are to withstand the stresses and loads due to the berthing
ships and the weight of the equipment.
6. As a rule marine engineers should provide artificial sheltering for the port area.
7. A basin made in some part of the port area and provided with gates form a dry
dock used for repairing.
8. Breakwaters are used as the chief protective structure, creating sheltering in any
desirable direction.
9. The floating dock is a box-type structure provided with gates, which is sub-
merged by letting water inside to allow the ship to float in.
Ex. 25 Read the text “A Sheltered Harbour” and say in Russian under what
condition a sheltered harbour can be transformed to a port.
A SHELTERED HARBOUR
A port is a harbour sheltered from winds and storms either naturally or artificially where marine terminal facilities are provided. These consist of piers or
wharves at which ships berth while loading and unloading cargoes, of storage areas
where goods may be stored for longer periods while awaiting distribution or selling. Thus the terminal must be served by railroad, highway or inland waterway
connections.
The availability of inland communications has an important bearing on the
location of a port. Unless it is served with good highways, railroads and waterways
leading to inland cities or the conditions are favourable for the development and
128 Section 4: Transport Organization
enlargement of these arteries of communication a port will not flourish. There are
many excellent natural harbour locations which, from engineering standpoint,
would be ideal for the construction of a port, but which are poorly situated with respect to inland communications. As to the size of a port it is determined to a large
extent by the number and the sizes of the ships to use the harbour.
Ex. 26 Work in pairs. Discuss the following items:
– the advantages of marine structures;
– the types of marine structures.
9.4 Comprehension
Ex. 27 Insert the appropriate place and direction prepositions (at, from, in,
to, out, on, near (by), out of), (See “Grammar”, G.7).
1. The boy threw the stone … the river.
2. He came … the room, sat … the table and took his papers … the brief-case.
3. When the lesson was over, he put his books and copy-books … the brief-case
and came … the classroom.
4. Winters are usually very cold … the central part of our country.
5. When do you want to go … Kiev?
6. … the river there stood two big trees.
7. I lived … the South for 5 years.
8. I got this book … the library.
9. Yesterday he got a letter … his brother.
10. He took the watch … the pocket and put it … the table.
Ex. 28 Translate the time and direction prepositions in brackets (See
“Grammar”, G.7).
1. The post-office is just (ɩɟɪɟɞ) our house.
2. The garden is (ɩɨɡɚɞɢ) the house.
3. The house stood (ɨɤɨɥɨ) the river.
4. He put the basket (ɧɚɞ) the table.
5. The t˚ was (ɧɢɠɟ) zero.
6. The t˚ was (ɜɵɲɟ) zero.
7. An aeroplane flew (ɧɚɞ) the city.
8. There were (ɫɜɵɲɟ) one hundred people at the conference.
9. The talks (ɦɟɠɞɭ) two countries were fruitful.
10. We couldn’t find him (ɫɪɟɞɢ) the students.
11. He travelled (ɜɨɤɪɭɝ) the world.
12. They went either (ɧɚ) the Caucasus or (ɜ) the Crimea.
13. Send him (ɤ) the manager.
14. He has never been (ɜ) England.
15. In the evening I usually go (ɜ) the theatre, (ɧɚ) the parties or (ɤ) my friends.
Unit 9. Marine Structures 129
Ex. 29 Insert the appropriate time prepositions (till, at, on, to, for, in), (See
“Grammar”, G.7).
1. I will stay in Odessa … about two months.
2. I usually leave home … eight o’clock … the morning.
3. The lecture on international situation took place … the beginning of the month.
4. He came to Moscow … Saturday … 7 o’clock p.m.
5. Where are you going … the 1
6. They came to the station … a quarter … eight.
7. It happened … the 1
st
of June.
st
of January?
8. I saw her … June.
9. I haven’t seen her … June.
10. We read texts and learn new words … our lessons.
Ex. 30 Translate the time prepositions in brackets (See “Grammar”, G.7).
1. I won’t be at home (ɜ) 7 o’clock.
2. He will come back (ɱɟɪɟɡ) half an hour.
3. I hope you’ll do this work (ɡɚ) a month.
4. My brother has English lessons (ɩɨ) Fridays.
5. I will be in the library (ɫ) 2 o’clock.
6. He returned home (ɜ) half past eleven.
7. The bridge was built (ɡɚ) several months.
8. I always repeat new words (ɩɟɪɟɞ) the lesson and (ɩɨɫɥɟ) the lesson.
9. It is usually very cold (ɜ) January.
10. The Chinese delegation came (ɜ) the end of the month.
Ex. 31 Translate the compound prepositions given in brackets (See “Grammar”, G.7).
1. There is a beautiful garden (ɩɟɪɟɞ) our house.
2. (ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ) hard living conditions he worked much and became a well-
known scientist.
3. Give me a new dictionary (ɜɦɟɫɬɨ) the old one.
4. We had to put off our journey (ɢɡ-ɡɚ) rainy weather.
5. (ɇɟɜɡɢɪɚɹ ɧɚ) threats he investigated the criminal case thoroughly.
6. In big ports ships are unloaded (ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ) cranes.
Ex. 32 Choose the appropriate preposition (See “Grammar”, G.7).
1. The Prime Minister arrived ... the capital on Monday.
a) to b) in c) at
2. He came ... a two-day official visit at the invitation of the Government.
a) with b) for c) on
3. I heard it ... the radio.
130 Section 4: Transport Organization
a) in b) on c) by
4. I was busy and couldn’t listen ... the radio.
a) to b) on c) for
5. I congratulate you ... the event.
a) on b) with c) for
6. The conference began ... October 18.
a) at b) in c) on
7. You will find the news ... the bottom of the newspaper page.
a) at b) in c) on
8. A glass vase is made ... glass.
a) from b) out of c) with
9. Paper is made ... wood-pulp.
a) from b) with c) out of
10. What is the name of the sea ... England and France?
a) among b) between c) of
11. Two Italians were ... the plane when it crashed.
a) on b) in c) by
12. They were ... business in London.
a) with b) for c) on
13. We’ll go to Rome ... bus.
a) by b) on c) in
UNIT 10. PORTS – MEANS OF OUTER COMMUNICATION
1. Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɚ: ɫɨɸɡ, ɫɥɨɜɚ-ɡɚɦɟɫɬɢɬɟɥɢ (the Conjunction, the Noun-Substitutes).
2. Ⱥɭɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ: ɬɟɤɫɬ “A Tunnel, a Bridge or a Combination?”.
3. Ʌɟɤɫɢɤɚ: ɬɟɤɫɬ “Ports – Means of Outside Communication” ɢ ɭɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ.
4. Ʌɟɤɫɢɤɨ-ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɟɫɬ.
10.1 Grammar
10.1.1 The Conjunction (See section “Grammar”, G.9)
Ex. 1 Translate the sentences with the compose conjunctions and, but, or,
while, as well as, whereas (See “Grammar”, G.9).
1. The contract was concluded on the 15
th
of May and the sellers chartered a ves-
sel immediately.
2. We agree to the terms of payment but object to the time of delivery.
3. This book is not very interesting but it is valuable as a historical document.
4. The village is about seven or eight kilometres from here.
5. Hurry up or you will miss the train.
6. Some people like strong coffee, whereas others don’t.
7. The function of the Parliament is to make laws, whereas the government is to
execute laws.
8. Ann works hard at her English while Kate doesn’t.
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