Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Английский язык для транспортных специальностей вузов. Т.1. Базовый профессиональный курс. Учебное пособие
.pdf
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 1. Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ 241
ɉɪɟɞɥɨɝ Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
on
1. ɧɚ (ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ); (ɬɨ ɠɟ upon)
2. ɧɚ (ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ); (ɬɨ ɠɟ upon)
3. ɜ (ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧóɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ)
4. ɩɨ, ɩɨɫɥɟ (ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ)
5. ɜ, ɧɚ (ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ)
6. ɢɡ, ɧɚ, ɜ, ɩɨ, ɭ (ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ, ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ)
7. ɨ, ɨɛ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
opposite
out of
over
ɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ
ɜɧɟ, ɡɚ, ɢɡ
1. ɧɚɞ, ɜɵɲɟ
2. ɩɨ ɬɭ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ, ɡɚ, ɱɟɪɟɡ
3. ɱɟɪɟɡ, ɨ; ɩɨɜɟɪɯ, ɧɚ; ɩɨ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ (ɯɚɪɚɤ-
ɬɟɪ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ)
4. ɡɚ, ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ (ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ)
5. ɫɜɵɲɟ, ɫɜɟɪɯ, ɛɨɥɶɲɟ (ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɱɢɫɥɨɜɨɟ
ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ)
owing to
past
ɢɡ-ɡɚ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ, ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ
1. ɦɢɦɨ
2. ɡɚ, ɩɨ ɬɭ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ
3. ɩɨɫɥɟ, ɡɚ, ɫɩɭɫɬɹ, ɛɨɥɟɟ (ɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ)
since
thanks to
through
ɫ, ɩɨɫɥɟ, ɫɩɭɫɬɹ
ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ
1. ɱɟɪɟɡ, ɫɤɜɨɡɶ, ɩɨ (ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ)
2. ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ, ɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ (ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ)
3. ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ, ɢɡ-ɡɚ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ
throughout
1. ɱɟɪɟɡ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ
2. ɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ (ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ)
till (until)
to
ɞɨ, ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ
1. ɤ, ɜ, ɧɚ (ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ)
2. ɧɚ, ɞɨ (ɩɪɟɞɟɥ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ)
3. (ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɥɢɰɨ, ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ; ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɨɛɨɪɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɚɬ. ɩ.) a letter
to a friend
toward (s)
1. ɤ, ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɤ
2. ɤ, ɨɤɨɥɨ (ɜɪɟɦɹ)
under
1. ɩɨɞ, ɧɢɠɟ (ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɧɢɠɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ, ɧɚ-
ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɧɢɡ)
2. ɩɪɢ, ɩɨɞ, ɧɚ (ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɜɟɪ-
ɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ)
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 9
242 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 1. Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 9
ɉɪɟɞɥɨɝ Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
until
up
ɫɦ. till
1. ɜɜɟɪɯ, ɩɨ, ɧɚ
2. ɜɞɨɥɶ ɩɨ; ɜɝɥɭɛɶ
up to
upon
with
ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ
ɫɦ. on
1. ɫ (ɫɜɹɡɶ, ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ)
2. (ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɪɭɞɢɟ, ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɤɨ-
ɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ; ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɨɛɨɪɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɬɜ. ɩ.) to write with a pen
3. ɚ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ (ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ): he
fell asleep with his candle lit
within
1. ɜ, ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ
2. ɜ, ɜɧɭɬɪɢ;
3. ɧɟ ɞɚɥɟɟ (ɤɚɤ), ɧɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ, ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ
without
1. ɛɟɡ
2. ɜɧɟ, ɡɚ
3. ɛɟɡ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
(ɩɟɪɟɞ ɝɟɪɭɧɞɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɭɳ.)
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 10
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɸɡɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɸɡɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ
ɋɨɸɡ Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɋɨɸɡ Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
after
although
and
as
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ
ɫɦ. though
ɢ, ɚ, ɧɨ
ɤɨɝɞɚ, ɜɬɨɜɪɟɦɹ
once
or
(or) else
otherwise
ɤɚɤ; ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ; ɯɨɬɹ
as ... as
as far as
ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ... ɤɚɤ ɢ
ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ,
provided (that)
providing (that)
ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
as if
(as though)
as long as
(so long as)
ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɬɨ,
ɤɚɤ ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ
(ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ) ɩɨɤɚ,
ɟɫɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ,
seeing
since
ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ ɱɬɨ
as soon as
ɤɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
so
ɪɚɡ ɭɠ, ɫɬɨɢɬ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ... ɤɚɤ (ɢ)
ɢɥɢ, ɢɧɚɱɟ
ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɢɧɚɱɟ
ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɢɧɚɱɟ
ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ ɟɫɥɢ
ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ ɟɫɥɢ
ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ,
ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ
ɫɬɟɯɩɨɪɤɚɤ;
ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ; ɯɨɬɹ
ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ, ɢɬɚɤ
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 1. Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ 243
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 10
ɋɨɸɡ Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɋɨɸɡ Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
as though
as well as
because
ɫɦ. as if
ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ (ɢ)
ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ,
so as
so long as
so ... that
ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ
before
both ... and
ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɱɟɦ
ɢ ... ɢ,
still
supposing
ɤɚɤ … ɬɚɤ ɢ
but
ɧɨ, ɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ,
than
ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ
either ... or
for
ɢɥɢ ... ɢɥɢ
ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ, ɢɛɨ;
that
that is why
ɜɜɢɞɭ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ
hardly (scarcely)
ɟɞɜɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ... ɤɚɤ
thence
... when
hence (thence)
how
however
if
in case
ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɤɚɤ
ɨɞɧɚɤɨ
ɟɫɥɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ; ɥɢ
ɟɫɥɢ;
therefore
though (although)
thus
till (until)
unless
ɜɫɥɭɱɚɟɟɫɥɢ
in order
in order that
lest
ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ;
until
what
when
ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɧɟ
neither ... nor
nevertheless
no sooner ... than
ɧɢ ... ɧɢ
ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ
ɤɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ,
where
whereas
whether
ɟɞɜɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ... ɤɚɤ
nor
ɢ ... ɧɟ;
which
ɬɚɤɠɟ ... ɧɟ
not only ... but
ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ... ɧɨ ɢ
while
also
notwithstanding
now (that)
ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ
ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɤɨɝɞɚ,
who
whose
ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
on condition
ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ ɟɫɥɢ
yet
(that)
ɱɬɨɛɵ,
ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ
cɦ. as long as
ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ
ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɜɫɟ
ɠɟ
ɟɫɥɢ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ (ɱɬɨ);
ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦ (ɱɬɨ)
ɱɟɦ
ɱɬɨ
ɜɨɬ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ;
ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ
ɫɦ. hence
ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ
ɯɨɬɹ,
ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ;
ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ;
ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ
ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ
ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ ɩɨɤɚ
ɟɫɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟ,
ɪɚɡɜɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɫɦ. till
ɱɬɨ
ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɝɞɟ
ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ;
ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
ɥɢ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɜɬɨɜɪɟɦɹɤɚɤ,
ɩɨɤɚ
ɤɬɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɱɟɣ
ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ,
ɜɫɟ ɠɟ
244 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 1. Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɥɨɝɚ
(Active Voice Tenses)
to ask – asked – asked (ɫɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɬɶ) to take – took – taken (ɛɪɚɬɶ)
Present Past Future ȼɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ
Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ
do (does), V1(s)
ask(s)
take(s)
ɫɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɟɬ
Indefinite
Continuous
Perfect
ɛɟɪɺɬ
am + V(ing)
is + V(ing)
are + V(ing)
am asking
is taking
are asking
ɫɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɟɬ
ɛɟɪɺɬ
have + V3(ed)
has + V3(ed)
have asked
has taken
ɫɩɪɨɫɢɥ
ɜɡɹɥ
did, V2(ed)
asked
took
ɫɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɥ
ɛɪɚɥ
was + V(ing)
were + V(ing)
was asking
were taking
ɫɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɥ
ɛɪɚɥ
had + V3(ed)
had asked
had taken
ɫɩɪɨɫɢɥ
ɜɡɹɥ
will + V1
will ask
will take
ɫɩɪɨɫɢɬ
ɜɨɡɶɦɺɬ
will be + V(ing)
will be asking
will be taking
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɬɶ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɛɪɚɬɶ
will have + V3(ed)
will have asked
will have taken
ɫɩɪɨɫɢɬ
ɜɨɡɶɦɺɬ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 11
ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ
usually,
seldom, ago,
every day,
always,
today,
yesterday,
tomorrow
during,
now,
at this
moment,
at present,
for,
from 5 to 7
ever, never,
just,
already, yet,
lately, since,
when he came
have been + V(ing)
has been + V(ing)
have been asking
has been taking
ɫɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɟɬ,
ɛɟɪɺɬ
Perfect Continuous
had been + V(ing)
had been asking
had been taking
ɫɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɥ
ɛɪɚɥ
will have been + V(ing)
will have been asking
will have been taking
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɬɶ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɛɪɚɬɶ
by the time,
since
morning,
for 3 hours,
since he came
Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 1. Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ 245
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 12
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɜɪɟɦɺɧ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɥɨɝɚ
(Passive Voice Tenses)
to ask – asked – asked (ɫɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɬɶ)
to take – took – taken (ɛɪɚɬɶ)
Present Past Future
am + V3(ed)
are + V3(ed)
is + V3(ed)
The student is asked.
ɋɬɭɞɟɧɬɚ ɫɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɸɬ.
Indefinite
The books are taken.
Ʉɧɢɝɢ ɛɟɪɭɬ(ɫɹ).
am being + V3(ed)
are being + V3(ed)
is being + V3(ed)
The student is being asked.
ɋɬɭɞɟɧɬɚ ɫɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɸɬ.
The books are being taken.
Continuous
Ʉɧɢɝɢ ɛɟɪɭɬ(ɫɹ).
have been + V3(ed)
has been + V3(ed)
The student has been asked.
ɋɬɭɞɟɧɬɚ ɫɩɪɨɫɢɥɢ.
The books have been taken.
Perfect
Ʉɧɢɝɢ ɜɡɹɥɢ.
was + V3(ed)
were + V3(ed)
The student was asked.
ɋɬɭɞɟɧɬɚ ɫɩɪɨɫɢɥɢ.
The books were taken.
Ʉɧɢɝɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɡɹɬɵ.
was being + V3(ed)
were being + V3(ed)
The student was being asked.
ɋɬɭɞɟɧɬɚ ɫɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɥɢ.
The books were being taken.
Ʉɧɢɝɢ ɛɪɚɥɢ.
had been + V3(ed)
The student had been asked.
ɋɬɭɞɟɧɬ ɛɵɥ ɫɩɪɨɲɟɧ.
The books had been taken.
Ʉɧɢɝɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɡɹɬɵ.
will be + V3(ed)
The student will be asked.
ɋɬɭɞɟɧɬɚ ɫɩɪɨɫɹɬ.
The books will be taken.
Ʉɧɢɝɢ ɜɨɡɶɦɭɬ.
-----------------------
will have been + V3(ed)
The student
will have been asked.
ɋɬɭɞɟɧɬɚ ɫɩɪɨɫɹɬ.
The books
will have been taken.
Ʉɧɢɝɢ ɜɨɡɶɦɭɬ.
246 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 1. Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 13
Ɇɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɝɥɚɝɨɥ
can (could) =
to be able to
may (might) =
to be allowed to
must =
to have to,
to be to
should
ought to
need (–,?)
ɋɥɭɱɚɢ
ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ
1. ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
2. ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ
3. ɡɚɩɪɟɳɟɧɢɟ
1. ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ
2. ɫɬɪɨɝɨɟ ɡɚɩɪɟɳɟɧɢɟ
3. ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
1. ɞɨɥɝ, ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ
2. ɧɚɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ
ɫɨɜɟɬ, ɩɪɢɤɚɡ
3. ɡɚɩɪɟɳɟɧɢɟ
4. ɜɫɜɹɡɢɫ
ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦɢ
5. ɫɩɥɚɧɨɦ,
ɩɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɺɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɨɥɝ,
ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɫɨɜɟɬ,
ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɹ,
ɩɨɪɢɰɚɧɢɟ
1. ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ
2. ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ
3. ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ
ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɱɟɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ
4. ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɣ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ
ɉɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ
1. ɦɨɝɭ, ɭɦɟɸ,
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ
2. ɦɨɠɧɨ
3. ɧɟɥɶɡɹ
1. ɦɨɠɧɨ,
ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ
2. ɧɟ ɫɦɟɣ
3.ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ,
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
1. ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
2. ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
3. ɡɚɩɪɟɳɟɧɨ, ɧɟɥɶɡɹ
4. ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ,
ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧ
5. ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɞɨɥɠɟɧ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ,
ɧɭɠɧɨ (ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ),
ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɨ ɛɵ
1. ɧɭɠɧɨ, ɟɫɬɶ ɥɢ ɧɟ-
ɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ
2. ɧɟ ɧɚɞɨ,
ɧɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ
3. ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɟ
4. ɧɭɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɱɺɦ-
ɥɢɛɨ
1. I can speak English.
2. You can read aloud.
3. You can’t cross street
here.
1. May I come in?
2. You may not smoke
here.
3. He may know her ad-
dress.
1. We must study hard.
2. You must consult a
doctor.
3. You mustn’t run here.
4. You have to go to
hospital.
5. He is to meet us at 5.
You should stop smoking.
You ought to help your
friends.
1. Need I do it today?
2. He needn’t hurry.
3. You needn’t copy the
text.
4. He needs a long rest.
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 1. Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ 247
ɪ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 14
ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɫɥɨɜ ɜ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ
1
The chief engineer took part in the testing last month.
2
The chief engineer took part in the testing last month, didn’t he?
3
4
Did the chief engineer take part in the testing last month?
5
Did the chief engineer take part in the testing or in the party last month?
6
What did the chief engineer take part ------------ last month in?
7
When did the chief engineer take part in the testing --------- ?
8
1 – ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
2 – ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ
ɨɫɚ
3 – ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɤ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɦɭ
4 – ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ
5 – ɨɛɳɢɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ
6 – ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ
Ɍɢɩ ɜoɩ
7 – ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ (ɤ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ ɦɟɫɬɚ)
8 – ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ (ɤ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ)
Who took part in the testing last month?
What engineer took part in the testing last month?
248 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 1. Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɮɢɤɫɨɜ (ɩɪɢɫɬɚɜɨɤ)
ɉɪɟɮɢɤɫɵ ɫ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ
un-
ɧɟ-
ɛɟɡ(ɫ)-
important – ɜɚɠɧɵɣ
limited – ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɣ
unimportant – ɧɟɜɚɠɧɵɣ
unlimited – ɛɟɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɣ
ɪɚɡ(ɫ)-
im-
in-
il-
ir-
non-
dis-
mis-
ɧɟ-
ɛɟɡ(ɫ)-
ɧɟ-
ɛɟɡ-
ɪɚɡ(ɫ)-
ɛɟɡ(ɫ)-
ɧɟ-
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ
ɧɟɜɟɪɧɨ
accuracy – ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ
possible – ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɣ
legal – ɥɟɝɚɥɶɧɵɣ
responsible –
ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ
conductor – ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤ non-conductor –
to close – ɡɚɤɪɵɬɶ
to connect – ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɶ
to understand –
ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ
inaccuracy – ɧɟɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ
impossible – ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɣ
illegal – ɧɟɥɟɝɚɥɶɧɵɣ
irresponsible –
ɛɟɡɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ
ɧɟɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤ (ɢɡɨɥɹɬɨɪ)
to disclose – ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɶ
to disconnect – ɪɚɡɴɟɞɢɧɢɬɶ
to misunderstand –
ɧɟɜɟɪɧɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ
ɉɪɟɮɢɤɫɵ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ
re-
super-
sub-
ɫɧɨɜɚ
ɟɳɟ ɪɚɡ
ɫɜɟɪɯ-
ɧɚɞ-
ɧɢɠɟ-
ɩɨɞ- ɢɞɪ.
write – ɩɢɫɚɬɶ
use – ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
conductive –
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɵɣ
way – ɩɭɬɶ, ɞɨɪɨɝɚ
system – ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
rewrite – ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɚɬɶ
reuse – ɫɧɨɜɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
superconductive –
ɫɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɵɣ
subway – ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɚɹ ɞɨɪɨɝɚ
subsystem – ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɫɜɟɪɯ-
over-
ɩɟɪɟ-
to load – ɧɚɝɪɭɡɢɬɶ
to overload – ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɢɬɶ
ɧɚɞ-
semi-
inter-
ɩɨɥɭ-
ɦɟɠɞɭ-
ɫɪɟɞɢ-
conductor – ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤ
action – ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ
semiconductor –
ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤ
interaction –
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨ-
ɟn-
(ɞɥɹ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
large – ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ
to enlarge – ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ
ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ)
ɪrɟ-
post-
ɞɨ-
ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ
ɩɨɫɥɟ-
to heat – ɧɚɝɪɟɬɶ
war – ɜɨɣɧɚ post-war – ɩɨɫɥɟɜɨɟɧɧɵɣ
to preheat –
ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɬɶ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 15
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 2. ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ 249
ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ 2
ɋɉɂɋɈɄ ȽɊȺɆɆȺɌɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ɌȿɊɆɂɇɈȼ
adjective (adj.) – ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
degrees of comparison – ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ
comparative constructions – ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ
adverb (adv.) – ɧɚɪɟɱɢɟ
article – ɚɪɬɢɤɥɶ
definite article – ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɪɬɢɤɥɶ
indefinite article – ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɪɬɢɤɥɶ
case – ɩɚɞɟɠ
common case – ɨɛɳɢɣ ɩɚɞɟɠ
nominative case – ɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɚɞɟɠ
objective case – ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɣ ɩɚɞɟɠ
possessive case – ɩɪɢɬɹɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɚɞɟɠ
conjunction (cj.) – ɫɨɸɡ
form – ɮɨɪɦɚ
finite form – ɥɢɱɧɚɹ
ɮɨɪɦɚ
interrogative form – ɜɨɩɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ
negative form – ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ
non-finite form – ɧɟɥɢɱɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ
gerund – ɝɟɪɭɧɞɢɣ
infinitive (inf.) – ɢɧɮɢɧɢɬɢɜ
for-to-infinitive construction – for + ɢɧɮɢɧɢɬɢɜ
objective infinitive construction – ɫɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ
subjective infinitive construction – ɫɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɟ
inversion – ɢɧɜɟɪɫɢɹ
mood – ɧɚɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ
imperative mood – ɩɨɜɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ
indicative mood – ɢɡɴɹɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ
subjunctive mood – ɫɨɫɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ
noun (n.) – ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
compound noun – ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
count noun
non-count noun – ɧɟɢɫɱɢɫɥɹɟɦɨɟ
– ɢɫɱɢɫɥɹɟɦɨɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
proper noun – ɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
verbal noun – ɨɬɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
250 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 2. ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ
noun-substitute – ɫɥɨɜɚ-ɡɚɦɟɫɬɢɬɟɥɢ
number – ɱɢɫɥɨ
plural number – ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ
singular number – ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ
numeral (num.) – ɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
cardinal numeral – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ordinal numeral – ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
fraction – ɞɪɨɛɶ
date – ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɚɬɚ
participle (part.) – ɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɟ
absolute participle construction – ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɣ ɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɧɵɣ ɨɛɨɪɨɬ
objective participle construction – ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɧɵɣ ɨɛɨɪɨɬ
subjective participle construction – ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɧɵɣ ɨɛɨɪɨɬ
preposition (prep.) – ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝ
direction preposition – ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
movement preposition
– ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ
place preposition – ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝ ɦɟɫɬɚ
time preposition – ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
pronoun (pron.) – ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟ
demonstrative pronoun – ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟ
distributive pronoun – ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟ
interrogative pronoun – ɜɨɩɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟ
indefinite pronoun – ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟ
negative pronoun – ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟ
personal pronoun – ɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟ
possessive pronoun – ɩɪɢɬɹɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟ
quantitative pronoun – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟ
reflexive pronoun – ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟ
relative pronoun – ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟ
question – ɜɨɩɪɨɫ
alternative question
– ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ
general question – ɨɛɳɢɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ
special question – ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ
subject question
– ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɤ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɦɭ
tag question – ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ
sentence – ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
affirmative sentence – ɭɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
compound sentence – ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
complex sentence – ɫɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
conditional sentence – ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
declarative sentence – ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
exclamatory sentence – ɜɨɫɤɥɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
impersonal sentence – ɛɟɡɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]