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Файл:Английский язык для транспортных специальностей вузов. Т.1. Базовый профессиональный курс. Учебное пособие
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ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 2. ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ 251
interrogative sentence – ɜɨɩɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
negative sentence – ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
subordinate sentence – ɩɪɢɞɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
set- expression – ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ
tense – ɜɪɟɦɹ
continuous tense – ɩɪɨɞɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
indefinite tense – ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
perfect tense – ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
perfect continuous tense – ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɞɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
sequence of tenses – ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ
verb (v.) – ɝɥɚɝɨɥ
auxiliary verb – ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ
irregular verb – ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ
link verb – ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɣ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ
modal verb – ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɣ
regular verb – ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ
voice – ɡɚɥɨɝ
active voice – ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɡɚɥɨɝ
passive voice – ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɡɚɥɨɝ
ɝɥɚɝɨɥ
252 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3. ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ
ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ 3
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 16
ɋɉɂɋɈɄ ɇȿɉɊȺȼɂɅɖɇɕɏ ȽɅȺȽɈɅɈȼ
Infinitive Past Indefinite Participle II ɉɟɪɟɜɨɞ
to be was, were been ɛɵɬɶ
to become became become ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶɫɹ
tɨ begin began begun ɧɚɱɢɧɚɬɶ(ɫɹ)
tɨ blow blew blown ɞɭɬɶ
to break broke broken ɥɨɦɚɬɶ, ɪɚɡɛɢɜɚɬɶ
to bring brought brought ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɬɶ
to broadcast broadcast; -ed broadcast; -ed ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɪɚɞɢɨ
to build built built ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ
to buy bought bought ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɶ
to choose chose chosen ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ
to come came come ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɶ, ɩɪɢɟɡɠɚɬɶ
to cost cost cost ɫɬɨɢɬɶ
to cut cut cut ɪɟɡɚɬɶ
to deal (with) dealt (with) dealt (with) ɢɦɟɬɶ ɞɟɥɨ ɫ
to do did done ɞɟɥɚɬɶ
to draw drew drawn ɪɢɫɨɜɚɬɶ, ɱɟɪɬɢɬɶ
to drink drank drunk ɩɢɬɶ
to drive drove driven ɜɟɡɬɢ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ
to eat ate eaten ɟɫɬɶ (ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɩɢɳɭ)
to fall fell fallen ɩɚɞɚɬɶ
to feel felt felt ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ
to find found found ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶ
to fly flew flown ɥɟɬɚɬɶ
to foresee foresaw foreseen ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞɟɬɶ
to forget forgot forgotten ɡɚɛɵɜɚɬɶ
to get got got ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶɫɹ
to give gave given ɞɚɜɚɬɶ
to go went gone ɢɞɬɢ, ɟɯɚɬɶ
to grow grew grown ɪɚɫɬɢ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶɫɹ
to hang hung hung ɜɢɫɟɬɶ, ɜɟɲɚɬɶ
to have had had ɢɦɟɬɶ
to hear heard heard ɫɥɵɲɚɬɶ
to hold held held ɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ, ɜɥɚɞɟɬɶ
to keep kept kept ɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ, ɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ
to know knew known ɡɧɚɬɶ
to lay laid laid ɤɥɚɫɬɶ
to lead led led ɜɟɫɬɢ
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3. ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ 253
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 16
Infinitive Past Indefinite Participle II ɉɟɪɟɜɨɞ
to learn learnt; ~-ed learnt; ~-ed ɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ, ɭɡɧɚɜɚɬɶ
to leave left left ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ, ɭɟɡɠɚɬɶ
to let let let ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɬɶ, ɩɭɫɤɚɬɶ
to lose lost lost ɬɟɪɹɬɶ
to make made made ɞɟɥɚɬɶ
to mean meant meant ɡɧɚɱɢɬɶ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ
to meet met met ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɬɶ
to pay paid paid ɩɥɚɬɢɬɶ
to put put put ɤɥɚɫɬɶ
to read read read ɱɢɬɚɬɶ
to ring rang rung ɡɜɨɧɢɬɶ, ɡɜɟɧɟɬɶ
to rise rose risen ɜɫɬɚɜɚɬɶ
to run ran run ɛɟɠɚɬɶ
to say said said ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ, ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ
to see
to sell
saw
sold
seen
sold
ɜɢɞɟɬɶ
ɩɪɨɞɚɜɚɬɶ
to send sent sent ɩɨɫɵɥɚɬɶ
to set set set ɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ, ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ
to show showed shown ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ
to sit sat sat ɫɢɞɟɬɶ
to speak spoke spoken ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ
to spend spent spent ɬɪɚɬɢɬɶ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ
to spread spread spread ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɬɶ(ɫɹ)
to stand stood stood ɫɬɨɹɬɶ
to swim swam swum ɩɥɚɜɚɬɶ
to take took taken ɛɪɚɬɶ
to teach taught taught ɭɱɢɬɶ, ɨɛɭɱɚɬɶ
to tell told told ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ
to think thought thought ɞɭɦɚɬɶ
to understand understood understood ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ
to wear wore worn ɧɨɫɢɬɶ
to win won won ɜɵɢɝɪɵɜɚɬɶ
to write wrote written ɩɢɫɚɬɶ
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ e ts o sten n
ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ 4 (ɫɫɵɥɤɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɣɬɟ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ www.solon-press.ru ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ
ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ)
TEXTS FOR LISTENING
Unit 1. TWO NORWEGIANS ROWED ACROSS THE ATLANTIC OCEAN
More than 100 years ago two Norwegians rowed – really rowed – across the Atlantic.
They were in New York. The weather was fine. They wanted to row home and see how
their families were getting on. For this they built a very good rowing-boat, 18 feet long and
named it Fox.
They started from New York at 5 o’clock on the afternoon on the 6
During a month they were rowing. The sun shone. The ocean was still. They rowed in turn.
But suddenly the weather changed and the rest of the way their trip was a nightmare.
However, after 62 days’ voyage they landed at the port of Havre, France.
Unit 2. DANIEL DEFOE (1660?–1731)
The eighteenth century in England was an age of industrial development. English ships
and colonizers appeared in various parts of the world. And it was quite natural that the hero of
the first novel of that period was a shipwrecked man who lived on a desert island.
The name of this man is Robinson Crusoe. The title of the first novel in English literature
is “The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe”. The name of its author is
Daniel Defoe, who wrote this novel when he was nearly 60 years old.
The story of “Robinson Crusoe” was based on the real adventures of a shipwrecked
sailor, Alexander Selkirk by name, who had lived alone for four years on a desert island. But the
book, of course, contains a great deal of the author’s imagination as well.
When the first volume of the book was published in 1719, it became popular at once. Defoe made his story so realistic that everyone believed it.
Defoe did not write his book for children. But every child now knows Robinson Crusoe,
how he learned to catch goats and to make pots, how he invented an umbrella, found Friday’s
footprints, and met with other hundreds adventures.
Daniel Defoe wrote many other books, but it is for his “Robinson Crusoe” that he is
called “Father of English prose”.
th
of June, 1896.
Unit 3. JAMES COOK (1728–1779)
James Cook was born in Yorkshire on October 17, 1728. At the age of eighteen he took
his first voyage as an apprentice on board a ship. In 1755 he enlisted in the Royal Navy as an
able seaman and was sent to the American coast. While charting the boast of Newfoundland,
Cook mastered the skills of a mapmaker.
Cook’s first round-the-world voyage took place in 1768–1771. On board The Endeavour
he sailed round Cape Horn and explored the South Pacific. He discovered several islands in the
South Pacific, sailed around both islands of New Zealand and explored the eastern coast of Australia.
The second voyage (1772–1775) was undertaken in search of the Southern Continent.
There were two ships: The Resolution commanded by James Cook, and The Adventure commanded by Tobias Furneaux. The second voyage demonstrated the outstanding skills and experience of Cook as a seaman and a captain. Cook did more than any other man of his time to promote the health of his crew. In those times lots of sailors on long voyages died of scurvy because
of the lack of vitamins in food and bad hygiene. Cook made his men wash every day and air their
beds; he tried to get as much fresh food as he could; he made his men eat sauerkraut. His second
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 4.Texts for Listening 255
voyage lasted three years and eighteen days; they sailed into the stormiest seas on earth, through
uncharted southern seas filled with ice. Out of 112 men Cook lost four, among whom only one
died of an illness.
The purpose of Cook’s third voyage (1776–1779) was to look for the Northwest Passage
(between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans) from the Pacific side.
Cook set out from England on The Resolution, in company with Captain Clerke on The
Discovery. They sailed around Africa and across the Indian Ocean into the Pacific, and then
turned north to find the passage. They sailed round the tip of the Alaska Peninsula, through the
Bering Strait and into the Arctic Ocean, where they were stopped by thick ice. After spending
there as much time as he could, Cook turned south to reload and repair the ships for the next
year.
But he never returned to the Bering Strait. Captain Cook met his death on the Hawaiian
Islandswhere he and his crew were attacked by the natives on February 14, 1779.
Unit 4. CAPTAIN ROBERT SCOTT (1868–1912)
In June 1910 Captain Robert Scott set sail on board The Terra Nova and started for the
south. He wanted to reach the South Pole. When the ship got to Australia, Scott received the
news that the Norwegian explorer Amundsen was also on the way south to reach the South Pole.
Arriving at the place in the Antarctic called Cape Evans, Captain Scott and his crew
started for the Pole.
First they had to cross the Barrier, a great plain of ice of nearly 500 miles, and climb a
huge glacier. When they reached the foot of the glacier, the dogs and some of the men went
back, but three sledges, each pulled by four men, went on.
It was a terrible journey. It was bitterly cold, the snow was so soft that they sank to their
knees in it, and the heavy sledges were very difficult to pull.
Scott watched the men carefully. He had decided that the final part of the journey – 150
miles – would be made by four men and him. These were the men he chose: Doctor E. Wilson,
Lieutenant Bowers, Captain L. Oates and Edgar Evans.
On January 3, 1912, when the South Pole was150 miles away, the five heroes said goodbye to their friends and went on, five brave men who would never again see living faces except
one another’s. For thirteen months nothing was heard of them, but from Scott’s diaries we know
all about their last days.
On January 18 they reached the Pole, frost-bitten, hungry and weak. And at the Pole they
saw a tent with the Norwegian flag flying above it. Amundsen had been here a month before.
Bitterly disappointed, Scott and his companions set out on the return journey. It was 950
miles to the ship. Their strength was going and the food was running short. Their sleeping bags
were covered with ice. Evans was the first to lose his strength. When he could no longer walk,
the group stopped. They did not leave Evans till his death. Without Evans the party moved a little quicker, but the weather grew worse. Oates was the second man who lost his strength. He
knew that he was slowing the progress of his friends. He said to them, “I am going outside and
may be some time.” He never came back.
At last they came to a spot only eleven miles from the place where they had left store of
food and fuel, but the storm was so violent that they couldn’t go on. Scott and his companions
died there in their tent.
Eight months later a search party found that silent tent. They were lying in their sleeping
bags as they had died. On the sledges near the tent there were rocks for scientific study, which
they had brought back from the Pole. In the last painful march they had not forgotten that they
were scientists.
256 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 4. Texts for Listening
Unit 5. THE BERMUDA TRIANGLE
There is one part of the Western Atlantic Ocean that has a very strange history. From
time to time ships and planes vanish in this area. It lies between Bermuda, Florida and Puerto
Rico and is known as “the Bermuda Triangle”. The Bermuda Triangle got its name after one
mysterious event which took place on the 5th of December, 1945.
It was a warm sunny day, and there were only a few clouds in the sky. It was good
weather for flying, and 5 officers in the US Navy were planning their 2-hour flight to Bermuda.
The date – early December, and the crew members were already thinking about their Christmas
holidays and their families. The planes were ready just after lunch.
At the last minute one of the crew members went to the doctor. He didn’t feel well. He
wanted to stay at the base. The commanding officer needed him, however. He said: “The flight is
only 2 hours. Don’t worry! You’ll be back soon. You have to go.”
At 2.00 p.m. the planes were in the air. One hour later, their work was finished, and they
began the journey back to their base in Florida. Suddenly their radio controller at the Navy base
received this message from Flight 19.
“Emergency! This is an emergency! We cannot see land. We are not sure of our position.
Everything is strange. The compass is spinning wildly. We don’t know our direction. We don’t
know where we are …”
Then the voices stopped. Radio contact stopped. The Navy immediately sent a search
plane out to look for the men. All 6 planes and 22 men were never seen again.
Unit 6. EXPERIMENTAL BRIDGE
Early bridges had to be built out of material close at hand. In tropical jungles suspension
bridges were made of long bamboo poles. In the places where there were many forests it was
wood. In northern areas pier bridges were built out of stone. In Middle Ages people constructed
wooden beam type bridges. They were usually built on stone piers or wooden piles. Later there
appeared concrete and metal bridges.
Nowadays some people are experimenting with different unusual materials. One of them
is paper. Everyone associates paper with weakness. But paper-makers consider it to be a very
strong material. In order to prove it paper-makers built a paper bridge across a narrow canyon in
Nevada.
The bridge covered a span of 32 ft. The designers calculated that it could safely span 80
ft. The structure is 10 ft wide and 4 ft high. It took the engineers only two months to design the
bridge, to test and construct it.
For testing the engineers chose a truck which weighed 12 000 lb. This truck drove quite
safely across the paper bridge. The engineers are sure that the bridge can take six times the truck
load of 12 000 lb.
The bridge itself weighs 9 000 lb. So the structure was light enough to be laid into place
by helicopter.
Note: lb – pound foot
Unit 7. THE SECRET OF THE BERMUDA TRIANGLE
Some records show that since 1945 near the Bermuda Triangle over 100 planes and ships
have disappeared and more than 1000 people have been lost. There are different explanations of
these disappearances. They are based on legends, experience, facts.
According to some reports over 100 ships and planes have disappeared in the Bermuda
Triangle since 1945. There are many explanations of this mystery. But I think it’s very difficult
to believe that in this area there are some sea monsters that pull the ships into the sea bed or visitors from outer space who take the planes, ships and the people to the unknown planet.
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 4.Texts for Listening 257
More reasonable people say that a large number of losses in this part of the world can be
explained more simply. Let’s sum up the information we have and try to find some reasonable
explanation.
Disappearances very often happen in good weather, without any warning. Ships and
planes just seem to vanish into the air. Usually radio contact is broken and SOS signals are seldom received from the planes and ships that disappear.
Some people survived the dangers of the Bermuda Triangle and returned to land safely. A
ship’s captain and an aeroplane pilot are among them. They say that the compass was spinning
wildly. They couldn’t see the horizon. They didn’t know where they were because there was a
cloud around the ship and the plane. There was no electricity, all the instruments stopped working. The electric system started working only after the ship and the plane moved forward out of
the cloud.
So the simplest explanation is connected with the earth’s magnetic field. There are only
two places on the earth where the compass points to a real north. One is in the Pacific Ocean, off
the east coast of Japan, and the other is in the area of sea known as “The Bermuda Triangle”. It’s
possible that this magnetic field may cause pilots and captains to lose their direction. It may also
cause changes in the atmosphere and create storms which pull ships and planes into the sea. It’s
interesting to know and note that both these places are well-known for such mysterious disappearances.
Unit 8. MEANS OF TRANSPORT
On 21st November, 1783, the Montgolfier brothers flew in the first hot-air balloon, in
Paris.
On 13th November, 1907, Paul Cornu made the first flight in a helicopter. He was in the
air for 20 sec.
Richard Trevithick, an Englishman, built the world first steam-powered locomotive in
1803. By that time he had already invented a steam-powered carriage, but it lasted only one ride.
In 1804 he made an improved version of it, which became an ancestor of the automobile.
In 1800 John Fitch offered people of Philadelphia and Trenton the first regular steamboat
service. His boat used steam-powered oars. But people hadn’t accepted steamboat travel until
1807.
I. K. Brunel was the greatest of the great engineers of the 19th century. Among his great
transport inventions are The Great Western, first of the transatlantic steam liners, and his iron
ship, The Great Britain, which was built in 1840 in Bristol.
Robert Fulton, an American engineer, developed a way to use steam power for ships. In
1807 Fulton successfully tested The Clermont, a paddle-wheeled steamship, on the Hudson
River.
In the 1830s a Scottish blacksmith Kirkpatrick McMillan added pedals to the first bicycles which had been already invented by that time but without pedals. Safer and more comfortable bicycles began to appear in the 1880s.
Orville Wright made the first flight in an airplane on the 17th December, 1903. The plane
was called Flyer I. It was in the air for 12 sec.
In 1829 George Stephenson, an English mining engineer, developed The Rocket, the first
steam-powered locomotive.
Jacques Gamerin made the first jump with a parachute in 1797 in France.
Unit 9. HORATIO NELSON (1758–1805)
Horatio Nelson entered the Royal Naval College inJanuary 1771 at the age of twelve. He
studied excellently and passed his lieutenant’s examination more than a year under the official
age in 1777.
258 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 4. Texts for Listening
Nelson’s bravery as a naval commander was never doubted by his contemporaries. He
always led his men by his own example. He first made his name at the battle of St. Vincent in
February 1797, during which he captured two enemy ships. During the wars against France in
the 1790s he took part in many sea battles and lost his right arm and the sight in his right eye.
Besides his personal bravery, Nelson was a skilful commander enjoying great love and
devotion of the men who served under him: they were ready to die for him.
Nelson took daring but calculated risks. He openly disobeyed his superiors when he
thought it necessary. At the battle of Copenhagen in 1801 the Commander-in-Chief Admiral Sir
Hyde Parker, thought that the British were losing, and he hoisted the signal on his flagship:
“Stop fighting”. Nelson, on his ship, put the telescope to his blind eye and exclaimed: “I really
do not see the signal!” He continued fighting until the Danish surrendered.
Nelson sailed from England for the last time in 1805, as Commander-in-Chief of the British fleet to meet France and Spain at Cape Trafalgar, the most south-westerly point of Spain.
At Nelson’s instruction, the famous signal was hoisted on the flagship: “England expects
that every man will do his duty.”
As the battle raged around, Nelson was on deck. A musket ball fired from a French ship
struck him in the left shoulder and pierced one of his lungs. The wound was mortal. He died a
few hours after that. But before he died he learned that he had won a great victory.
Admiral Nelson is Britain’s national hero. A tall column crowned with his statue stands
in Trafalgar Square in London, in memory of this great man.
Unit 10. A TUNNEL, A BRIDGE OR A COMBINATION?
It was Napoleon Bonaparte who first suggested that a tunnel be built under the English
Channel between France and Britain. Several proposals are being studied now, including a
bridge, a tunnel or a combination.
The tunnel would be prefabricated and laid on the seabed and would carry two rail lines
underwater. Critics say that ventilation shafts would be needed every three or four miles and that
they would create problems for shipping in the channel. Another plan is to construct a suspension bridge carrying 12 lanes or auto traffic and encased in a waterproof plastic tube. Some companies propose an opendeck suspension bridge with spans of about 2 000 yards. It would cost
half as much as the bridge in a plastic tube but it would present shipping dangers.
Many transportation authorities believe that the most likely government recommendation
will be a rail tunnel under the seabed. It will be six meters in diameter and would cost about 2
billion pounds. It will combine the advantages of a tunnel and a bridge. It will cause the least
damage to the environment; it doesn't need any ventilation and will require no new technology.
Unit 11. FRANCIS DRAKE (1540–1596)
Francis Drake, one of the most famous of English sailors and pirates, was born in Plymouth, a seaport and the largest town in the south of England.
The boy spent much of his time looking at the ship in Plymouth harbour and talking to
the seamen. At fifteen he was taken on a small ship and worked there for some years. The boy
learned the duties of a sailor very soon and did his work so well that people said that he was a
born sailor. When Drake was twenty five, he was made a captain's mate, and soon after the captain of a ship.
Sea-battles between English and Spanish ships were common at that time. Once a small
fleet of six English ships was attacked by Spanish ships in the Atlantic Ocean. Four of the English ships were burnt and only two, one of which was commanded by Drake, came back to England.
Drake demanded that the king of Spain should pay him for the lost ships. Of course, the
king of Spain refused to pay. Drake was very angry and declared that he would take all he could
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 4.Texts for Listening 259
from the king of Spain. And he fulfilled his threat. He crossed the Atlantic with two small ships
and captured several Spanish ships loaded with gold and silver.
In November 1577 five ships with Francis Drake at the head sailed off from Plymouth.
Drake crossed the Atlantic, passed through the Strait of Magellan and reached Cape Horn, the
southernmost point of South America.
After a short rest the ships sailed north all along the west coast of South, Central and
North America. Leaving North America, Drake crossed the Pacific and visited the island of Java,
in the south of Asia. After that he sailed across the Indian Ocean to the Cape of Good Hope,
where he came in June 1580.
Sailing north along the west coast of Africa, Drake visited the Canary Islands, and then
sailed on and in 1580 he returned to England.
The voyage lasted nearly three years. Drake was the first Englishman who sailed round
the world.
In 1588 Francis Drake distinguished himself in the sea-battle against the Spanish Armada
in the English Channel.
Seven years after the victory over the Spanish Armada, in 1595, Drake, at the head of a
large fleet, sailed from Plymouth again to attack the Spaniards in America and the West Indies.
The Atlantic was crossed in a month, but soon afterwards Drake fell ill. In January 1596 he died
and was buried in the sea. There is a monument to Francis Drake in Plymouth.
Unit 12. TRAFFIC LIGHTS
The first traffic signal was invented by a railway signalling engineer. It was installed inside the House of Parliament in 1868. It looked like any railway signal of the time, and was operated by gas. However, it exploded and killed a policeman, and the accident discouraged further
development until cars became common.
Modern traffic lights are an American invention. Red-green systems were installed in
1914. Three-color signals, operated by hand from a tower in the middle of the street, were installed in New York in 1918. The first lights of this type in Britain were in London on the junction between St. James’s Street and Piccadilly, in 1925.
In the past, traffic lights were special. In New York, some lights had a statue on the top.
In Los Angeles the lights did not just change loudly but rang bells to wake the sleeping motorists
of the 1930s. These are gone and have been replaced by standard models, which are universally
adopted.
Unit 13. SHIPMENT OF A CARGO OF WHEAT ABROAD
On the 12
th
of August, 1953, a Soviet foreign trade organization concluded a contract
with a foreign firm for the sale of a cargo of 6 000 tons of wheat. The wheat was to be shipped in
September. The sellers chartered the specialized ship Martha for the transportation of wheat.
About 10 days before the expected arrival the vessel at the port of loading, the ship owners informed the sellers that Martha had been in collision with another boat during a dense fog in the
Mediterranean Sea and would not be able to arrive at the port of loading before the end of September. The sellers had at their disposal a larger vessel of 6 500 tons. Therefore they sent a telegram to the buyers asking them to accept 6 500 tons of wheat instead of 6 000 tons. The buyers
agreed, but requested the sellers to ship the wheat in the first half of October. The sellers consented to postpone the shipment of a cargo in accordance with the desire of the buyers, and the
cargo was shipped on the 10
th
of October.
260 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 5. Keys to the Comprehensions
ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ 5
To Unit 1:
Ex. 24
1. is, 2. am, 3. is, 4. are, 5. is, 6. is, 7. am, 8. is, 9. are, 10. is, are, 11. am, 12. is, 13. was, is, 14.
is, was, 15. am, 16. was, 17. were, 18. are, 19. were, 20. is, 21. was, 22. were, 23. was, 24. are,
were
Ex. 25
1. My grandparents are very old. 2. My desk is very comfortable. 3. Your spectacles are in your
bag. 4. I am not very clever today. 5. This house is very expensive. 6. The shops are not open
today. 7. Mr. Wren’s grandson is six years old. 8. The houses in this street are very big. 9. The
examination is not difficult. 10. Those flowers are very beautiful.
Ex. 26
1. is, 2. is, 3. am, 4. is, 5. is, 6. am, 7. are, 8. is, 9. isn’t, 10. aren’t, 11. is, 12. aren’t, 13. was,
wasn’t, 14. was, 15. weren’t, were, 16. wasn’t, was, 17. weren’t, was, 18. will be, won’t, will be
Ex. 27
1. Is your brother at home? 2. This hotel is very expensive. 3. I am interested in art. 4. All shops
are open today. 5. My sister is architecture. 6. They aren’t students, they are doctors. 7. Where
were they yesterday evening? 8. He wasn’t at the Institute yesterday. 9. I wasn’t there. 10. She
won’t at home at 5.
Ex. 28
a) 1. a, 2. b, 3. c, 4. b, 5. a, 6. c, 7. a; b) 1. sailors, seamen, 2. steering, 3. charts, 4. borders, 5.
coast, 6. sank, 7. venture, 8. supplies, goods, 9. deck, 10. gateway
To Unit 2:
Ex. 26
1. have, 2. have, 3. had, 4. will have, 5. has, 6. has, 7. had, 8. has, 9. have, 10. has, have
KEYS TO THE COMPREHENSIONS
Ex. 27
1. My grandparents have a very old house. 2. I have a very comfortable desk. 3. She has your
spectacles in my bag. 4. I had breakfast yesterday. 5. The bag has no handle. 6. They will have a
car next month. 7. Mr. Wren's grandson has six balls. 8. The houses in this street have no balconies. 9. The students had the examination last term. 10. The woman has very beautiful flowers in
her garden.
Ex. 28
1. They have three dogs and three cats. 2. She has large green eyes. 3. My brother had a grey car
last year. 4. How much ground do you have? 5. My sister has a red car. 6. I had a headache yesterday. 7. Have you got any books on transport history? 8. When do you have tea? 9. We’ll have
a good time tomorrow. 10. She had a good vacation on the south.
Ex. 29
a) 1. a, 2. a, 3. b, 4. c, 5. c, 6. a, 7. b;
b) 1. voyage, 2. travel, 3. were interested, 4. necessary, 5. come of, 6. best, 7. food, water, 8. like,
9. traveling, reached
To Unit 3:
Ex. 28
was / was / were / had / were / was
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