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Файл:Английский язык для транспортных специальностей вузов. Т.1. Базовый профессиональный курс. Учебное пособие
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Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ 201
ȽɊȺɆɆȺɌɂɑȿɋɄɂɃ ɄɈɆɆȿɇɌȺɊɂɃ
1. ȺɊɌɂɄɅɖ (THE ARTICLE)
Ⱥɪɬɢɤɥɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ
ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ.
1.1 ɇɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɪɬɢɤɥɶ (The Indefinite Article)
ɇɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɪɬɢɤɥɶ a (an – ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɫ
ɝɥɚɫɧɨɣ) ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬ ɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ one ɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ, ɤɚɤɨɣ-
ɬɨ, ɥɸɛɨɣ.
I am a student. – ə ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬ (ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ).
ɇɟ is an English engineer. – Ɉɧ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɧɟɨɩɪɟ-
ɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɪɬɢɤɥɶ, ɬɨ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɨɧ ɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ.
This is a book. – These are books.
ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɚɪɬɢɤɥɶ a (an) ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ ɨɞɢɧ.
in ɚ month – ɱɟɪɟɡ (ɨɞɢɧ) ɦɟɫɹɰ
ɇɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɪɬɢɤɥɶ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɯ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɯ:
in a hurry – ɜɬɨɪɨɩɹɯ
it’s a pity – ɠɚɥɶ
it’s a shame – ɫɬɵɞɧɨ, ɠɚɥɤɨ
it’s a pleasure – ɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ
to have a good time – ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ
1.2 Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɪɬɢɤɥɶ (The Definite Article)
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɪɬɢɤɥɶ the ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ ɷɬɨɬ, ɷɬɚ, ɷɬɨ, ɷɬɢ.
ɍɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ
– ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɟɬ ɨɛ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɥɢɰɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɟ:
Where is the professor? – Ƚɞɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ? (ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɧɚɦ)
– ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɟɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜ
ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ:
The Moscow Metro is the longest in Russia. – Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɟ ɦɟɬɪɨ – ɫɚɦɨɟ
The first examination will be in mathematics. – ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɷɤɡɚɦɟɧ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨ
ɚɪɬɢɤɥɶ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ:
ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ.
ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ.
202 Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ
– ɩɟɪɟɞ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ (ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɨɤɟɚɧɨɜ, ɦɨɪɟɣ, ɪɟɤ,
ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɯɪɟɛɬɨɜ, ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.):
the Pacific – Ɍɢɯɢɣ ɨɤɟɚɧ the Volga – ȼɨɥɝɚ
the Black Sea – ɑɟɪɧɨɟ ɦɨɪɟ the Urals – ɍɪɚɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɝɨɪɵ
the North – ɫɟɜɟɪ the South – ɸɝ
– ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɪɹɞɚ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ (ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ – States, Federation, Republic ɢɬ.ɞ.):
the United States of America – ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ
the Crimea – Ʉɪɵɦ
– ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɪɨɞɟ:
the Sun – ɫɨɥɧɰɟ
the Moon – ɥɭɧɚ
– ɩɟɪɟɞ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɹɦɢ, ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɞɥɹ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɫɟɦɶɢ:
the Petrovs – ɉɟɬɪɨɜɵ
the Hutts – ɫɟɦɶɹ ɏɚɬɬɨɜ
– ɜ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɯ:
in the morning – ɭɬɪɨɦ
in the evening – ɜɟɱɟɪɨɦ
in the afternoon (in the day-time) – ɞɧɟɦ
to play the piano – ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɢɚɧɢɧɨ
to keep the house – ɫɢɞɟɬɶ ɞɨɦɚ
to tell the truth – ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɞɭ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɪɬɢɤɥɶ ɧɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ:
– ɩɟɪɟɞ ɢɦɟɧɚɦɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ:
England, St. Petersburg, London, Smith, Petrov
– ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ ɝɨɞɚ, ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ ɢ ɞɧɟɣ ɧɟɞɟɥɢ:
We have our exam periods in winter and in summer. – ɍ
ɧɚɫ ɫɟɫɫɢɢ ɡɢɦɨɣ ɢ ɥɟ-
ɬɨɦ.
English classes are on Monday. – Ɂɚɧɹɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦɭ ɹɡɵɤɭ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɫɹ ɜ
ɩɨɧɟɞɟɥɶɧɢɤ.
– ɜ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɯ:
from morning till knight – ɫ ɭɬɪɚ ɞɨ ɜɟɱɟɪɚ
from head to foot – ɫ ɝɨɥɨɜɵ ɞɨ ɧɨɝ
at first sight – ɫ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɚ
by chance – ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ
for hours – ɱɚɫɚɦɢ
by sea – ɦɨɪɟɦ
Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ 203
on deck – ɧɚ ɩɚɥɭɛɟ
to play football – ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɜ ɮɭɬɛɨɥ
2. ɂɆə ɋɍɓȿɋɌȼɂɌȿɅɖɇɈȿ (THE NOUN)
ɂɦɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɷɬɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɢɰɚ (designer – ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪ),
ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ (design – ɩɪɨɟɤɬ), ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ (light – ɫɜɟɬ) ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ (development
– ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ).
Ɋɨɞ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ.
ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɢɰɚ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɦɭ ɪɨɞɭ; ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɟɝɨ
ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟ he.
ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɢɰɚ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɦɭ ɪɨɞɭ; ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɟɝɨ
ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟ she.
ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɞɭɲɟɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɭ ɪɨɞɭ; ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɟɝɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟ it.
This is a door. It is white. – ɗɬɨ ɞɜɟɪɶ. Ɉɧɚ ɛɟɥɚɹ.
This is a table. It is big. – ɗɬɨ ɫɬɨɥ. Ɉɧ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ.
This is the Sun. It is hot. – ɗɬɨ ɫɨɥɧɰɟ. Ɉɧɨ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɟ.
2.1 ɂɫɱɢɫɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɢ ɧɟɢɫɱɢɫɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
(The Count and Non-count Nouns)
Ʉ ɢɫɱɢɫɥɹɟɦɵɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɥɢɰ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ:
a room (ɤɨɦɧɚɬɚ) – two rooms, a worker (ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ) – many workers
Ʉ ɧɟɢɫɱɢɫɥɹɟɦɵɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɫɱɟɬɭ. Ɉɧɢ
– ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ: steel ɫɬɚɥɶ, oil ɧɟɮɬɶ, air ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɢ
ɞɪ.
– ɨɬɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ,
ɧɚɭɤɢ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.: freedom ɫɜɨɛɨɞɚ, labour ɬɪɭɞ, mathematics ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɢɞɪ.
2.2 ɑɢɫɥɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ (The Number)
Ɇɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ (the plural) ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ
ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ -s ɢɥɢ -es ɤ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 1, ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1 Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ).
ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ:
204 Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ
2.3 ɉɚɞɟɠ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ (The Case)
ȼ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɞɜɚ ɩɚɞɟɠɚ: ɨɛɳɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɬɹɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ.
Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɩɚɞɟɠ (the Common Case) ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɣ:
an example ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, drawings ɱɟɪɬɟɠɢ, data ɞɚɧɧɵɟ.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɩɚɞɟɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ
ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɩɚɞɟɠɚɦɢ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ:
– ɟɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ;
– ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɨɜ of, to, by, with, about.
ɉɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɟ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ (ɢɥɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɫɥɨɜ) ɛɟɡ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɚ, ɫɬɨɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɵɦ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦɭ ɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɚɞɟɠɭ (ɤɬɨ? ɱɬɨ?).
The lecturer sees the students. – Ʌɟɤɬɨɪ ɜɢɞɢɬ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ.
ɉɪɹɦɨɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɚ, ɫɬɨɢɬ
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦɭ ɜɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɚɞɟɠɭ (ɤɨɝɨ?
ɱɬɨ?).
The students see the lecturer. – ɋɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ ɜɢɞɹɬ ɥɟɤɬɨɪɚ.
(ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 1, ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2 Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɞɟɠɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ
ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ)
ɉɪɢɬɹɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɚɞɟɠ (the Possessive Case) ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ whose ɱɟɣ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜ
ɩɪɢɬɹɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɦ ɩɚɞɟɠɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɢɦ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɬɹɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɚɞɟɠɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ:
– ’s (ɚɩɨɫɬɪɨɮ ɢ ɛɭɤɜɚ s) ɜ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ:
our teacher's lectures – ɥɟɤɰɢɢ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ
–’ (ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɚɩɨɫɬɪɨɮ) ɜɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ:
the students’ drawings – ɱɟɪɬɟɠɢ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ: ȿɫɥɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ
–s, ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ’-s: the children’s pictures – ɪɢɫɭɧɤɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ.
ɉɪɢɬɹɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɚɞɟɠ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɞɭɲɟɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɫ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɧɟɨɞɭɲɟɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:
the sun’s rays – ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɵɟ ɥɭɱɢ (ɥɭɱɢ ɫɨɥɧɰɚ)
the country’s economy – ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ
Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ 205
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɬɹɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɚɞɟɠɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ
ɹɡɵɤ ɥɢɛɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɥɢɛɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɚɞɟɠɟ.
2.4 ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
Ⱦɥɹ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɨɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ (ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɩɚɞɟɠɟ), ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɰɟɩɨɱɤɭ ɫɥɨɜ. ȼ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɰɟɩɨɱɤɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ,
ɚ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɟɦɭ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ:
– ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ:
room temperature – ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
limit pressure – ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
– ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɚ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɨɦ:
a physics teacher – ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɮɢɡɢɤɢ
the institute radio equipment laboratory – ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɫɤɚɹ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɨ-
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
the atomic energy conference – ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦ ɚɬɨɦɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
3. ɂɆə ɉɊɂɅȺȽȺɌȿɅɖɇɈȿ (THE ADJECTIVE)
ɉɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɟɱɢ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɳɚɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ
ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ (ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɥɢɰɚ). ȼ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɢ ɩɨ ɱɢɫɥɚɦ, ɧɢ ɩɨ ɩɚɞɟɠɚɦ, ɧɢ ɩɨ ɪɨɞɚɦ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ
ɪɨɞɨɦ, ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɢ ɩɚɞɟɠɨɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ:
a young man – ɦɨɥɨɞɨɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ
a young woman – ɦɨɥɨɞɚɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ
young people – ɦɨɥɨɞɵɟ ɥɸɞɢ
ȼ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɪɨɥɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ
ɢɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ. ȼ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ
ɩɟɪɟɞ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɦ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ, ɚ ɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ – ɩɨ-
ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ-ɫɜɹɡɤɢ.
ɫɥɟ
ɇɟ used a new method in his work. – Ɉɧ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ
ɪɚɛɨɬɟ.
This method is new. – ɗɬɨɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ – ɧɨɜɵɣ.
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ – present ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ, dependent ɡɚ-
ɜɢɫɹɳɢɣ, essential ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ, different ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɣ, able ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɣ – ɜ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɦ.
Water is always present in the air. – ȼɨɞɚ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ.
206 Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ
3.1 ɋɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ (The Degrees of Comparison)
ɋɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɞɧɨɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɜɭɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɜ –ɟr, -r:
high – higher – ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ – ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ, (ɜɵɲɟ)
late – later – ɩɨɡɞɧɢɣ – ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɣ, (ɩɨɡɠɟ)
ɋɭɮɮɢɤɫɵ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ –est, -st. ɉɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜ
ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɪɬɢɤɥɶ the:
the highest – ɫɚɦɵɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ, (ɧɚɢɜɵɫɲɢɣ, ɜɵɫɨɱɚɣɲɢɣ)
the latest – ɫɚɦɵɣ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɣ
Ɇɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɧɭɸ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɧɚɪɟɱɢɣ more ɢ most ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ:
more accurate – ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɵɣ
the most accurate – ɫɚɦɵɣ ɬɨɱɧɵɣ
ȼ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɪɹɞ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ
ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 1,
ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3 «Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟɣ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ»).
3.2 ɋɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ (The Comparative Constructions)
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɸɡ than, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦɭ ɱɟɦ:
The Earth is bigger than the Moon. – Ɂɟɦɥɹ
This exercise is more difficult than that one. – ɗɬɨ ɭɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɪɟɱɢɹ much ɢ
far, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɚɜɹɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɟ-
ɪɟɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ.
The distance from the Sun to the Earth is much longer than that from the Moon. –
Ɋɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ ɞɨ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɨɬ Ʌɭɧɵ.
ɉɪɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɜ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɟ
ɨɞɧɨ ɢ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɨɸɡ as … as ɬɚɤɨɣ ɠɟ
… ɤɚɤ ɢ. ɉɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ:
Water is as necessary as air. – ȼɨɞɚ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɚ, ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɸɡ ɫ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟɦ
not so … as ɧɟ ɬɚɤɨɣ, … ɤɚɤ:
Gold is not so light as aluminium. – Ɂɨɥɨɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɥɟɝɤɨɟ, ɤɚɤ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ.
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ Ʌɭɧɵ (ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ Ʌɭɧɚ).
Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ 207
ɋɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɬɢɩɚ as high as, as long as ɢɬ.ɞ. ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ, ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ. ɋɪɚɜɧɢɬɟ:
The speed of this plane is as high as the speed of sound. – ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨ-
ɥɟɬɚ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɠɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ, ɤɚɤ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɡɜɭɤɚ.
The speed of this plane is as high as 1,200 kilometres per hour. – ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɚ 1200 ɤɢɥɨɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɜ ɱɚɫ.
ɋɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɬɢɩɚ as + ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ + as possible ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ + ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ:
The speed of the rocket must be as high as possible. – ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɤɟɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ
ɛɵɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ.
ɋɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɬɢɩɚ five metres + ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɦɟɪɭ
(long ɞɥɢɧɧɵɣ, wide ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ, high ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɢɬ.ɞ.), ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɩɟɪɟɜɨ-
ɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ (ɜ) 5 ɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɢɬ.ɞ.
The walls of this experimental house are ten centimeters thick. – ɋɬɟɧɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɦɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɭ 10 ɫɦ.
ȼ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ the (more) … the (better) ɚɪɬɢɤɥɢ, ɫɬɨɹɳɢ
ɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɪɟɱɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ, ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɱɟɦ …,
ɬɟɦ.
The higher the temperature, the more rapid is the motion of the molecules. –
ɑɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɬɟɦ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ.
ɉɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɵ: -ful, -less, -ic, -al,
-able, -ible, -ant, -ent, -ish, -ive, -ous, -y.
4. ɑɂɋɅɂɌȿɅɖɇɈȿ (THE NUMERAL)
ɑɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɵɟ.
4.1 Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɵɟ ɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
(The Cardinal and Ordinal Numerals)
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬ ɧɚ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫ how many? – ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ?
One – ɨɞɢɧ, five – ɩɹɬɶ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
ɉɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɵɟ ɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬ
ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ which? – ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ?
the first – ɩɟɪɜɵɣ, the fifth – ɩɹɬɵɣ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
ɟ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɢɥɚ-
208 Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ
Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɬɟ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ:
thirteen, fifteen, twenty, thirty, forty, fifty (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 1, ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4 Ɍɚɛɥɢ-
ɰɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ).
4.2 ɑɬɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɜɵɲɟ 100
100 — a (one) hundred
101 — a (one) hundred and one
125 — one hundred and twenty-five
200 — two hundred
300 — three hundred
1 000 — a (one) thousand
1 005 — one thousand and five
1 235 — one thousand two hundred and thirty-five
2 000 — two thousand
5 345 — five thousand three hundred and forty-five
1,000,000 — a (one) million
1,000,000,000 — a (one) milliard (ɜ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ); one billion (ɜ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ)
ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ hundred, thousand, million
ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ (-s), ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɢɦɢ ɫɬɨɢɬ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ:
three hundred students, five thousand houses, ten million books.
Hundred, thousand ɢ million ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɢɯ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɨɦ of. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɧɢ
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ –s:
hundredsofpeople – ɫɨɬɧɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ
thousandsofhouses – ɬɵɫɹɱɢ ɞɨɦɨɜ
4.3 ɑɬɟɧɢɟ ɞɪɨɛɟɣ (The Fractions)
ȼ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɞɪɨɛɹɯ:
1. ɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɚ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɚ-
ɬɟɥɶ – ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɵɦ;
2. ɤɨɝɞɚ ɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ, ɡɧɚɦɟɧɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ
–s.
ȼ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɱɧɵɯ ɞɪɨɛɹɯ:
1. ɰɟɥɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɞɪɨɛɢ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ
ɟɡɚɩɹɬɨɣ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ
(ɚɧ
ɹɡɵɤɟ);
2. ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɰɢɮɪɚ ɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ. Ɍɨɱɤɚ, ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɰɟɥɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɬ
ɞɪɨɛɢ, ɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ point; 0 ɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɨ [ou] (ɛɭɤɜɚ ɚɥɮɚɜɢɬɚ), (ɜȺɦɟɪɢɤɟ 0 ɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ zero). ȿɫɥɢ ɰɟɥɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɧɭɥɸ, ɬɨ ɨɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ.
Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ 209
ɉɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɞɪɨɛɢ (Common Fractions) Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɞɪɨɛɢ (Decimal Fractions)
½ – a (one) half
ѿ – a (one) third
Ҁ – two thirds
¾ – three quarters ɢɥɢ: three fourths
1ѿ – one and a third
0. 1 – o point one ɢɥɢ: point one
0.01 – o point o one ɢɥɢ: point o
2.35 – two point three five
32.305 – three two (thirty-two) point
three o five
2 ǫ – two and five eighths
ɉɪɨɰɟɧɬɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɤɨɦ % ɢɥɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ per cent.
4.4 ɏɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɬɵ (The Dates)
Ƚɨɞɵ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɝɨɞ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ:
1900 – nineteen hundred – ɬɵɫɹɱɚ ɞɟɜɹɬɢɫɨɬɵɣ ɝɨɞ
in 1907 – in nineteen ɨ [ou] seven – ɜ ɬɵɫɹɱɚ ɞɟɜɹɬɶɫɨɬ ɫɟɞɶɦɨɦ ɝɨɞɭ
1965 – nineteen sixty-five – ɬɵɫɹɱɚ ɞɟɜɹɬɶɫɨɬ ɲɟɫɬɶɞɟɫɹɬ ɩɹɬɵɣ ɝɨɞ
2000 – two thousand – ɞɜɭɯɬɵɫɹɱɧɵɣ ɝɨɞ
Ⱦɚɬɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ.
April 12, 1961 April the twelfth (April twelve),
April 12
12
th
th
, 1961 ɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ nineteen sixty-one ɢɥɢ:
April, 1961 the twelfth of April, nineteen sixty-one
5. ɆȿɋɌɈɂɆȿɇɂȿ (THE PRONOUN)
Ɇɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɟɱɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ. Ɇɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɥɢɱɧɵɟ,
ɩɪɢɬɹɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɨ-ɭɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 1, ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɣ).
5.1 Ʌɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ (The Personal Pronouns)
Ʌɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɚɞɟɠɟɣ: ɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɝɨ. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɣ ɩɚɞɟɠ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɚɞɟɠɚɦ.
Ʌɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɚɞɟɠɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɫɬɨɹɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ
ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɵɦ:
ɇɟ is an engineer. – Ɉɧ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪ.
They work at our plant. – Ɉɧɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɡɚɜɨɞɟ.
Ɇɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟ it ɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɧɟɨɞɭɲɟɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹɦ ɨɧ, ɨɧɚ, ɨɧɨ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɨɞɚ ɫɭɳeɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ.
210 Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ
A line has one dimension. It has length. – Ʌɢɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɧɚ
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɥɢɧɭ.
Ɇɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟ they ɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɢ ɨɞɭɲɟɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɟɨɞɭɲɟɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ.
Ʌɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɦ ɩɚɞɟɠɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ
(ɩɪɹɦɵɦ, ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɦ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɧɵɦ) ɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɬɨɹɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ-ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ:
I know him well. – ə ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɡɧɚɸ ɟɝɨ.
ɇɟ usually shows me his books. – Ɉɧ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɦɧɟ ɫɜɨɢ ɤɧɢɝɢ.
They often talk with her. – Ɉɧɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɛɟɫɟɞɭɸɬ ɫ ɧɟɣ.
5.2 ɉɪɢɬɹɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ (The Possessive Pronouns)
ɉɪɢɬɹɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬ
ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ whose? ɱɟɣ? ɱɶɹ? ɱɶɟ? ɱɶɢ? ɉɪɢɬɹɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɞɜɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ:
1. ɩɪɨɫɬɭɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɭ-
ɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ:
Show me your drawing. – ɉɨɤɚɠɢɬɟ ɦɧɟ ɜɚɲ ɱɟɪɬɟɠ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɟɫɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɬɨ ɩɪɢɬɹɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɢɦɢ:
Show me your two last drawings. – ɉɨɤɚɠɢɬɟ ɦɧɟ ɜɚɲɢ ɞɜɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ
ɱɟɪɬeɠɚ.
2. ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɭɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɨɝɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ, ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ:
This book is mine. – ɗɬɨ ɦɨɹ ɤɧɢɝɚ.
ɉɪɢɬɹɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ
ɹɡɵɤ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɜɨɣ, ɫɜɨɹ, ɫɜɨɟ, ɫɜɨɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɫɬɨɹɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɥɢɰɟ, ɱɬɨ
ɢ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɟ:
I help my friend in his work. – ə ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ.
They completed their experiments. – Ɉɧɢ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɢ ɨɩɵɬɵ.
ɉɪɢɬɹɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ:
ɇɟ raised his hand. – Ɉɧ ɩɨɞɧɹɥ ɪɭɤɭ.
5.3 ȼɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɨ-ɭɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ (The Reflexive Pronouns)
ȼɫɟ ɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ
ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ –self ɜ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ
ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ –selves ɜɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ.
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