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Unit 12. Types of Vessels 161
4. At that time I (look) for a job.
5. Miss Nobbs (not / see) him leave the office. At half past four she (make) herself
a cup of tea in a small recess off the main corridor.
6. The idea first (occur) to me that afternoon as I (back) the car into the garage.
7. I probably (drop) the key when I (fish) for small change in my bag at the news-
stand.
8. All through the night I (hear) them work, open drawers, drag cases over the
floor. They (pack).
Ex. 9 Extend the statements in the Future Continuous Tense, using the
words in brackets (See “Grammar”, G.15.2.3).
Example: Don’t call for me at six. (have a bath)
Don’t call for me at six; I will be having a bath.
1. Don’t ring them up at seven in the morning. (sleep)
2. Don’t send us any letters in June. (travel)
3. Don’t call on us tonight. (pack)
4. Don’t come to see her after lunch. (type)
5. Don’t leave the child alone. (cry)
6. Don’t tell Granny about it. (grumble)
7. Don’t expect him to come next Saturday. (work)
8. Don’t wait for Maggie tomorrow. (keep to her room)
Ex. 10 Put the verb in brackets into the Present Indefinite, the Future Indefinite and the Future Continuous Tenses (See “Grammar”, G.15.1.1, G.15.1.3,
G.15.2.3).
1. When I (get) home, my animals (sit) at the door waiting for me.
2. It (be) the middle of June. They (come) soon.
3. If you (want) to see us, come to Tom’s on Sunday. We (wait) for you there at
midday.
4. At this time next week they (board) the plane to London.
5. They (have) English from nine to ten in this room.
6. I (wait) for you when you (come).
7. I (call) for her at eight. – No, don’t; she still (sleep).
8. They are so angry. A few more words and they (quarrel) again.
Ex. 11 Read the story. Insert while, during, or for (See “Supplement 1”, table 9).
A DISASTROUS SAILING HOLIDAY
Bill and Simone Butler left Miami one summer weekend on their annual
sailing holiday in their boat Siboney. They wanted to sail round the Caribbean Sea
… two weeks.
… their holiday, they saw a large group of whales (ɤɢɬɵ). Bill and Simone
were very excited. Unfortunately, … they were watching them, the whales began
to hit the side of the boat.
162 Section 4: Transport Organization
Suddenly, water started flooding in (ɡɚɯɥɟɫɬɵɜɚɬɶ), and they realized that
they were in trouble. They quickly jumped into the lifeboat ... the boat was sinking,
and watched it disappear under the sea.
Fortunately, they had enough food and water … twenty days. They also had
a fishing line and a machine which made salt water into drinking water. These two
things helped them to survive … their terrible experience.
… the next 50 days they caught about ten fish a day and ate them raw. They
saw about twenty ships, but although they waved and shouted … they were passing, nobody saw them. They were becoming weaker and weaker. Then, just as they
were beginning to lose hope, a fishing boat rescued them. Their disastrous holiday
was over.
12.2 Listening
Ex. 12 Get acquainted with the unknown words.
traffic lights – ɫɜɟɬɨɮɨɪ
to explode – ɜɡɪɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ
Ex. 13 Pronounce the following geographical names:
the House of Parliament America
New York Britain
London St. James’s Street
Piccadilly Los Angeles
Ex. 14 Listen to the text “Traffic Lights”. When listening to the text fill in
the table.
Date Place Event
Ex. 15 Say which of the following is not true using the clichés:
That’s wrong. – ɗɬɨ ɧɟɜɟɪɧɨ.
That’s (quite) right. – (ɋɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ) ɜɟɪɧɨ.
That’s not quite true to the fact. – ɗɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɮɚɤɬɭ.
According to the text … – ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ …
1. The first traffic signal was the cause of death of a British policeman.
2. The fist traffic signal was invented in the House of Parliaments.
3. The first traffic signal didn’t look like the traffic lights of today.
4. The first traffic signal was placed near the Palace of Westminster.
Unit 12. Types of Vessels 163
Ex. 16 Choose the right variant answering the question: what are ‘traffic
lights’ installed for?
a) special signal controlling road traffic by colored lights;
b) movement of cars along roads;
c) an official controlling the movement of cars;
d) regulation of traffic with the help of colored lights.
Ex. 17 Whom do we owe to the traffic lights of the type we use now?
1. Americans;
2. Members of Parliament from Westminster Palace;
3. Britons;
4. Sleeping motorists.
12.3 Speech Pattern
12.3.1 Active Vocabulary
Ex. 18 Learn the words from your active vocabulary.
reefer = reefer ships – ɫɭɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ ɪɟɮɪɢɠɟɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ
ɝɪɭɡɨɜ
LASH–carrier =
lighters aboard ship-carrier – ɥɢɯɬɟɪɨɜɨɡ
OBO ship =
oil / bulk / ore–carrier – ɧɟɮɬɟɪɭɞɨɜɨɡ, ɛɚɥɤɬɚɧɤɟɪ
PROBO ship =
product / oil / bulk / ore–carrier – ɫɭɞɧɨ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪ-
ɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɧɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɫɵɪɨɣ ɧɟɮɬɢ,
ɧɚɜɚɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɢ ɪɭɞɵ
CONBULKER =
container / bulk–carrier – ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɭɞɧɨ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ-
ɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɢ / ɢɥɢ
ɧɚɜɚɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ
hybrid vessels – ɫɭɞɚ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɫɨɱɟɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɡ-
ɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɩɨɝɪɭɡɤɢ / ɜɵɝɪɭɡɤɢ
adjustable – ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ
ramp – ɚɩɩɚɪɟɥɶ
barge – ɛɚɪɠɚ
cellular – ɹɱɟɢɫɬɵɣ
to encourage – ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ
cargoport – ɥɚɰɩɨɪɬ
running costs – ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ
fuel consumption – ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ
164 Section 4: Transport Organization
versatility – ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ
Ex. 19 Read the international words and give their Russian meaning (See
“Grammar”, G.27).
classification type tanker
universal principal specialize
refrigerator popular crane
assistance dock contain
extreme form barge
foot combine condition
ocean port compromise
transform multi adapt
standard roll method
12.3.2 The Text “Types of Vessels”
Ex. 20 Read the text “Types of Vessels” and translate it with the help of dic-
tionary if necessary.
TYPES OF VESSELS
1. Classification of vessels
On one hand, all cargo ships are divided into two types: dry cargo ships and
tankers. On the other hand, cargo ships may be divided into universal ships designed to carry principal different types of cargo and specialized ships designed to
carry one type of cargo (e.g. bulk cargo, timber, refrigerated goods, oil, etc.) Such
specialized ships as bulkers (= bulk-carriers), timber-carriers, reefer ships, tankers
have long been known.
2. Specialized ships
Nowadays three kinds of specialized ships are very popular. One is cargocarriers with cargo handling equipment on board for special purposes or routes,
such as, for example, heavy / bulky cargo ships with derricks or cranes capable of
handling single lifts over 500 tons without requiring outside assistance (these ships
are also called special-purpose ships). The second trend is Roll-on / Roll-off ships,
in which bow and stern doors and adjustable steel ramps permit vehicles to drive
on board and drive off again, requiring only minimum dock-side facilities. The
third trend is the container ship. The use of containers for cargoes has encouraged the design of
ships specifically to carry containers. In their
extreme form, as in the LASH barge-carrying
ships, the container is a 60-foot steel lighter,
which can be quickly launched over the ship's
stern. One (single) purpose ships designed to
carry one particular kind of cargo are also
widely used, the most popular of them being cellular type full container ships.
Unit 12. Types of Vessels 165
There are specialized ships designed to carry different types of cargoes (e.g.
OBO ships, PROBO ships, CONBULKERs, etc.). These are called combined
ships.
3. Universal vessels
Universal vessels can carry practically any types of cargoes, including refrigerated goods and liquids (in special tanks). However, most of them are designed to carry certain types of goods. These ships must be of sufficient size to
carry a profitable cargo and must be able to cope with bad weather conditions in
any ocean; they must not be too large to enter the smaller ports of the world; speed
is necessary but it increases running costs, so that a compromise between fuel consumption and speed is desirable.
4. Multi-purpose vessels
Nowadays universal vessels are gradually being
transformed into multi-purpose vessels. Multi-purpose
vessels, retaining versatility of universal vessels, that is
their capability to carry different bulk and general cargoes, are becoming, to a certain extent, specialized.
Thus, all multi-purpose vessels are adapted to carry
standard containers. Some of them are also adapted to
carry rolled vehicles or heavy / bulky cargoes. A comparatively new development is the multi-purpose ship
combining characteristic features of both universal and
specialized vessels.
5. Cargo handling methods
In dependence of the cargo handling method
used dry cargo ships may also be divided into: LO-LO (lift-on / lift-off) vessels
where handling of cargo is effected by derricks or cranes through cargo hatches;
RO-RO (roll-on / roll-off) vessels where the cargo is rolled on board and rolled off
through cargo ports or doors in the bow, stern or sides of the ship; FO-FO (float-on
/ float-off) vessels where dock lift cargo handling method is used, that is floating
cargo units (e.g. barges) are floated into cargo spaces (usually large holds). But
there are also hybrid vessels where combinations of the above mentioned methods
are used, such as LO-LO / RO-RO (or LO / RO), RO-RO / FO-FO (or RO / FO)
vessels and others.
12.3.3 Drilling
Ex. 21 Give English equivalents to the following words and phrases:
ɋ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ – ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɬɹɠɟɥɨɜɟɫɧɨɟ ɧɚɜɚɥɨɱɧɨɟ ɫɭɞɧɨ,
ɨɞɢɧ ɜɟɫ, ɜɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ, ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ, ɧɨɫɨɜɨɣ / ɤɨɪɦɨɜɨɣ
ɩɪɨɯɨɞ, ɥɟɜɵɣ ɛɨɪɬ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ, ɲɟɫɬɢɞɟɫɹɬɢɮɭɬɨɜɵɣ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ
166 Section 4: Transport Organization
ɥɢɯɬɟɪɨɜɨɡ, ɩɨɪɬɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɛɵɬɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɦ, ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɩɨɪɬɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɝɪɭɡɚ, ɜɩɥɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɝɪɭɡɨɜɵɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ, ɛɵɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ, ɫɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɩɥɨɯɢɦɢ ɩɨɝɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ, ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɭɞɨɜ, ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɨɜɚɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ.
Ex. 22 Translate into Russian.
1. Universal dry cargo ships are designed to carry principal different types of
cargo.
2. Special-purpose ships are designed to carry one particular cargo.
3. This ship is designed to carry heavy bulky cargoes.
Ex. 23 Complete the sentences as given in the model.
Model: A: Combined ships … .
B: Combined ships are designed to carry different cargoes.
1. Fruit ships … .
2. OBO ships … .
3. PROBO ships … .
4. Bulk carriers… .
5. Timber carriers … .
6. Container ships … .
7. Heavy-lift cargo ships … .
8. Passenger ships … .
9. Reefers … .
Ex. 24 Object your group-mates. Work in pairs.
1. I believe you can’t give examples of specialized vessels.
2. I’m afraid you don’t know what OBO (PROBO) ships are.
3. To my mind you don’t see the difference between specialized and special-
purpose ships.
4. I think you’ve never heard about FO-FO ships.
5. I guess you can’t explain what dock lift method of handling the cargo is.
6. As far as I know you don’t understand the usage of universal vessels.
7. I consider you confuse what multi-purpose and universal vessels are.
Ex. 25 Ask the questions (See “Grammar”, G.25.2). Make up groups of 3-4
students.
Ask: 1. what we call ship designed to carry automobiles and passengers;
2. how many trends in specialized ship design you know;
3. what trends in specialized ship design you know;
Unit 12. Types of Vessels 167
4. how you can classify all cargo ships in dependence of the cargo carried;
5. how he or she can classify them in dependence of the cargo handling
method used;
6. why expensive specialized ships are so widely used nowadays;
7. what we call ship designed to carry liquids;
8. what the difference between universal and multi-purpose ships is.
Ex. 26 Answer the questions.
1. What two types are all cargo ships divided into?
2. How can dry cargo vessels be classified in dependence of the cargo handling
methods they use?
3. What are advantages / disadvantages of specialized vessels?
4. Do you believe that specialized ships will increase in number in future?
5. Why do you think so?
6. What are special-purpose ships?
7. Can you give any examples of special-purpose ships?
8. What kinds of combined ships do you know?
9. What features do they combine?
10. What are hybrid ships?
11. What are universal vessels?
12. What are multi-purpose vessels?
13. What are their peculiarities?
Ex. 27 Read the following dialogues. Give short summary of them. Drama-
tize any you like.
A
A: Here’s a fine pair of ships coming down. The first one’s a passenger liner. It
looks very smart, doesn’t it? And what is the ship next astern of her?
B: It’s a RO-RO ship.
A: RO-RO, sir?
B: Yes. The name comes from the initials of “roll-on, roll-off”. You see that
very raked bow (ɧɨɫ ɫɨ ɲɬɟɜɧɟɦ) she’s got? Well, the whole bow section
lifts up, leaving a massive entrance for lorries and cars. And there’s another
pair of doors and ramp in the stern.
A: Do you mean the cars and lorries drive around inside the ship?
B: That’s right. There are clear, wide decks right down the full length of the
ship. And there are ramps inside, to enable the cars and smaller trucks to
climb up to a higher deck. It’s amazing how many vehicles you can pack
into those ships. And as long as you’re careful about securing them, they’re quite
safe even in a seaway (ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɟɣɫɚ).
A: I see.
168 Section 4: Transport Organization
B
A: What’s that ship with the superstructure right forward and a couple of gantry
cranes?
B: She’s one of LASH ships. They pick up fully-laden (ɫ ɩɨɥɧɵɦ ɝɪɭɡɨɦ)
barges and stow them in layers in the hold. Then when they get to their des tination they launch the barges over the stern and tugs take them in tow. That
way LASH ships can load and unload very quickly. It’s like a bigger version
of container ship.
A: I see.
C
A: What about that ship just ahead? She’s got something sticking out of her
bow, at the waterline.
B: That’s just her bulbous (ɛɭɥɶɛɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ) bow coming into view because
she’s flying light (ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɛɟɡ ɝɪɭɡɚ). Lots of ships these days are built
with a bulbous projection at the foot of the stern, below the waterline.
You can see the warning sign painted on her bows.
A: What’s the bulbous bow for, sir?
B: It makes the hull drive more easily through the water. The ship does faster,
uses less fuel, and makes much less wash (ɜɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɭ-
ɳɢɦɫɹ ɝɪɭɡɨɦ).
Ex. 28 Tell about:
a) classification of cargo ships;
b) universal, specialized, special-purpose, combined and multi-purpose ships;
c) advantages and disadvantages of above-mentioned ships;
d) ships in dependence of the cargo handling method.
Ex. 29 Read the text below and give its short summary in Russian.
RADAR GUIDES HARBOUR TRAFFIC
A number of world’s largest ports has already installed radar systems in their
harbours. Radars survey ship traffic in fog and bad weather. They are designed not
only to assist ships entering and leaving the harbour during poor visibility, but also
to provide continuous observation of shipping and give immediate information on
the location of ships in the harbour.
From a radio control room having the necessary transmitting appliance of
ship-to-shore communication, with a radar unit set at a certain range, the operator
can observe the harbour and give necessary orders immediately to ships.
Unit 12. Types of Vessels 169
Ex. 30 Translate the following word-phrases:
Ultra-high frequency radio wave energy, ground controlled radar, low frequency signaling current, straight-line wave length, long distance radio station,
daily current consumption, load carrying capacity, hand control system.
Ex. 31 Translate the words formed with the prefix pre-.
Predetermined, presupposed, prefabricated, pre-established, pre-war, prehistorical, prerevolutionary.
Ex. 32 Translate paying attention to the various meanings of as.
1. As ordinary radars can’t detect very small objects, microwave radars are used
for the purpose.
2. The possibility of using microwave radars as an aid to meteorological forecast-
ing was recognized long ago.
3. As the radar transmitter sends out ultra-high frequency radio wave energy in
short powerful pulses, the directional antenna takes this energy and concentrates
it into a beam.
4. As soon as the beam strikes an object, a portion of its energy is reflected back.
5. The electron beam sweeps across the fluorescent screen just as a hand of a click
sweeps across its face.
6. As to the weather, it’s known that it greatly affects the direction ranges of radar
sets.
12.4 Comprehension
Ex. 33 Open the brackets, using the appropriate Continuous or Indefinite
tense forms (See “Grammar”, G.15.1, G.15.2).
1. I wondered why he (laugh). I could see nothing funny in what (go on).
2. What you two (talk) about? You (discuss) his plan?
3. You (leave) the town early this summer?
4. When you (speak) to her about her lessons?
5. She (wear) dark spectacles. They are not just sun glasses. She (not / see) very
well.
6. Why you (wear) sun glasses on a grey day like this?
7. He (live) with his parents now. I think, he (look) for a job.
8. I could not see his face, he (sit) so that his face was in shadow.
9. When I (see) her last she (try) on hats at Angela’s.
10. For some fifteen minutes he (write) in silence without once raising his eyes
from what he (write).
11. We (walk) for some time. The road (get) worse, just a narrow goat trail.
12. You (leave) us soon. It (get) colder every day.
170 Section 4: Transport Organization
13. We were friendly at school. I still (see) him from time to time.
14. You (hear) from me one of these days.
15. Phone as late as you can. I (be) up. I (watch) the football game on TV. It’s the
semi-finals tonight.
16. The rain started when I (wait) for my bus.
17. Why did you speak to him so? He only (try) to help.
18. I hate the place in autumn. It always (rain) there. It (rain) when we came and it
(rain) when we left.
Ex. 34 Choose the right variant (See “Grammar”, G.15.1, G.15.2).
1. How much … this sweater cost?
a) is b) does c) do
2. It often … in this part of the world.
a) is raining b) rains
3. I don’t know Spanish, but I … it now.
a) am learning b) learn
4. I … stay at home on Sundays.
a) am not b) doesn’t c) don’t
5. That hotel … expensive.
a) doesn’t b) isn’t c) don’t
6. He … have much money.
a) isn’t b) doesn’t c) don’t
7. Granny is in the kitchen. She … a plum-cake.
a) is making b) makes
8. Run downstairs. Your sister … for you.
a) is waiting b) waits
9. I saw a light in your window when I … by.
a) passed b) was passing
10. Yesterday as I was walking down Cherry Lane I … Thomas, an old friend of
mine.
a) met b) was meeting
11. Liz’s elder brother said that he … to enter Leeds University.
a) went b) was going
12. While my son … for my call somebody knocked at the door.
a) waited b) was waiting
13. We still … about him when he suddenly … in.
a) talked, was coming b) were talking, came
14. This time tomorrow they … in the train on their way to Chicago.
a) will sit b) will be sitting
15. Yesterday while Dad … he … himself slightly.
a) shaved, was cutting b) was shaving, cut
16. They … while they … their car.
a) quarreled, were washing b) were quarreling, washed
17. Don’t phone Jim from 5 till 6, he … English.
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