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Файл:Английский язык для транспортных специальностей вузов. Т.1. Базовый профессиональный курс. Учебное пособие
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Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ 221
ɇɟ has been to England. – Ɉɧ ɛɵɥ ɜ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ.
Ƚɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɜ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚɥɨɝɚ ɢ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
1. ɇɚɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɬɪɢ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ:
ɚ) ɢɡɴɹɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɯ:
Our studies begin in September and end in July. – ɇɚɲɢ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ
ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɟ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɢɸɥɟ.
ɛ) ɩɨɜɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɩɨɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɪɨɫɶɛɭ,
ɫɨɜɟɬ, ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ, ɡɚɩɪɟɳɟɧɢɟ:
Measure the temperature of the water. – ɂɡɦɟɪɶɬɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɜɨɞɵ.
ɜ) ɫɨɫɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬ, ɚɤɚɤ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ:
If she were present at the conference, she would take part in the discussion. – ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ, ɨɧɚ ɛɵ ɩɪɢɧɹɥɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɢ.
2. Ɂɚɥɨɝ. ȼ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɡɚɥɨɝɚ:
ɚ) ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɡɚɥɨɝ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɥɢɰɨ (ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ), ɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ, ɫɚɦɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ:
They equipped the port with modern facilities. – Ɉɧɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɨɪɬ ɫɨɜɪɟ-
ɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ.
ɛ) ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɡɚɥɨɝ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɥɢɰɨ (ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ), ɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ (ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ):
The port was equipped with modern facilities. – ɉɨɪɬ ɛɵɥ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧ ɫɨɜɪɟ-
ɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ.
3. ȼɪɟɦɹ. ȼ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ: Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect ɢ Perfect Continuous.
Ⱥɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3,
ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 16 ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ).
ɗɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ (ɜɫɨ-
ɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚɦɢ) ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ.
11. ȽɅȺȽɈɅ to be (THE VERB to be)
Ƚɥɚɝɨɥ to be ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɛɵɬɶ, ɟɫɬɶ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ, ɨɬ-
ɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ (to be – was, we re – been) ɢɫɩɪɹɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɥɢɰɚɦ ɢ ɱɢɫɥɚɦ.
222 Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ
11.1 ɋɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ to be
Present Past Future
I am I was I will be
you are you were you will be
he, she, it is he, she, it was he, she, it will be
we are we were we will be
you are you were you will be
they are they were they will be
ȼɨɩɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɮɨɪ-
ɦɵ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ to be, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ:
Are you students? – Yes, we are. (No, we aren’t.)
Were they workers? – Yes, they were. (No, they weren’t.)
Will she be a teacher? – Yes, she will. (No, she won’t.)
Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ
not, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ to be:
I am not an engineer.
He was not a doctor.
We will not be workers.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ: I’m, I’m not, you’re, you
aren’t, he’s, she’s, it’s, he isn’t, she isn’t, it isn’t, we’re, we aren’t, they’re, they
aren’t, wasn’t, weren’t, I’ll be, I’ll not be, won’t be.
11.2 Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ to be
1. ɋɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɣ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ – (ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɛɵɬɶ, ɟɫɬɶ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ). ȼɧɚ-
ɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ:
The book is on the table. – Ʉɧɢɝɚ (ɥɟɠɢɬ) ɧɚ ɫɬɨɥɟ.
2. Ƚɥɚɝɨɥ-ɫɜɹɡɤɚ – (ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ, ɛɵɬɶ; ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɜɨɨɛɳɟ):
You were pupils. – ȼɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɢɤɚɦɢ.
3. Ɇɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ – (ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ):
She is to study well. – Ɉɧɚ ɞɨɥ
4. ȼɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ Continuous
ɢ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɥɨɝɚ (the Passive Voice) – (ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ):
They are writing now. – Ɉɧɢ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɩɢɲɭɬ.
The ship was built last year. – Ʉɨɪɚɛɥɶ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɥɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ ɝɨɞɭ.
ɠɧɚ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ.
Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ 223
12. ȽɅȺȽɈɅ to have (THE VERB to have)
Ƚɥɚɝɨɥ to have ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɢɦɟɬɶ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ (have – had – had).
Ƚɥɚɝɨɥ to have ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɪɚɜɧɟ ɫ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ to have got,
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɨɠɟ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɧɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ.
¡ HAVE = HAVE GOT !
They’ve got savings in the bank. – ɍ ɧɢɯ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɚɧɤɟ.
12.1 ɋɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ to have
Present Past Future
I have I had I will have
you have you had you will have
he, she, it has he, she, it had he, she, it will have
we have we had we will have
you have you had you will have
they have they had they will have
ȼɨɩɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ to have ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ (ɫɦ. G.15.1 ȼɪɟɦɟɧɚ
ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ):
Do you have any classes to day? – Yes, I do. (No, I don’t.)
Did you have any classes yesterday? – Yes, I did. (No, I didn’t.)
Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ
no, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ to have:
I have no classes today.
I had no (not any) classes yesterday.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ: I’ve, you’ve, we’ve, they’ve,
you haven’t, you’ve not.
ȼɨɩɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ to have got ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ (ɫɦ G.15.3 ȼɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ):
Have you got any classes to day? – Yes, I have. (No, I haven’t.)
I haven’t got any classes today.
12.2 Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ to have
1. ɋɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɣ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ – (ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɦɟɬɶ, ɟɫɬɶ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ):
He has a dog. – ɍɧɟɝɨɟɫɬɶ ɫɨɛɚɤɚ.
224 Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ
2. Ɇɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ – (ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ):
You have to consult a doctor. – Ɍɵ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɨɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɜɪɚɱɚ.
3. ȼɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ Perfect –
(ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ):
I have read this book recently. – ə ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɥɚ ɷɬɭ ɤɧɢɝɭ.
13. ɈȻɈɊɈɌ there + to be (THE CONSTRUCTION there + to be)
Ɉɛɨɪɨɬ there + to be ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɛɵɬɶ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ
ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ (ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ) ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɟɳɟ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɨɪɨɬ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚ ɧɢɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɟ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ.
1. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɨɦ there + to be ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ
ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ:
There is a magazine on the desk. – ɇɚ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɬɨɥɟ ɟɫɬɶ (ɥɟɠɢɬ)
ɠɭɪɧɚɥ.
2. ɉɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ:
There are different kinds of vessels. – ɂɦɟɸɬɫɹ (ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ) ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ
ɬɢɩɵ ɫɭɞɨɜ.
3. ȼ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɟ there + to be ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ to be ɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɬɶɫɹ
ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ: to stand, to exist, to hang, to live ɢɞ
There exist many types of cargoes. – ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ.
ȼɨɩɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ to be, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ there:
Are there many types of ships? – Yes, there are. (No, there aren’t.)
Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ
not, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ to be:
There isn’t much fuel in the tank.
14. ɂɁɔəȼɂɌȿɅɖɇɈȿ ɇȺɄɅɈɇȿɇɂȿ (THE INDICATIVE MOOD)
ɂɡɴɹɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɮɚɤɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. ȼ
ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɜ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɮɚɤɬɚ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɯ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɦ ɡɚɥɨɝɚɯ.
15. ȺɄɌɂȼɇɕɃ ɁȺɅɈȽ (THE ACTIVE VOICE)
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɡɚɥɨɝ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɥɢɰɨ (ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ), ɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ, ɫɚɦɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ.
ɪ.
Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ 225
15.1 ȼɊȿɆȿɇȺ ɇȿɈɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɇɈɃ ȽɊɍɉɉɕ
(THE INDEFINITE TENSES)
ȼɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ Indefinite ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɬɫɹ:
1. ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɮɚɤɬɚ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɢɥɢ
2. ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ, ɩɪɨ-
ɲɟɞɲɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
ȼ ɷɬɭ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɬɪɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ: Present, Past ɢ Future Indefinite.
15.1.1 The Present Indefinite Tense [do (does), V1(s)]
Ɏɨɪɦɵ Present Indefinite ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɢɧɮɢɧɢɬɢɜɚ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ ɛɟɡ
ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ to ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɥɢɰ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ 3-ɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ (he,
she, it), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ –s ɢɥɢ –es. ɇɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ:
We begin our studies in September. – Ɇɵ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɦ ɧɚɲɢ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹ ɜ ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɟ.
He works at the port. – Ɉɧ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɨɪɬɭ.
Present Indefinite ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɧɚɪɟɱɢɹɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɫɬɨɹ-
ɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ: usually ɨɛɵɱɧɨ, sometimes ɢɧɨɝɞɚ, seldom ɪɟɞɤɨ, today
ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ, often ɱɚɫɬɨ, always ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɢɬ.ɞ.
Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ (Negative) ɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ (Interrogative) ɮɨɪɦɵ Pre-
sent Indefinite ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ to do (ɞɥɹ
3-ɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ does) ɢ
ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɢɧɮɢɧɢ-
ɬɢɜɚ ɛɟɡ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ to.
ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɫɥɨɜ ɭɬ-
ɜɟɪɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟ not ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɦ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɦ.
ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ, ɚ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɣ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ (ɫɦ.
G.25.2 ȼɨɩɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ).
ȼɨɩɪɨɫ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɫ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ (ɨɛɳɢɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ),
ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɬɚ. Ʉɪɚɬɤɢɣ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɥɨɜ Yes ɢɥɢ
No, ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɟ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟɦ, ɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ:
The job gives her satisfaction. – Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɬ ɟɣ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ.
The job does not give her satisfaction. – Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɬ ɟɣ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟ-
ɧɢɹ.
Does the job give her satisfaction? – ɉɪɢɧɨɫɢɬ ɥɢ ɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨ-
ɪɟɧɢɟ?
Yes, it does. (No, it does not.) – Ⱦɚ. (ɇɟɬ.)
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɜ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ do (does).
226 Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ
ȼ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ ɜ Present Indefinite ɜ ɭɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɨɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:
the lectures – ɥɟɤɰɢɢ he lectures – ɨɧ ɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɥɟɤɰɢɢ
the load – ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ they load – ɨɧɢ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɸɬ
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɨɩɨɡɧɚɬɶ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɟ:
ɚ) ɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɚɞɟɠɟ (I, you, he, she, it, we, they)
ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɡɚ ɧɢɦ ɫɥɨɜɨ – ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɟ:
It (the bus) stops at our house. – Ɉɧ (ɚɜɬɨɛɭɫ) ɨɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɞɨɦɚ.
ɛ) ɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɦ ɩɚɞɟɠɟ (me, you, him, her, it, us, them)
ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɟɦɭ ɫɥɨɜɨ – ɝɥɚɝɨɥ-ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɟ:
This vessel interests us greatly. – ɗɬɨ ɫɭɞɧɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɟɬ ɧɚɫ.
ɜ) ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ (ɢɥɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ), ɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɚ (ɩɪɹɦɨɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ), ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɟɦɭ ɫɥɨɜɨ – ɝɥɚɝɨɥ-ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɟ:
We change the data in our table. – Ɇɵ ɦɟɧɹɟɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ.
ɝ) ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ-
ɫɜɹɡɨɤ, ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɢɥɢ ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ: to be, to have, to do, shall (should), will (would), can (could),
may (might), must:
My friend is a student. – Ɇɨɣ ɞɪɭɝ – ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬ.
The stevedore must examine the ship himself. – ɋɬɢɜɢɞɨɪ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ
ɫɭɞɧɨ ɫɚɦ.
15.1.2 The Past Indefinite Tense [did, V2(ed)]
ɉɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ Past Indefinite ɜɫɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ:
1. ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ (Regular Verbs), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ Past Indefinite
ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɥɢɰ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ –ed:
to work – I worked
to play – he played
2. ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ (Irregular Verbs), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ Past In-
definite ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɨɣ ɝɥɚɫɧɨɣ, ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ, ɬ.ɟ. ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3,
ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 16 ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ).
Ƚɥɚɝɨɥ ɜ Past Indefinite Tense ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɦ ɜ
ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ:
ɇɟ delivered cargoes. – Ɉɧ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ (ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥ) ɝɪɭɡɵ.
Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ 227
Past Indefinite ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɫ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦɢ: yester-
day ɜɱɟɪɚ, last month (year, week) ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ ɦɟɫɹɰɟ (ɝɨɞɭ, ɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɣ ɧɟɞɟ-
ɥɟ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɞɚɬɚɦɢ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɤ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦɭ: in 1960 ɢɬ.ɞ.
Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɵ Past Indefinite ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ,
ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ to do ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ did ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɥɢɰ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɢ
ɢɧɮɢɧɢɬɢɜɚ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ ɛɟɡ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ to.
ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɫɥɨɜ ɭɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ; ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟ not ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɦ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɦ.
ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ, ɚ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɣ – ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ (ɫɦ. G.25.2 ȼɨɩɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ):
The ship left the port. – Ʉɨɪɚɛɥɶ ɩɨɤɢɧɭɥ ɩɨɪɬ.
The ship did not leave the port. – Ʉɨɪɚɛɥɶ ɧɟ ɩɨɤɢɧɭɥ ɩɨɪɬ.
Did the ship leave the port? – ɉɨɤɢɧɭɥ ɥɢ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɶ ɩɨɪɬ?
Yes, it did. (No, it didn’t.) – Ⱦɚ. (ɇɟɬ.)
15.1.3 The Future Indefinite Tense [will + V1]
Future Indefinite ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ will
ɢ ɢɧɮɢɧɢɬɢɜɚ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ ɛɟɡ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ to.
ɇɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɦ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ:
ɇɟ will make a report next week. – Ɉɧ ɫɞɟɥɚɟɬ (ɛɭɞɟɬ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ) ɞɨɤɥɚɞ ɧɚ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɧɟɞɟɥɟ.
Future Indefinite ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɫ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦɢ: to-
morrow ɡɚɜɬɪɚ, next month (year, week) ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɦɟɫɹɰɟ (ɝɨɞɭ, ɧɚ ɫɥɟ-
ɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɧɟɞɟɥɟ), in … days (years) ɱɟɪɟɡ … ɞɧɟɣ (ɥɟɬ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɞɚɬɚɦɢ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɤ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦɭ: in 2020 ɢɬ.ɞ.
ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɫɥɨɜ ɭɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟ not ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɦ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɦ.
ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ, ɚ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɣ – ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ:
We will change our plans for Sunday. – Ɇɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɦ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɥɚɧɵ
ɧɚ ɜɨɫɤɪɟɫɟɧɶɟ.
We will not change our plans for Sunday. – Ɇɵ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ
ɩɥɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɤɪɟɫɟɧɶɟ.
Will you
change your plans for Sunday? – ȼɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɟ ɫɜɨɢ
ɩɥɚɧɵ
ɧɚ ɜɨɫɤɪɟɫɟɧɶɟ?
Yes, we will. (No, we won’t.) – Ⱦɚ. (ɇɟɬ.)
228 Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ
Future Indefinite ɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ Present Indefinite ɜ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ, ɫɨɸɡɚɦɢ: if ɟɫɥɢ, when
ɤɨɝɞɚ, as soon as ɤɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ, provided ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ, before ɩɟɪɟɞ, in case ɜ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, after ɩɨɫɥɟ, till (until) ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ ɩɨɤɚ:
If he asks me, I will readily help him. – ȿɫɥɢ ɨɧ ɩɨɩɪɨɫɢɬ ɦɟɧɹ, ɹ ɨɯɨɬɧɨ ɩɨɦɨ-
ɝɭ ɟɦɭ.
We will discuss her paper as soon as we get it. – Ɇɵ ɨɛɫɭɞɢɦ ɟɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɤɚɤ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɟɟ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ: ɟɫɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɛɭɞɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ:
1. ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ the Present Indefinite, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɟɬ ɨ ɪɚɫɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ, ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ ɢ ɩɪ.:
The train leaves at 5 o’clock p.m. every day. – ɉɨɟɡɞ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ 5 ɱɚɫɨɜ
ɜɟɱɟɪɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɞɟɧɶ.
2. ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ the Present Continuous, ɟɫɥɢ ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɟɬ ɨ ɡɚɩɥɚɧɢ-
ɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɢ. ɑɚɫɬɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ going to (do) ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɶɫɹ
ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɱɬɨ-ɥɢɛɨ:
They are visiting us on week-end. – Ɉɧ
ɢ ɩɪɢɞɭɬ ɤ ɧɚɦ ɜ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɟɧɶ.
I am going to read all day long. – ə ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɫɶ ɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɜɟɫɶ ɞɟɧɶ.
3. ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ be to, be about to, be due to ɜ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɪɟɱɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ:
Summit is to take place in Brussels. – ɋɚɦɦɢɬ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ Ȼɪɸɫɫɟɥɟ.
Hurry up! The ship is about to depart. – ɉɨɬɨɪɨɩɢɫɶ! Ʉɨɪɚɛɥɶ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ.
The plane is due to land at 2.15. – ɋɚɦɨɥɟɬ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɢɬ ɩɨɫɚɞɤɭ ɜ 2.15.
15.2 ȼɊȿɆȿɇȺ ɉɊɈȾɅȿɇɇɈɃ ȽɊɍɉɉɕ
(THE CONTINUOUS TENSES) [to be + Ving]
Continuous Tenses ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɯ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚɦɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ.
Continuous Tenses ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ to
be ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ c ɨɤɨɧ-
ɱɚɧɢɟɦ –ing (ɷɬɭ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ ɟɳɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ Participle I – ɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ).
ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ Continuous ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɥɢɰɨ ɢ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ-ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɭ to be. ɋɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɣ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ
ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ Participle I ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ:
Students are making an experiment in the hydrodynamic research pool. – ɋɬɭɞɟɧ-
ɬɵ ɩɪɨɜɨɞ
ɹɬ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬ ɜ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɩɵɬɨɜɨɦ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɟ.
Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ 229
The scientist was making a very interesting experiment when we entered the pool.
– ɍɱɟɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɵ ɜɨɲɥɢ ɜ ɛɚɫ-
ɫɟɣɧ.
ɋ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ Continuous ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɪɟɱɢɹ ɢ
ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ: now ɫɟɣɱɚɫ, at present moment ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɦɨ-
ɦɟɧɬ, from 5 to (till) 7 o’clock ɫ 5 ɞɨ 7 ɱɚɫɨɜ, from morning till night ɫɭɬɪɚ
ɞɨ ɜɟɱɟɪɚ, when he came ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧ ɩɪɢɲɟɥ while ɜɬɨɜɪɟɦɹ, during (for) ɜɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɞɪ.
Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɤ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɧɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ Continuous: to see
ɜɢɞɟɬɶ, to hear ɫɥɵɲɚɬɶ, to know ɡɧɚɬɶ, to think ɞɭɦɚɬɶ, to feel ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ, to wish ɠɟɥɚɬɶ, to want ɯɨɬɟɬɶ, to hate ɧɟɧɚɜɢɞɟɬɶ, to understand
ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ, to consider ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɢɞɪ.
ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ Continuous ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɫɥɨɜ ɭɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟ not ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɦ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɦ:
The gang is not loading the container with boxes. – Ȼɪɢɝɚɞɚ ɧɟ
ɬɟɣɧɟɪ ɹɳɢɤɚɦɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ, ɚ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɣ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ – ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ:
Will we be preparing for ɚ very important experiment at 8 o’clock tomorrow? –
Ɂɚɜɬɪɚ ɜ 8 ɱɚɫɨɜ ɦɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨɦɭ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɭ?
Yes, will be. – Ⱦɚ. No, won’t be. – ɇɟɬ.
ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɬ ɤɨɧ-
15.2.1 The Present Continuous Tense [am, are, is + Ving]
Present Continuous ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɦ ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ:
The gang is loading the container with boxes. – Ȼɪɢɝɚɞɚ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪ
ɹɳɢɤɚɦɢ.
15.2.2 The Past Continuous Tense [was, were + Ving]
Past Continuous ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɦ ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ:
They were analyzing the results of their research from 4 to 6 o’clock yesterday. –
Ɉɧɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ 4 ɞɨ 6 ɱɚɫɨɜ ɜɱɟɪɚ.
One student was carrying out the experiment while the other was putting down
all the details. – Ɉɞɢɧ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɜɫɟ
ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɥ.
230 Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ
15.2.3 The Future Continuous Tense [will be + Ving]
Future Continuous ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɦ ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ:
At 8 o’clock tomorrow we’ll be preparing for ɚ very important experiment. – Ɂɚɜɬɪɚ ɜ 8 ɱɚɫɨɜ ɦɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨɦɭ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɭ.
15.3 ȼɊȿɆȿɇȺ ɁȺȼȿɊɒȿɇɇɈɃ ȽɊɍɉɉɕ (THE PERFECT TENSES)
[to have + V3(ed)]
Perfect Tenses ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɡɚɤɨɧɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɦɨ-
ɦɟɧɬɭ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ, ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ.
Perfect Tenses ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ to
have ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ 3-ɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ (ɢɥɢ Participle
II – ɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɥɨɝɚ) ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ.
ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ Perfect ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɥɢɰɨ ɢ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ-ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɭ to have. ɋɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɣ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ ɧɟ
ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ:
A group of Moscow researchers has developed new equipment for cargo handling.
– Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ ɦɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɚ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɝɪɭɡɚ.
The scientists had completed their research by the beginning of the year. – ɍɱɟ-
ɧɵɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɧɚɱɚɥɭ ɝɨɞɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ Perfect ɫɨɯɪɚ-
ɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɫɥɨɜ ɭɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟ not ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɦ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɦ:
We had not finished handling cargo by 5 o’clock. – Ɇɵ ɧɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɢɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵ-
ɝɪɭɡ ɤ ɩɹɬɢ ɱɚɫɚɦ.
ɜɚɬɶ
ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ ɫɬɚ-
ɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ, ɚ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɣ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ – ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ:
Had we finished handling cargo by 5 o’clock? – Ɇɵ ɧɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɢɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ
ɝɪɭɡ ɤ ɩɹɬɢ ɱɚɫɚɦ?
Yes, we had. – Ⱦɚ. No, we hadn’t. – ɇɟɬ.
15.3.1 The Present Perfect Tense [have / has + V3(ed)]
Present Perfect ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ:
1. ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɹɜɧɨ ɡɚ-
ɤɨɧɱɟɧɨ ɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɦ:
We have finished handling cargo. – Ɇɵ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɢɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɝɪɭɡ.
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