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Файл:Взгляд на фармацию. Учебное пособие для студентов фармацевтического факультета
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and can be found in many plants and herbs, cheaply and easily
bought at your home market or Herbalist, why not use them? If
taken in the appropriate dose and form, they can be as eective as
pharmaceutical drugs.
e chemistry of herbs is subtle and complex, all herbs being very
powerful chemical factories. e main active constituents fall into
eight main groups: acids; carbohydrates; phenols; volatile (essential)
oils; saponins; glycosides; bitters and alkaloids.
ACIDS: Present in all plants, e.g. cichroic acid in Echinacea; citric
and ascorbic acid in oranges.
CARBOHYDRATES: Constructed from sugar (saccharides).
Recent studies investigating polysaccharides have shown that
some compounds have signicant immune system stimulating
eects, most notably Echinacea augustiora, Calendula ocinalis
and Matricaria recutita. Aloe vera is also very high in useful
polysaccharides.
PHENOLS: ey provide a base for several important active
constituents. ey are antibacterial and antiseptic, e.g., oil of yme
contains phenols and can be used as an antiseptic. Another example
is salicin, the precursor of salicylic acid, from white willow bark,
the basis for the aspirin group. Two of the useful phenol subgroups
are avonoids and tannins. Flavonoids have several signicant
properties including antispasmodic, antiinammatory, antiseptic
and diuretic actions. ey are the most widely found phenols in
the plant kingdom. Commonly known plants such as ginkgo,
crataegus and milk thistle, all contain avonoids. Tannins are also
widely distributed. eir astringent properties are particularly
useful for treating wounds and burns. Another group known as
anthraquinones possesses valuable laxative actions, and is present
in plants such as rhubarb, buckthorn and cascara.
VOLATILE OILS: oen referred to as «essential oils», volatile
refers to their evaporative properties. ey oen have a pleasing
fragrance, and many have antiseptic and warming properties, e.g.,
menthol, camphor, lavender oils.
131
BITTERS: Stimulate the autonomic nervous system. An example
of their use with centaury, is in improving digestive function.
ey activate the bitter sensory area of the tongue, causing a reex
secretion of hormones into the blood, increasing the production of
gastric and pancreatic juices and bile.
ALKALOIDS: Commonly found in many plant tissues, they are
colourless and odourless. ey behave in an alkaline fashion, and
can combine with acids to form salts. ey all have a bitter taste, and
most are soluble in alcohol, but not water. Caeine is an alkaloid.
ey are the most potent of all plant constituents and many, though
by no means all can be toxic, and require careful use. A plant
generally contains a number of related alkaloids, for example the
opium poppy contains morphine, codeine and papaverine.
VITAMINS AND MINERALS: Fruit and vegetable, indeed, plants
in general, are a rich source of them. Trace elements and minerals
are present in most plants.
MUCILAGES: Extremely common in plants, they are facilitatory
to the eective action of many herbal prescriptions. ey are
composed of polysaccharides, partly soluble in water, and swell up
to form a mucilaginous gel. All mucilages soothe internal mucosa,
especially upper respiratory tract and digestive mucosa. ey can
help to promote regular, rhythmic bowel activity, aiding against
constipation and problems arising from sluggish bowel.
Tasks:
1. Find in the text words with the suxes: -ly; -ive; -al;-ic. Dene
the parts of speech and translate them.
2. Put questions to the words in bold types.
1. Most root systems have many branches.
2. e at, green part of a leaf is called the blade.
3. e fruits contain essential oil.
4. Roots and rhizomes were widely used by the ancient physicians.
5. e underground part consists of rhizome.
132
3. Read and translate the sentences with Complex Subject.
1. Grippe is known to be a highly communicable disease.
2. Adonis vernalis is said not to be cumulative. 3. Our professor is
likely to come soon. 4. Atoms are known to be tiny and invisible
compounds. 5. Water pollution is considered to be perhaps an
ever greater hazard to health than air pollution.
4. Read and translate the sentences with Complex Object.
1. I know him to have passed the exam very well. 2. e fact
made him think. 3. e doctor told the patient to take the drug
three times a day. 4. I want my friend to assist me during my
work. 5. Doctors found interferon to be eective against u.
6. We know this professor to teach pharmacology very well.
7. e students want the teacher to explain the following
phenomena.
5. Read and translate.
It is interesting to know
ere are four important groups of plants.
allophytes = allus Plants – ( ) includes
the one-celled bacteria, the algae, and the fungi, like the molds that
are oen seen growing on bread and cheese.
Bryophytes = Moss Plants – ( ) includes the
mosses,lichens and liverworts that are found in forest.
Pteridophytes = Fernlike Plants – () includes the
ferns, and club mosses.
Spermatophytes = Seed Plants – () includes our common grasses, vegertables, most trees, shrubs, owers and so on.
Notes:
thallus – ,
algae (pl) –
fungi (pl) –
molds –
lichen –
liverwort –
fern –
club mosses –
moss –
133
6. Read attentively and entitle the text. Ask 10 questions to the
text.
Goldenseal, ginseng, echinacea, gingo – visit your local drug
storeor supermarket and you’ll nd large quantities of these
products on the shelves, intermingled with old favourites like
aspirin. Medicinal plants are used commercially, thanks to
contributions of traditional cultures.
Without plants most medicines you take would not exist. Over
40% of medicines now prescribed in the U.S. contain chemicals
derived from plants. Historically, plant medicines were discovered
by trial and error. Our ancestors noticed that aches and pains went
away when they drank tea made from the bark of a willow tree.
Later, scientists found that willow bark contains salicylic acid, the
active ingredient in aspirin.
is process continues today. roughout the world, including
the wild places in the U.S., botanists and chemists search the Plant
Kingdom for new medicines. ey sometimes nd treasures in
other people’s trash. For years, the native Pacic yew was burned
as trash generated by logging operations in the Pacic Northwest.
In 1975, a substance in its bark, taxol, was found to reduce the
production of cancerous tumours.
A comprehensive search of known plants for medicinal chemicals
is an enormous task. Of the estimated 250,000 plant species on
earth, only 2% have been thoroughly screened for chemicals
with potential medicinal use. Because native plant habitats are
destroyed almost daily, many medicinally valuable plants will be
gone before scientists can even investigate them.
7. Render this text in English.
() (Aloe), .
340 , ,
. ,
134
, .
( -). ,
- ( ).
18 ., ,
(A. arborescens) , . ,
, . , ,
. , , .
; 10 . ,
12 .- . .
« » . , « », , . , . 18 . , , .
.
1930- . . . , . , , () ( 20-25 + 4° ), , .
.
135
Lesson 18.
1. Dene the part of speech and explain the reason of your choice.
erminal, formerly, make, copious, assuredly, bitterish, commencement, perspiration, sweeten, decoction, preventive, toothache, protable, tell.
2. Read the sentences aloud. Make them negative and interrogative.
Be ready to translate them into Russian.
1. is plant grows in the gardens. 2. ey become troublesome
weeds everywhere. 3. People cultivate it in the gardens of England.
4. It owers from June to September. 5. e pharmaceutists still
make an ointment from it. 6. Both owers and leaves have bitterish
taste. 7. Yarrow Tea is a good remedy for severe colds.
3. Ask as many special questions as you can.
1. We can use this remedy to cure kidney disorders.
2. Many doctors recommended this decoction to be drunk warm.
YARROW
Tasks:
4. Find the pairs of antonyms.
Grow, earlier, inside, bitter, mild, useful, purify.
Severe, collect, later, outside, sweet, pollute, useless.
5. Dene the predicate. Translate the sentences.
1. Herbs are derived from leaves, bark, berries, roots, gums, seeds,
stems, and owers of the Botanical Kingdom. 2. American Ginseng
(panax ginseng) comes from the Greek for «panacea» meaning
«all healing». 3. Celery seed is extremely efective in lowering
blood pressure; eases joint pain discomfort that occurs due to
inammation. 4. ere are over 80 species of ginger, historically
found in China, Japan, Australia and Hawaii. 5. Motherwort leaf is
used to regulate and strengthen the heartbeat; contains ursolic acid
which possesses antiviral and antitumor properties.
136
6. Read and translate the sentences with Complex Subject.
1. She seems to be unhappy. 2. He doesn’t seem to know this
subject. 3. Cod liver oil is known to be an eective remedy in the
treatment of rickets. 4. e herbal stimulant ephedra is said to have
fewer side eects than ephedrine, one of its ingredients. 4. Vitamin
C appears to be lacking in seeds, white bread, fats, yeast, puried
proteins and carbohydrates. 5. He is unlikely to help you. 6. She is
sure to take this mixture.
7. Read and learn the following words and word combinations.
8. Read and translate the following text.
YARROW
Botanical: Achillea millefolium. Family: Compositae.
Synonyms: Milfoil. Herba Militaris. ousand Weed. Nose Bleed.
Carpenter’s Weed.
Bloodwort. Staunchweed. Sanguinary. Devil’s Nettle. Devil’s
Plaything. Bad Man’s Plaything. Yarroway.
Part Used – Whole Herb.
Habitat – Yarrow grows everywhere, in the grass, in meadows,
pastures, and by the roadside. As it creeps greatly by its roots and
multiplies by seeds it becomes a troublesome weed in gardens, into
which it is seldom admitted in this country, though it is cultivated
in the gardens of Maderia.
Description – e stem is angular and rough, the leaves alternate,
3 to 4 inches long and 1 inch broad, clasping the stem at the base,
bipinnatid, the segments very nely cut, giving the leaves a feathery
appearance.
It owers from June to September, the owers, white or pale
lilac, being like minute daisies, in attened, terminal, loose heads,
or cymes. e whole plant is more or less hairy, with white, silky
appressed hairs.
Yarrow was formerly much esteemed as a vulnerary, and its old
names of Soldier’s Wound Wort and Knight’s Milfoil testify to this.
e Highlanders still make an ointment from it, which they apply
137
to wounds, and Milfoil tea is held in much repute in the Orkneys
for dispelling melancholy. Gerard tells us it is the same plant with
which Achilles stanched the bleeding wounds of his soldiers, hence
the name of the genus Achillea. Others say that it was discovered by
a certain Achilles, Chiron’s disciple. It was called by the Ancients,
the Herba Militaris, a military herb.
Its specic name, millefolium, is derived from the many segments
of its foliage, hence also its popular name, Milfoil and ousand
Weed. Another popular name for it is Nosebleed, from its property
of stanching bleeding of the nose, though another reason given for
this name is that the leaf, being rolled up and applied to the nostrils,
causes a bleeding from the nose, more or less copious, which will
thus aord relief to headache. Parkinson tells us that if it is put into
nose, assuredly it will stay the bleeding of it – so it seems to act
either way.
It was one of the herbs dedicated to the Evil One, in earlier days,
being sometimes known as Devil’s Nettle, Devil’s Plaything, bad
man’s Plaything, and was used for divination in spells.
Yarrow, in the eastern counties, is termed Yarroway, and there is
a curious mode of divination with its serrated leaf, with which the
inside of the nose is tickled while the following lines are spoken.
If the operation causes the nose to bleed, it is a certain omen of
success.
‘Yarroway, Yarroway, bear a white blow,
If my love loves me, my nose will bleed now.’
It has been employed as snu, and is also called Old Man’s
Pepper, on account of the pungency of its foliage. Both owers and
leaves have a bitterish, astringent, pungent taste. In the seventeenth
century it was an ingredient of salads.
Parts Used – e whole plant, stems, leaves and owers collected
in the wild state in August when in ower.
Constituents – A dark green, volatile oil, a peculiar principle,
achillein, and achilleic acid, which is said to be identical with
aconitic acid, also resin, tannin, gum and earthy ash, consisting of
138
nitrates, phosphates and chlorides of potash and lime.
Medicinal Action and Uses – Diaphoretic, astringent, tonic,
stimulant and mild aromatic.
Yarrow Tea is a good remedy for severe colds, being most
useful in the commencement of fevers, and in cases of obstructed
perspiration. e infusion is made with 1 oz. of dried herb
to 1 pint of boiling water, drunk warm, in wineglassful doses. It may
be sweetened with sugar, honey or treacle, addinga little Cayenne
Pepper, and to each dose a teaspoonful of Composition Essence.
It opens the pores freely and puries the blood, and is recommended
in the early stages of children’s colds, and in measles and other
eruptive diseases.
A decoction of the whole plant is employed for bleeding piles,
and is good for kidney disorders. It has the reputation also of being
a preventative of baldness, if the head be washed with it.
Preparations – Fluid extract, ½ to 1 drachm. An ointment made
by the Highlanders of Scotland of the fresh herb is good for piles
and is also considered good against the scab in sheep.
An essential oil has been extracted from the owers, but is not
now used.
Linnaeus recommended the bruised herb, fresh, as an excellent
vulnerary and styptic. It is employed in Norway for the cure of
rheumatism, and the fresh leaves chewed are said to cure toothache.
In Sweden it is called ‘Field Hop’ and has been used in the
manufacture of beer. Linnaeus considered beer thus brewed more
intoxicating than when hops were used.
It is said to have a similar use in Africa.
Culpepper spoke of Yarrow as a protable herb in cramps, and
Parkinson recommends a decoction to be drunk warm for ague.
e medicinal values of the Yarrow and the Sneewort
(A. millefolium and A. ptarmica), once famous in physic, were
discarded ocially in 1781.
Woolly Yellow Yarrow (A. tomentosa) is very rare, and a doubtful
native; its leaves are divided and woolly, the owers bright yellow.
139
Tasks:
1. Find the odd word out:
1. a) Milfoil b) ousand Weed c) Daisy d) Bloodwort
2. a) seeds b) garden c) roots d) leaves
3. a) ointment b) decoction c) acid d) infusion
4. a) remedy b) resin c) tannin d) gum
5. a) sugar b) honey c) treacle d) salt
2. Complete the following sentences.
1. Yarrow grows everywhere … .
2. It owers from June to September … .
3. e Highlanders still make … .
4. Parkinson tells us that … .
5. It has been employed as snu and … .
6. Yarrow Tea is a good remedy for … .
7. A decoction of the whole plant is employed for … .
3. Write out from the text four sentences in Past Simple Active
and Passive. Translate them. Make them interrogative.
4. Dene the function of ing-forms in the sentences.
1. e leaves alternate, 3 to 4 inches long and 1 inch broad, clasping
the stem at the base. 2. e segments very nely cut, giving the
leaves a feathery appearance. 3. It owers from June to September,
the owers, white or pale lilac, being like minute daisies. 4. Milfoil
tea is held in much repute in the Orkneys for dispelling melancholy.
5. It is the plant with which Achilles stanched the bleeding wounds
of his soldiers. 6. It may be sweetened with sugar, honey or treacle,
adding a little Cayenne Pepper. 7. If it is put into nose, assuredly it
will stay the bleeding of it.
5. Translate the sentences. Explain the use of tenses.
1. It has been employed as snu, and is also called Old Man’s
Pepper, on account of the pungency of its foliage. 2. An essential
oil has been extracted from the owers, but is not now used.
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