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10. Read and translate the text.
e Digestive System
e digestive system consists of the lips, teeth, tongue, the salivary
glands, oesophagus, stomach, the liver and the pancreas, small
and large intestines. e system is a food canal that extends from
the mouth to the anus and is about 30 feet long. It is called the
alimentary canal. It is lined with mucous membrane and formed
of strong muscle bres which keep chewing the food and forcing
it onward, facilitating digestion and absorption at dierent points
in the digestive canal. While in the canal, the food is mixed with
digestive juices secreted by the stomach, pancreas, liver and the
intestinal glands. ese juices alter the food by means of ferments
which they contain. Ferments have the power to convert the food
into substances which can be easily absorbed, i.e. sucked, by the
walls of the stomach and intestines into the blood stream, by which
they are carried to all parts of the body.
ere is some indigestible residue le aer digestion, and this,
together with water, salts and bacteria (which are always present
in the intestines), leaves the body when the bowels are opened. In
the stomach, the pepsin of the gastric juice and hydrochloric acid
convert protein, the meaty or albuminous part of food, into simpler
compounds.
e bile of the liver helps to convert fat.
e movements of the stomach and the intestines are rhythmical
waves or contractions that pass them regularly and constantly. e
process is called peristalsis and the waves – peristaltic waves.
e small intestine is a coiled tube about 20 feet long, narrower in
diameter than the stomach, and narrower and longer than the large
intestine into which it empties at the ileocecal valve. e vermiform
appendix is near the ileocecal valve.
Little absorption occurs in the large intestine, and here food
residue is passed on until it reaches the rectum, where it is evacuated
daily in the form of the stool.
e liver is the largest organ in the body, and since it pours bile
into the duodenum, it is usually classied as a part of the digestive
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system. It stores glucose, the energizer of the body. It stores vitamin
D and many substances necessary to body functions. It also plays its
role in the storage of fat and in the conversion of uric acid.
Tasks:
1. Read aloud and dene the parts of speech.
Regularly, peristaltic, large, absorption, intestinal, substance,
digestive, absorbed, easily, albuminous, movement, diameter,
largest, classify, narrower, indigestible.
2. Give the four forms of the verbs.
Carry, occur, call, leave, convert, pass, present, pump, store,
reach, have, keep, secrete, be.
3. Read and translate the following words and word combinations.
Salivary glands; oesophagus; pancreas; mucous membrane; strong
muscle bres; to contain ferments; by means of; to convert into
substances; intestinal glands; digestive juice; indigestible residue;
blood stream; meaty part of food; compounds; ileocecal valve;
energizer of the body.
4. Study the text and give the English equivalents to the following
words:
; ; ; ;
; ; ;
, ; ; ; ; ; ;
; ; ; .
5. Find in the text above adjectives in comparative and superlative
degree and translate them.
102
6. Study the text and translate into Russian the following
sentences. Make these sentences interrogative.
1. Alimentary canal extends from the mouth to the anus.
2. Ferments convert the food into substances.
3. e liver pours bile into the duodenum.
4. Digestive juice is secreted by the stomach.
5. Converted food into substances is carried to all parts of the body.
6. Pepsin facilitates digestion and absorption.
7. e movements of the stomach and the intestines are called
peristaltic waves.
7. Fill in the missing prepositions: of, by, with, to, in, aer,
from … to.
1. e digestive system consists … lips, teeth, tongue, salivary
glands, etc.
2. Substances are absorbed … the walls … stomach.
3. Alimentary canal is lined … mucous membrane.
4. Substances are carried … the parts of the body.
5. Little absorption occurs … the large intestine.
6. ere is some indigestible residue le … digestion.
7. A food canal extends … the mouth … the anus.
8. Complete the following sentences.
1. e digestive system consists of … .
2. e food canal extends from … .
3. e food is mixed with digestive juices secreted by … .
4. e juices alter all food by means of … .
5. e pepsin of gastric juice converts protein into … .
6. e process of stomach movements is called … .
7. e small intestine is narrower and longer than … .
9. Make up as many questions as you can.
1. e juices alter the food by means of ferments.
2. e liver is the largest organ in the body.
3. e food is mixed with digestive juices.
103
10. Read and translate the sentences. Dene the function of
Innitive.
1. ey must nish the work today. 2. To treat this disease is very
dicult. 3. She wanted to be prescribed this remedy. 4. Motilium
is to be given only by or under the immediate supervision of your
doctor. 5. is man has to take this medicine immediately. 6. Pirogov
was the rst to use ether anaesthesia. 7. We go to the chemist’s shop
to buy necessary remedies.
11. Write out from the text sentences with Innitive. Dene its
function.
12. Translate the sentences into English.
1. - -
.
2. .
3. .
4. ().
5. , .
6. - .
7. D , -
, .
12. Give the summary of the text.
104
Free reading
MOTILIUM (DOMPERIDONE)
Generic Name: domperidone
Brand name: Motilium
Why is Motilium prescribed?
Motilium (dom-PER-i-done) is a medicine that increases the
movements or contractions of the stomach and bowel. Motilium is
also used to treat nausea and vomiting caused by other drugs used
to treat Parkinson’s disease.
Motilium is to be given only by or under the immediate supervision
of your doctor. It is available in the following dosage forms: Oral
Tablets.
How should Motilium be used?
In deciding to use a medicine, the risks of taking the medicine
must be weighed against the good it will do. is is a decision you
and your doctor will make.
For Motilium the following should be considered:
Allergies. Tell your doctor if you have ever had any unusual or
allergic reaction to domperidone.
Pregnancy. Domperidone has not been studied in pregnant
women. However, domperidone has not been shown to cause birth
defects or other problems in animal studies.
Breast-feeding. Domperidone passes into the breast milk, but
it is not known if domperidone will cause unwanted eects in the
newborn. It may be necessary for you to take another medicine or
to stop breast-feeding during treatment. Be sure you have discussed
the risks and benets of the medicine with your doctor.
Children. Studies on Motilium have been done only in adult
patients, and there is no specic information comparing use of
domperidone in children with use in other age groups.
Older adults. Many medicines have not been studied specically
in older people. erefore, it may not be known whether they work
exactly the same way they do in younger adults or if they cause
105
dierent side eects or problems in older people. ere is no specic
information comparing the use of domperidone in the elderly with
use in other age groups.
Other medicines. Although certain medicines should not be used
together at all, in other cases two dierent medicines may be used
together even if an interaction might occur. In these cases, your
doctor may want to change the dose, or other precautions may
be necessary. Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are taking any
other prescription or nonprescription (over-the-counter [OTC])
medicine, especially:
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors (furazolidone [e.g.,
Furoxone], phenelzine [e.g., Nardil], procarbazine [e.g., Matulane],
selegilene [e.g., Eldepryl], tranylcypromine [e.g., Parnate]).
Proper Use of Motilium
Dosing. e dose of Motilium will be dierent for dierent
patients. Follow your doctor’s orders or the directions on the
label. e following information includes only the average doses of
Motilium. If your dose is dierent, do not change it unless your
doctor tells you to do so.
e number of tablets that you take depends on the strength of
the medicine. Also, the number of doses you take each day, the
time allowed between doses, and the length of time you take the
medicine depend on the medical problem for which you are taking
domperidone.
For oral dosage form (tablets):
Treatment of gastrointestinal motility disorders:
Adults-10 milligrams (mg) three to four times daily. Some patients
may require higher doses up to 20 mg three or four times daily.
Nausea and vomiting:
Adults-20 milligrams (mg) three to four times daily.
Missed dose. If you miss a dose of Motilium, take it as soon as
possible. However, if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the
missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not
double doses.
106
Storage.
• Keep out of the reach of children.
• Store away from heat and direct light.
• Do not store in the bathroom, near the kitchen sink, or in other
damp places. Heat or moisture may cause the medicine to break
down.
• Do not keep outdated medicine or medicine no longer needed. Be
sure that any discarded medicine is out of the reach of children.
Precautions While Using Motilium.
It is very important that your doctor check your progress at regular
visits. is will allow your doctor to see if the medicine is working
properly and to decide if you should continue to take it.
If your symptoms do not improve within a few days or if they
become worse, check with your doctor.
Side Eects of Motilium.
Along with its needed eects, a medicine may cause some
unwanted eects. Although not all of these side eects may occur, if
they do occur they may need medical attention.
Symptoms of overdose.
Get emergency help immediately if any of the following symptoms
of overdose occur: diculty in speaking; disorientation; dizziness;
fainting; irregular heartbeat; light-headedness; loss of balance or
muscle control.
Check with your doctor immediately if any of the following side
eects occur:
Less common: loss of balance or muscle control; swelling of the
mouth.
Rare: fast, irregular, pounding or racing heartbeat or pulse;
swelling of face, hands, lower legs or feet.
Other side eects may occur that usually do not need medical
attention. ese side eects may go away during treatment as your
body adjusts to the medicine.
However, check with your doctor if any of the following side
eects continue or are bothersome.
107
Less common: breast milk owing from the nipple; dry mouth;
swellingof the breast in the male; headache; hives; hot ashes;
itching of skin; itching, redness, pain, or swelling of eye; menstrual
irregularities; pain in the breast.
Rare: change in need to urinate; change in appetite; constipation;
diarrhea; burning, dicult, or painful urination; diculty in
speaking; dizziness; drowsiness; heartburn; irritability; lack or loss
of strength; leg cramps; mental illness; nervousness; palpitations;
sluggishness; stomach cramps; thirst; tiredness; weakness.
Lesson 14.
1. Read and translate. Pay attention to the prexes.
Conscious – unconscious, change – exchange, inhale – exhale,
divide – subdivide, inspiration – expiration, large – enlarge.
2. Read the words of Latin origin. Use the dictionary if necessary.
Mediastinum, larynx, pharynx, alveolus – alveoli, trachea,
diaphragm.
3. Choose the right form of the verb.
1. In this condition, the alveoli __ (lose, is lost) their elasticity.
2. Emphysema __ (arise, arises) from a condition of chronic
bronchitis.
3. e infection __ (is damaged, damages) the alveolar membranes.
4. Tuberculosis __ (causes, is caused) by a bacterium called the
tubercle bacillus.
5. Asthma usually __ (is classied, classies) as a psychosomatic
condition.
6. ese types of tumors __ (know, are known) as lung cancers.
7. Sputum oen __ (contains, is contained) mucus, pus and
microorganisms.
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Tasks:
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4. Read and translate the sentences. Pay attention to the
prepositions.
1. Both medicines are used for treating heart diseases. 2. Air is
breathed through either the mouth or nose into the oral cavity.
3. Hydrogen can be got either by the electrolysis of water or by
steam iron process. 4. Both owers and leaves have bitterish taste.
5. ere are joints at either end of the bones which connect the
neighbouring parts.
5. Read and translate the sentences. Analyse the function of
Participle II.
1. Given medicine decreased the temperature. 2. e operation
was made in time. 3. e patient was brought to the hospital two
days ago. 4. e brought patient was seriously ill. 5. e epidemic of
grippe was prevented by a mass vaccination made beforehand.
6. Read and translate the sentences. Dene the function of
Innitive.
1. To dry plants correctly is very important. 2. It is important to
collect plants in proper time. 3. e aim of drug therapy is to prevent,
cure or control various disease states. 4. To see the components of
the cell we must usea microscope. 5. Mendeleev was the rst to
discover the law of dependenceof the properties of the elements
upon their atomic weights. 6. e medicineto be prescribed is
absolutely harmless. 7. To drink distilled water is necessary for
health. 8. To become a pharmacist one should achieve knowledge of
dierent subjects. 9. ere are some blood tests to be made.
7. Read aloud these proverbs and sayings. Find Russian
equivalents.
1. Good, better, the best – never let them rest, till the good gets bet-
ter, and better – the best.
2. Actions speak louder than words.
3. Bad is never good until worse happens.
109
4. A good example is the best sermon.
5. Blood is thicker than water.
6. Doing is better than saying.
7. Easier said than done.
8. Read and learn the following words and word combinations:
oral cavity –
pharynx –
to enter – , ,
larynx –
mediastinum –
to divide into – ()
exchange of gases –
to facilitate – ,
to remove without damage –
collarbone –
thoracic cavity –
9. Read and translate the text.
e respiratory system
We usually think of respiration as the mechanical process of
breathing, that is, the repetitive and, for the most part, unconscious
exchange of air between the lungs and the external environment.
Air is breathed through either the mouth or nose into the oral
cavity, or pharynx. When air enters the body through the nose it
passes through the nasal cavities. Aer passing through the nasal
cavities, the air next reaches the pharynx. On its way to the lungs,
air passes from the larynx to the trachea (windpipe), a vertical tube
about4 ½ inches long and an inch in diameter. In the region of the
mediastinum, the trachea divides into two branches called bronchi.
Each bronchus leads to a separate lung, and divides and subdivides
into smaller and ner tubes, somewhat like the branches of a tree.
e smallest of the bronchial branches are called bronchioles.
At the end of the bronchioles there are clusters of air sacs called
alveoli. e very thin wall allows for the exchange of gases between
the alveolus and the capillaries which surround and come in close
contact with it.
Each lung is enveloped in a double-folded membrane called
the pleura. e pleura is moistened with a serous secretion which
facilitates the movementsof the lungs within the chest.
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