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Файл:Взгляд на фармацию. Учебное пособие для студентов фармацевтического факультета
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at the margin. e small, nearly globular ower-heads are arranged
in an erect, leafy panicle, the leaves of the ower-stalks being
reduced to three, or even one linear segment, and the little owers
themselves being pendulous and of a greenish-yellow tint. ey
bloom from July to October. e ripe fruits are not crowned by a
tu of hairs or pappus, as in the majority of the Compositae family.
e leaves and owers are very bitter, with a characteristic
odour, resembling that of thuja one. e root has a warm and
aromatic taste.
Cultivation. Wormwood likes a shady situation, and is easily
propagated by division of roots in the autumn, by cuttings, or seeds
sown in the autumn soon aer they are ripe. No further care is
needed than to keep free from weeds.
Parts Used. e whole herb – leaves and tops – gathered in July
and August, when the plant is in ower and dried.
Collect only on a dry day, aer the sun has dried o the dew. Cut
o the upper green portion and reject the lower parts of the stems,
together with any discoloured or insect-eaten leaves. Tie loosely
in bunches of uniform size and length, about six stalks to a bunch,
and spread out in shape of a fan, so that the air can get to all parts.
Hang over strings, in the open, on a ne, sunny, warm day, but in
half-shade, otherwise the leaves will become tindery; the drying
must not be done in full sunlight, or the aromatic properties will
be partly lost. Aromatic herbs should be dried at a temperature of
about 70 degrees.
When the drying process is completed, pack away at once in
airtight boxes, as otherwise the herbs will absorb about 12 per cent
moisture from the air. If sold to the wholesale druggists in powdered
form, rub through a sieve as soon as thoroughly dry, before the
bunches have had time to absorb any moisture, and pack in tins or
bottles at once.
Constituents. e chief constituent is a volatile oil, of which
the herb yields in distillation from 0.5 to 1.0 per cent. It is usually
dark green, or sometimes blue in colour, and has a strong odour
and bitter, acrid taste. e herb also contains the bitter glucoside
161
absinthin, absinthic acid, together with tannin, resin, starch, nitrate
of potash and other salts.
Medicinal Action and Uses. Tonic, stomachic, febrifuge,
anthelmintic. A nervine tonic, particularly helpful against the
falling sickness and for atulence. It is a good remedy for enfeebled
digestion and debility.
Preparations. Fluid extract, ½ to 1 drachm. Wormwood Tea,
made from 1 oz. of the herb, infused for 10 to 12 minutes in 1
pint of boiling water, and taken in wineglassful doses, will relieve
melancholia and help to dispel the yellow hue of jaundice from the
skin, as well as being a good stomachic, and with the addition of
xed alkaline salt, produced from the burnt plant, is a powerful
diuretic in some dropsical cases. e ashes yield a purer alkaline salt
than most other vegetables, except Beanstalks and Broom.
e juice of the larger leaves which grow from the root before the
stalk appears has been used as a remedy for jaundice and dropsy,
but it is intensely nauseous. A light infusion of the tops of the plant,
used fresh, is excellent for all disorders of the stomach, creating an
appetite, promoting digestion and preventing sickness aer meals,
but it is said to produce the contrary eect if made too strong.
e owers, dried and powdered, are most eectual as a vermifuge,
and used to be considered excellent in agues. e essential oil of
the herb is used as a worm-expeller, the spirituous extract being
preferable to that distilled in water. e leaves give out nearly the
whole of their smell and taste both to spirit and water, but the cold
water infusions are the least oensive.
e intensely bitter, tonic and stimulant qualities have caused
Wormwood not only to be an ingredient in medicinal preparations,
but also to be used in various liqueurs, of which absinthe is the chief,
the basis of absinthe being absinthol, extracted from Wormwood.
Wormwood, as employed in making this liqueur bears also the
name «Wermuth» – preserver of the mind – from its medicinal
virtues as a nervine and mental restorative. If not taken habitually,
it soothes spinal irritability and gives tone to persons of a highly
nervous temperament. Suitable allowances of the diluted liqueur
162
will promote salutary perspiration and may be given as a vermifuge.
Inferior absinthe is generally adulterated with copper, which
produces the characteristic green colour.
Tasks:
1. Read and translate the words. Make your own sentences with
them.
Teaspoonful, handful, tablespoonful, wineglassful.
2. Compose new words from the given ones, using necessary
word-building elements (-able, -ion, -ly, -ful). Be ready to
translate them.
Remark, translate, close, near, formentate, power, ventilate, deep,
help, situate.
3. Form the comparative and superlative degrees of these
adjectives. Find in the text sentences with them. Translate into
Russian.
Bitter, pure, large, little, eectual.
4. Find the odd word out:
1. a) sickness b) bitterness c) greenhouse d) restlessness
2. a) stomach b) plant c) leaf d) branch
3. a) airlight b) stomachache c) owerhead d) constituent
4. a) closely b) backwards c) loosely d) nearly
5. a) hemlock b) insect c) rue d) hops
5. Match the parts of the sentences to make them complete.
1. e whole family is remarkable for
2. Wormwood counteracted
the eects of
3. With the exception of Rue,
wormwood is
4. e Wormwood likes
5. Collect only
a) on a dry day, aer the sun has
dried o the dew.
b) the bitterest herb known.
c) are most eectual as a vermifuge, and used to be considered
excellent in agues.
d) the bitter glucoside absinthin,
absinthic acid etc.
163
6. e herb contains
7. e owers, dried and powdered,
e) the extreme bitterness of all
parts of the plant.
f) a shady situation.
g) poisoning by hemlock, toadstools and the biting of seadragon.
6. Look through the text again and ll in the necessary
prepositions.
1. e genus is named Artemisia ______ Artemis, the Greek name
_____Diana.
a) of; by b) to; in c) at; for d) from; for
2. e Common Wormwood held a high reputation ______ medi-
cine ______ the Ancients.
a) at; by b) in; among c) to; in d) by; among
3. According ______the Ancients, Wormwood counteracted the
eects _______ poisoning.
a) of; to b) to; of c) on; by d) in; at
4. e ripe fruits are not crowned ______ a tu ____ hairs.
a) of; by b) with; to c) by; of d) by; in
5. Collect only _____ a dry ______ day.
a) – ; on b) on; - c) at; in d) –; to
6. Tie loosely ____ bunches _______ uniform size.
a) in; of b) of; to c) at; in d) of; in
7. A light infusion _______ the tops used fresh is excellent
_______ all disorders.
a) – ; for b) by; in c) of; for d) – ; in.
7. Put questions to the underlined words.
1. ey bloom from July to October.
2. Wormwood Tea will relieve melancholia.
3. Wormwood Tea is a powerful diuretic in some dropsical cases.
4. e juice of the larger leaves has been used as a remedy for
jaundice and dropsy.
164
8. Scan the text above to nd the sentences with Modal verbs and
their equivalents. Translate them into Russian.
9. Write out from the text sentences in Perfect Active and Passive.
Translate them.
10. Find in the text above sentences with Complex Subject.
Translate them.
11. Answer the questions.
1. What is the whole family remarkable for?
2. What kind of reputation did the Common Wormwood hold in
medicine among the Ancients?
3. For what purpose did Tusser recommend it?
4. Why was this plant of some importance among the Mexicans?
5. Where and why have its leaves been a principle ingredient in
antiseptic fomentation?
6. What parts of the Common Wormwood are used due to their
medicinal action?
7. What medicinal actions does this plant have?
8. What preparations of this plant are used in medicine now?
12. Explain your understanding of the Ancient proverb: «As
bitter as Wormwood».
13. Make a plan of the story and be ready to write an essay on the
theme «Wormwoods».
14. Discuss the main ideas mentioned in your essay with your
partner.
15. Render the text into English.
.
(55%), (30%),
(10%) (5%). -
165
1, 2, , , .
, , , , , .
100 .
Free reading
CALENDULA OFFICINALIS
:
temperate climate –
spicy avor –
hardy –
to heal wounds –
to improve blood ow –
aected area –
cold sore –
nourishing cream –
ese bright yellow and orange owers are a familiar sight in
cottage and country gardens. e plant is a native of southern Europe but ourishes in cool, temperate climates. e petals have a
pungent, spicy avor and the leaves have aertaste. It is used more
for medical than culinary purposes. is hardy annual grows to a
height of about 9-20 inches and has a long owering period.
Medicinal use
Calendula heals wounds as well as internal and external ulcers. It
is an antiseptic, and improves blood ow to the aected area. As an
antifungal agent, it can be used to treat athlete’s foot, ringworm, and
candida. e tincture applied neat to cold sores encourages healing.
Calendula cream is good for acne and diaper rash.An infusion is
good for digestion and relieves colitis and symptoms of menopause.
166
Other uses
An infusion of the petals can be used as a rinse to lighten and
brighten hair. e petals also make a nourishing cream for the skin.
Pot marigold makes an attractive cut ower and can be grown in the
vegetable garden to help with insect control.
Задание 1. ,
:
ulcer, acne, colitis, digestion, symptoms of menopause.
Задание 2.
: internal, external, antiseptic, antifungal.
Задание 3. , -
? .
WORD-BUILDING
SUFFIXES
Nouns Examples
-er; -or teacher, doctor, writer, reader
-ist therapeutist, dentist, biologist, chemist, phy-
siologist
-ure (-ture;
structure, measure, pressure, future, nature
-sure;-ssure)
-ion (-tion; -ssion)
attention, session, profession
-ment development, treatment, department, equip-
ment
-i(ty) activity, reality, ability, possibility
-ance; -ence entrance, assistance, presence, importance,
dierence
-ian musician, politician, physician
-ness illness, weakness, tenderness, darkness, red-
ness
-ancy; -ency dependency, suciency
-th strength, depth, length, truth, death, width
-age language, passage, bandage, haemorrhage
167
-ing building, feeling, breathing, teaching
-y remedy, body, diculty, study
-hood childhood, brotherhood, neighbourhood,
motherhood
-dom freedom, kingdom
-ship friendship, membership, relationship
-al removal, arrival, survival
Adjectives
-ar cellular, muscular, regular, particular, vascular
-al local, social, medical, biological, practical, ex-
perimental, partial
-ic (-ical) basic, microscopic, historic, historical
-able (-ible) changeable, eatable, responsible, possible, im-
possible
-less «отсутствие качества, выраженного
основой»: helpless, lifeless, harmless, painless,
colourless, useless, shapeless
-ful
«присутствие качества, выраженного основой»:
useful, careful, beautiful, helpful, restful
-ous «обладающий качеством»: infectious, dan-
gerous, various, famous, numerous, nervous,
venous
-ive active, eective, operative, preventive, attentive
-ant; -ent present, absent, important
-ary - (-ery; -ory)
primary, secondary, respiratory, alimentary
-y rainy, salty, healthy, sunny, happy, airy
-ian Russian, Indian, Italian
-ish yellowish, reddish, bluish, feverish
-en wooden, golden, woolen
168
Verbs
- ate operate, demonstrate, investigate
- ize (-ise) organize, analyse, characterize
- fy simplify, purify, classify
-en blacken, widen soen
Adverbs
- ly
usually, quickly, normally, badly, really, easily,
carefully
- ward (s) upwards, towards, downwards, forwards
Exercise 1. Dene the part of speech of the following words:
dangerous, muscular, surgery, simplify, protection, lecture,
practical, worker, development, characterize, quality, changeable,
active, importance, building, illness, economic, operate, depth,
reddish, freedom, useful, language, body, blacken, Russian, doctor,
removal, rapidly, friendship, dependency, helpless, rainy, childhood,
dierent, dentist.
Exercise 2. Translate the following words:
treatment, absent, secondary, famous, painless, experimental,
basic, healthy, operative, structure, responsible, pressure, biologist,
death, bandage, remedy, recently, demonstrate, clinical, clarify,
experience, various, leader, department, possible, originally,
summarize, careful, respiratory, arrival, therapeutist, weakness,
entrance, teacher, diculty, graduate, substance, measure,
prevention, investigate, evidently, growth, harmful, infectious,
salty, tenderness, physician, vascular, usually, colourless, yellowish,
medical, beautiful, survival, feeling, causative.
169
PREFIXES.
Meaning Prex Examples
un- unhappy, unnecessary, un-
changeable
in- incomplete, invisible, indif-
ferent
il- illogical, illegal
ir- irregular, irrational
im- impossible, immobile, immo-
ral
dis- dislike, disagree, disfunction
non- non-essential, non-aggressive,
non-stop
,
,
re- re-read, rewrite, retell, re-
move, re-do
mis- misunderstand, mistranslate
, over- overpay, overdosage, ove-
rweight
under- underdevelop, underdose,
undergract
, pre- pre-war, pre-historic, preop-
erative
post- post-war, postposition, post-
script
-, - anti- antibiotic, antifebrile, anti-
sepsis
-, - counter-
contra-
counteraction, counter-ow,
counterplan
contra(counter)-indication,
contranatural
170
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