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erect –
petiole –
trid – 3
serrate – ,
stamen –
anther –
pungent – , (,
)
seedling – ,
diaphoretic
–
8. Read and translate the text.
MOTHERWORT
Botanical: Leonurus cardiac.
Family: N.O. Labiatae.
Part Used: Herb
Motherwort, the only British representative of the genus Leonurus,
is a native of many parts of Europe, on banks and under hedges, in
a gravelly or calcareous soil. It is oen found in country gardens,
where it was formerly grown for medicinal purposes, but it is rare
to nd it truly wild in England, and by some authorities it is not
considered indigenous, but merely a garden escape.
Description. It is distinguished from all other British labiates by
the leaves, which are deeply and palmately cut into ve lobes, or
three-pointed segments, and by the prickly calyx-teeth of its owers.
From the perennial root-stock rise the square, stout stems, 2
to 3 feet high, erect and branched, principally below, the angles
prominent. e leaves are very closely set, the radical ones on
slender, long petioles, ovate, lobed and toothed, those on the stem,
2 to 3 inches long, petioled, wedge-shaped; the lower roundish,
palmately ve-lobed, the lobes trid at the apex, the upper three-d,
coarsely serrate, reticulately veined, the veinlets prominent beneath,
with slender, curved hairs. e uppermost leaves and bracts are
very narrow and entire, or only with a tooth on each side, and bear
in their axils numerous whorls of pinkish, or nearly white, sessile
owers, six to een in a whorl. e corollas, though whitish on the
outside, are stained with paler or darker purple within. ey have
rather short tubes and nearly at upper lips, very hairy above, with
long, woolly hairs. e two front stamens are the longest and the
151
anthers are sprinkled with hard, shining dots.
e plant blossoms in August. It has rather a pungent odour and a
very bitter taste. It is a dull green, the leaves paler below, pubescent,
especially on the angles of the stem and the underside of the leaves,
the hairs varying much in length and abundance.
e name of the genus, Leonurus, in Greek signies a Lion’s tail,
from some fancied resemblance in the plant.
Cultivation. When once planted in a garden, Motherwort will
soon increase if the seeds are permitted to scatter. It is perfectly
hardy and needs no special soil, and the roots will continue for
many years.
Seedlings should be planted about a foot apart.
Part Used. e whole herb, dried, cut in August. e drying may
be carried out in any of the ways described for Scullcap.
Medicinal Action and Uses. Diaphoretic, antispasmodic, tonic,
nervine, emmenagogue. Motherwort is especially valuable in
female weakness and disorders (hence the name), allaying nervous
irritability and inducing quiet and passivity of the whole nervous
system.
As a tonic, it acts without producing febrile excitement, and in
fevers, attended with nervousness and delirium, it is extremely
useful.
Old writers tell us that there is no better herb for strengthening
and gladdening the heart, and that it is good against hysterical
complaints, and especially for palpitations of the heart when they
arise from hysteric causes, and that when made into a syrup, it will
allay inward tremors, faintings, etc. ere is no doubt it has proved
the truth of their claims in its use as a simple tonic, not only in
heart disease, neuralgia and other aections of the heart, but also
in spinal disease and in recovery from fevers where other tonics are
inadmissible.
e best way of giving it is in the form of a conserve, made from
the young tops. It may be given in decoctions, or a strong infusion,
but is very unpleasant to take that way. e infusion is made from
1 oz. of herb to a pint of boiling water, taken in wineglassful doses.
152
Preparations and Dosages. Powdered herb, ½ to 1 drachm. Fluid
extract, ½ to 1 drachm. Solid extract, 5 to 15 grains.
Culpepper wrote of Motherwort: «Venus owns this herb and it
is under Leo. ere is no better herb to drive melancholy vapours
from the heart, to strengthen it and make the mind cheerful, blithe
and merry. May be kept in a syrup, or conserve, therefore the Latins
call it cardiaca.... It cleanses the chest of cold phlegm, oppressing it
and kills the worms in the belly. It is of good use to warm and dry
up the cold humours, to digest and disperse them that are settled
in the veins, joints and sinews of the body and to help cramps and
convulsions.»
And Gerard says: «Divers commend it against inrmities of the
heart. Moreover the same is commended for green wounds; it is
also a remedy against certain diseases in cattle, as the cough and
murreine, and for that cause divers husbandmen oentimes much
desire it.»
Tasks:
1. Write out from the text words with suxes: -ly, -ish, -ness,
-ful. State the parts of speech of those words, translate them into
Russian.
2. Match the two parts of word combinations.
1) calcareous a) doses
2) medicinal b) odour
3) nervous c) soil
4) hysterical d) extract
5) wineglassful e) purpose
6) uid f) complaints
7) bitter g) irritability
8) pungent h) taste
3. Translate these word combinations with nouns used as
attributes.
Country gardens, garden escape, female weakness, heart disease.
153
4. Read and translate word combinations with Participles.
Curved hairs, lobed and toothed leaves, dried herb, boiling water,
powdered herb.
5. Write out from the text above adjectives in comparative and
superlative degrees. Translate them.
6. Find sentences with Modal verbs.
1. Seedlings should be planted about a foot apart. 2. Molds live on
bread, fruit, paper, meat and many other substances. 3. e drying
may be carried out in any of the ways described for Scullcap. 4. He has
to take the drug,as he has a high temperature. 5. We can determine
the chemical composition of pharmaceutical preparations.
6. e teacher has given many examples. 7. ese medicines must
be kept in a cold dry place.
7. Read and translate the sentences. Pay attention to the tenseforms.
1. Medicinal plants possess very valuable constituents.
2. According to the new program the period of practical training
of pharmaceutical students has become longer. 3. e owers of
Valerian generally open from June to August. 4. At the beginning
of the 19-th century John Dalton made a great step in the history
of chemistry by his work on the atomic theory. 5. By the end
of the 18-th century, Edward Jenner had discovered a vaccine
against smallpox. 6. I have been studying English for seven years.
7. Vitamin B strengthens nervous system, take it daily. 8. Most of
the herbs which the ancient physicians gave to their patients did
not work. 9. Tell your doctor and pharmacist what prescription
and nonprescription medications you are taking.
8. Translate the sentences. Explain the use of Participle I.
1. It is a dull green, the leaves paler below, pubescent, especially
on the angles of the stem and the underside of the leaves, the hairs
154
varying much in length and abundance.
2. Motherwort is especially valuable in female weakness and
disorders (hence the name), allaying nervous irritability and
inducing quiet and passivity of the whole nervous system.
9. Answer the questions.
1. Motherwort is oen found in country gardens, isn’t it?
2. What odour and taste does it have?
3. What parts of Motherwort are used?
4. What medicinal action does this plant have?
5. What way may it be given in?
10. Give a short description of this plant.
11. Read and translate.
It is interesting to know
A Chinese text dating from the rst century A.D. describes
ginsengas «enlightening to the mind and increasing the
wisdom». Russian folklore promotes ginseng as a stimulant and
immunity booster.
Echinacea root is the most eective blood and lymphatic cleanser
in the botanical kingdom; a natural antibiotic.
e rhizome of ginger is used not only as a avoring for drinks
like ginger ale but has also been used as an herbal remedy for asthma
and coughs related to inammation or allergy.
Green Tea leaf is rich in polyphenols, which contain potent
antioxidant and anticancer properties, helps protect against cancer.
Schizandra berry increases blood supply to the brain, muscle,
liver, nerves, and the entire body; increases mental alertness,
consentration and memory.
St. John’s Wort controls viral infections, such as staph, HIV, viral
strains; reduces and controls tumour growths.
155
12. Render the text in English.
,
, , . 2
,
, , , , . 2 , ,
. , , «»
, .
«»
2
.
- , . 2-3 «» - . . ,
, .
Lesson 21.
1. Dene what words of the given ones mean doers of an action.
Use dictionary if necessary.
Copper, fever, inhibitor, over, founder, number, liver, cover,
ginger, larger, inner, leader, nger, doctor, further, proper, brewer,
remember, worm-expeller.
2. Look through the list of the words and group them into
4 categories: nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Dene the
word-building elements.
Bitterness, repeatedly, remarkable, translation, nd, exception,
antiseptic, slightly, whitish, closely, ventilation, eat, available,
collect, highly, nervous, sickness.
156
WORMWOODS
Tasks:
3. Explain the formation of these words, translate them.
Flower-head, sunlight, insect-eaten, greenhouse, airtight,
wholesale, sea-dragon.
4. Learn by heart the 4 forms of these verbs.
To hold, strew, lay, wear, grow, sow.
5. Read and translate the prepositions. Make up your own
sentences with them.
Besides, according to, with the exception of, instead of, among, as
well as, as soon as, both … and.
6. Read and translate the sentences. Pay attention to Imperatives.
1. Use this mixture 3 times a day.
2. Collect the herb only on a dry day.
3. Cut o the upper green parts.
4. Tie closely in bunches of uniform size.
5. Hang over strings in the open air, on a ne, sunny, warm day.
6. Pack in airtight boxes.
7. Dry this herb at a temperature of about 70 degrees.
7. Read and translate the sentences. Dene the predicate. Pay
attention to Modal Verbs.
1. Travellers should always carry their doctor’s telephone
number with them. 2. is vaccine may be given if you have a
substantial risk of exposure. 3. Malaria can be treated with quinine
and clindamycin. 4. You should employ nondrug remedies when
possible. 5. One can use warm compresses for muscle aches instead of
analgesic. 6. Sometimes aspirin may increase incidenceof bleeding.
7. Paromomycin must be used for the treatment of giardiasis.
8. Analyse the sentences with the Absolute Participle
Construction. Translate them into Russian.
1. e room may also be heated, care being taken that the window
is kept open during the day. 2. e essential oil of the herb is used
157
as a worm-speller, the spirituous extract being preferable to that
distilled in water. 3. e amount of phosphorus being small in food,
children may develop general health impairment.
9. Ask as many special questions as possible.
e Wormwoods are members of the great family of Compositae
and belong to the genus Artemisia, a group consisting of 180 species.
10. Learn the words by heart.
to set forth – ,
,
ginger –
to keep away moths –
to counteract the eect of a
poison –
hemlock –
toadstool – ()
garland – ,
with the exception of –
wholesome – ,
instead of – -.
to be in much request –
hop –
putrefaction – ,
on that account – -;
fomentation –
perennial –
158
ower-stalk –
pendulous – ,
tu –
pappus – ,
to propagate – ;
cutting – , (, )
to sow (sowed; sowed/sowen) –
weed –
dew –
tindery –
wholesale –
chief constituent –
acrid taste –
potash – ,
febrifuge –
()
anthelmintic = vermifuge –
nervine tonic –
branched –
pinnatid – ( )
leafy –
woody –
owering stem –
linear – , ,
blunt –
leaf-stalk – ,
to be slightly winged –
panicle – ( )
atulence – ( , )
enfeeble –
digestion –
debility –
disorder of the stomach –
dispel – , ()
dropsical – ,
beanstalk –
broom –
ague – (.)
medicinal virtues –
11. Read and translate the text.
WORMWOODS
Botanical: N. O. Compositae
e Wormwoods are members of the great family of Compositae
and belong to the genus Artemisia, a group consisting of 180 species.
e whole family is remarkable for the extreme bitterness of
all parts of the plant: «as bitter as Wormwood» is a very Ancient
proverb.
e genus is named Artemisia from Artemis, the Greek name for
Diana. In an early translation of the Herbarium of Apuleius we nd:
«Of these worts that we name Artemisia, it is said that Diana
did nd them and delivered their powers and leechdom to Chiron
the Centaur, who rst from these Worts set forth a leechdom, and
he named these worts from the name of Diana, Artemis, that is
Artemisias.»
159
WORMWOOD, COMMON
Botanical: Artemisia absinthium
Family: N. O. Compositae
Synonym. Green Ginger.
Part Used. Whole Herb.
Habitat. Europe, Siberia, and United States of America.
e Common Wormwood held a high reputation in medicine
among the Ancients. Tusser (1577), in July’s Husbandry, says:
«While Wormwood hath seed get a handful or twaine
To save against March, to make ea to refraine:
Where chamber is sweeped and Wormwood is strowne,
What saver is better (if physick be true)
For places infected than Wormwood and Rue?
It is a comfort for hart and the braine
And therefore to have it is not in vaine.»
Besides being strewn in chambers as Tusser recommended, it
is used to be laid among stus and furs to keep away moths and
insects.
According to the Ancients, Wormwood counteracted the eects of
poisoning by hemlock, toadstools and the biting of the sea-dragon.
e plant was of some importance among the Mexicans, who
celebrated their great festival of the Goddess of Salt by a ceremonial
dance of women, who wore on their heads garlands of Wormwood.
With the exception of Rue, Wormwood is known to be the bitterest
herb, but it is very wholesome and used to be in much request by
brewers for use instead of hops. e leaves resist putrefaction,
and have been on that account a principal ingredient in antiseptic
fomentations.
Description. e root is perennial, and from it arise branched,
rm, leafy stems, sometimes almost woody at the base. e owering
stem is 2 to 2 1/2 feet high and whitish, being closely covered with
ne silky hairs. e leaves, which are also whitish, on both sides
from the same reason are about 3 inches long by 1 ½ broad, cut into
deeply and repeatedly (about three times pinnatid), the segments
being narrow (linear) and blunt. e leaf-stalks are slightly winged
160
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