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Файл:Взгляд на фармацию. Учебное пособие для студентов фармацевтического факультета
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Tasks:
1. Read aloud and dene parts of speech.
Nervous, circulatory, urinary, alimentary, substance, nitrogenous,
information, regulate, cartilage, function, passage, skeletal, transportation, concentrate, ligament, digestive, cellular, communicate,
chiey, reproductive, regulatory.
2 . Find in the text the equivalents of the following word
combinations:
, , ,
, , , , , , .
3. Read aloud and translate the following word combinations:
Nine main systems of the body, the circulatory system, chief function, urinary system, ligaments and cartilages, bloodstream, necessary means, heart and blood vessels, special substances, to process
information, to communicate information, to remove carbon dioxide, kidneys, bladder, blood constituents, a number of glands, to
discharge the urine, to regulate activities.
4. Make up the forms of Past Participle and Present Participle.
Translate these forms.
Pump, associate, move, receive, communicate, process, produce,
call, carry, enter, remove, store, discharge, consist.
5. Read and say if it is true or false.
1. ere are ve main systems of the body.
2. e skeletal system consists of the bones, the ligaments and
cartilages.
3. e main function of the circulatory system is transportation.
4. e nervous system consists of the brain, the spinal cord and the
blood vessels.
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5. e nutrients are carried by the bloodstream.
6. e waste products are discharged by the muscular system.
7. e endocrine system produces regulatory substances called
hormones.
6 . Dene the functions of the verb «to be».
1. e abdomen is the largest cavity in the body. 2. e chief
function of the skeletal muscles and their associated structures is to
move us. 3. e liver, the kidneys, the stomach, the bowels and the
bladder are inside the abdomen. 4. e chief functionof the urinary
system is to remove nitrogenous and other wastes and thereby to
regulate the concentration of many blood constituents. 5. We are
to nish our experiment in two weeks. 6. e main function of the
respiratory system is to convey oxygen to the depths of the lungs.
7. Muscles are assisting in the body movement.
7. Read and translate the sentences. Dene the functions of Past
Participle.
1. Received portion of the blood is pumped through the blood
vessels.2. e chief function of the skeletal muscles and their
associated structuresis to move the man. 3. Special substances
are required by cells. 4. Cellular wastes are carried away by the
bloodstream. 5. e urine is discharged throughthe urethra.
6. Regulatory substances produced by the glands are called
hormones. 7. Oxygen entered the bloodstream can remove
carbon dioxide.
8. Read aloud and translate into Russian the following sentences.
Analyse them, explain the function of Gerund.
1. Washing hands is important. 2. e habit of putting coins
into the mouth is dangerous. 3. e habit of spitting in public
places is insanitary. 4. Eating quickly is unhealthy. 5. ey like
reading. 6. We preserve food by adding salt to it. 7. By introducing
into the body the weak or dead germs of the kind that cause the
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disease, the activity of the white corpuscles increases. 8. He likes
walking very much. 9. She was tired of telling him not to be lazy.
10. Before going to bed I take a walk. 11. Aer resting a little
I have supper. 12. Upon returning home I read up for my lessons.
13. I do my lessons aer coming from academy. 14. He started
reading newspapers in English. 15. She stopped talking. 16. ere
was no opportunity of leaving the house.
9. Find the sentences with Gerund in the text. Translate them.
10. Answer the following questions.
1. What are the main systems of the body?
2. What does the skeletal system consist of?
3. What is the chief function of the skeletal system?
4. What system is used for receiving and communicating
information?
5. What does the bloodstream remove from the body?
6. Where is the urine stored?
7. What does the urinary remove?
8. What is the main function of the endocrine system?
11. Retell the text using the following word combinations.
ere are nine …
e skeletal system consists of …
e circulatory system includes …
e digestive system consists of …
e respiratory system contains …
e urinary system consists of …
e endocrine system contains …
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Lesson 12.
1. Read, dene word-building elements and explain the meanings
of the following words: asymmetrical, deoxygenated.
2. Read and dene the parts of speech.
un- : unnecessary, unknown, unconscious, unhappy, unpleasant;
dis- : discovery, disturbance, discomfort, disability, disappear,
dislike.
3. Read and translate the sentences. Finish the sentences using
Passive Voice.
1. e ventricles force the blood out of the heart. e blood … .
2. e atria pump the blood into the ventricles. e blood … .
3. e right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs. e blood … .
4. e le atrium sends the blood to the le ventricle. e
blood … .
5. e le ventricle pumps oxygenated blood through the aortic
valve into the aorta. e blood … .
HEART ANATOMY
Tasks:
4. Put in the necessary prepositions.
1. e heart is made up … four chambers. (of, to)
2. e ventricles force the blood … dierent parts of the body.
(to, up)
3. e blood picks … oxygen in the lungs. (of, up)
4. e blood travels … the aorta. (to, through)
5. e body uses food and oxygen carried … the blood. (by, to)
5. Read and translate the following sentences. Analyse the forms
of Participles.
1. Oxygen and nitrogen are mixed together in the atmosphere.
2. e nurse is taking the blood for analysis. 3. e abnormalities
are revealed by the laboratory researchers. 4. We are listening to
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the lecture in Physics.5. Every small bottle or box has a label with
a name of the medicine stuck on it. 6. e experienced doctor was
performing a very complex operation.7. e ointment rubbed in
relieved the skin irritation in three days.
6. Read aloud, translate and learn the following speech patterns;
make up short dialogues.
1. Excuse my being late.
2. Excuse my disturbing you.
3. Excuse my butting in.
4. Excuse my interrupting you.
5. Excuse my calling you by your rst name.
6. ank you for being so kind.
7. ank you for giving me that book to read.
8. ank you for coming.
9. ank you for inviting me for dinner.
10. ank you for your help.
7. Read and translate the sentences. Dene the «ing-form» and
its function.
1. Nervous system is used for receiving communicating
information. 2. e skeletal muscles moving the body are
contracted. 3. Moving the body the skeletal muscles are contracted.
4. Normal work of the body is achieved by removing the waste
products. 5. e circulatory system consisting of the heart and
blood vessels is a transportation system. 6. e bloodstream is
used for conveying the nutrients. 7. e endocrine system is the
system regulating activities of the organism. 8. e air passages
leading to the lungs convey oxygen to them.9. e nervous system
is a complex information system with all the necessary means for
receiving processing and communicating information.
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8. Read and learn the following words:
about the size of your st –
chest –
top chamber –
ventricle –
bottom chamber –
to force blood out of the heart –
to pick up –
valve –
to travel through the aorta –
to provide –
the rest of the body –
.
to contract –
9.Read and translate the text.
HEART ANATOMY
e heart is a muscle. It pumps blood to the head and the body. It is
about the size of your st and sits just to the le of the middle of your
chest. e heart is asymmetrical. It is made up of 4 chambers. e
top 2 chambers are called the atria. e atria collect blood returning
to the heart. e atria then pump the blood into the ventricles.
e bottom 2 chambers are called the ventricles. e ventricles are
larger than the atria, and the le one is more muscular. When the
ventricles contract they force blood out of the heart to dierent
parts of the body. e body uses food and oxygen carried by the
blood. e blood returning to the heart has had oxygen removed.
is «deoxygenated»blood collects in the right atrium. e blood
in the right atrium goes into the right ventricle. e right ventricle
pumps blood to the lungs where the blood picks up oxygen. Once
the blood picks up oxygen in the lungs, it is ready to be used by
the body again. e oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart and
collects inside the le atrium. e le atrium contracts and sends
the blood to the le ventricle. e le ventricle contracts and pumps
oxygenated blood through the aortic valve into the aorta. e blood
then travels through the aorta, providing life-sustaining oxygen and
nutrients to the body.
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So:
1) Blood with lower oxygen content collects in the right atrium.
2) e right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs.
3) Oxygen-rich blood collects in the le atrium.
4) e le ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood to the head and the
rest of the body.
Tasks:
1. Read and translate the following word combinations:
To pump blood, to be made up of 4 chambers, to be called the
atria, to collect blood, to use oxygen and food, right and le, aortic
valve, to provide life-sustaining oxygen and nutrients.
2. Write the plural forms of the nouns.
Chamber, atrium, ventricle, foot, analysis, lung, body, nutrient,
bacterium.
3. Study the text and say which statements below are true and
which are false. Correct the false ones using the text.
1. e heart is not a muscle, it is a large valve.
2. e heart is symmetrical.
3. e top 2 chambers are called the ventricles.
4. e body uses food and oxygen carried by the blood.
5. is «deoxygenated» blood collects in the right atrium.
6. e right ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body.
3. Scan the text, nd sentences with ing-forms and dene their
functions. Translate the sentences.
4. Review the text and answer the following questions.
1. Is the heart a muscle?
2. Where does it pump blood to?
3. What is the size of the heart?
4. How many chambers is the heart made up of?
5. What are the atria?
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6. What are the ventricles?
7. Where does blood with lower oxygen content collect?
8. e right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, doesn’t it?
9. Where does oxygen-rich blood collect?
6. Make up your own sentences beginning with the word «e
blood … .»
7. Give general description of heart anatomy.
Lesson 13.
1. Find the words of Latin origin.
Heart, oesophagus, tooth, pancreas, mouth, duodenum, blood,
stomach, liver, fat, ileocecal, body, appendix, rectum, tongue,
extremity, lip, arm.
2. Choose adjectives in comparative and superlative degrees.
Translate them.
Large, smallest, interesting, worse, long, best, more important,
widest, narrow, simple, less, stronger, most beautiful.
3. Read and translate the sentences. Pay attention to the degrees
of comparison of adjectives.
1. e brain is the most complicated mechanism. 2. Aer
treatment his condition did not become worse. 3. is operation
makes him weaker. 4. e liver was aected most of all. 5. Now
he has more opportunities to work with this scientic problem.
6. e more experiments the better results. 7. ese articles are
referred to in a lesser degree.
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Tasks:
4. Translate the sentences with subordinate clauses.
1. Products of protein, fat, and carbohydrate digestion are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract by the liver in which they
undergo further chemical processes. 2. e liver destroys toxic
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substances which are usually formed in the intestinal tract.
3. ere are some species of aloes that are quite dierent from
the medicinal aloes. 4. Solid substances may become liquids if we
heat them to a proper temperature. 5. Leaves are collected when
they are fully developed.
5. Form Passive Voice of the following verbs.
Line, form, mix, absorb, suck, carry, open, call, classify.
6. Put the necessary form of the verbs.
1. e digestive system (consists, is consisted) of the lips, teeth.,
tongue, salivery glands, etc.
2. e alimentary canal (lines, is lined) with mucous membrane.
3. e food (mixes, is mixed) with digestive juice.
4. e juices (alter, are altered) the food by means of ferments.
5. Substances (carry, are carried) to all parts of the body.
6. e liver (classies, is classied) as a part of the digestive system.
7. e liver (stores, is stored) vitamin D.
7. Dene the functions of Innitive. Translate the sentences.
1. e students also learn to carry out qualitative analyses in the
chemical laboratories.
2. Galen was the rst to describe completely and accurately the
structure of the body.
3. To improve training of future specialists in pharmacy every
institute should also have its own chemist’s shop.
4. Germs are so small that we cannot see them with the naked eye.
5. e bile of the liver helps to convert fat.
8. Dene the function of the verb «to do» in the sentence.
1. We must not fear drugs but learn to understand what they can
do and cannot do.
2. Do not exceed the expiry date printed on the package.
3. It is dicult to nd a bright owered plant which blooms as
early as does the Adonis.
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4. Not all of these side eects may occur, if they do occur they may
need medical attention.
5. It may not be known whether many medicines work exactly the
same way they do in younger adults or if they cause dierent
side eects in elder people.
6. In deciding to use a medicine, the risk of taking the medicine
must be weighed against the good it will do.
7. ere is some evidence that molecules do exist in solution of
certain typical salts at high ion concentration.
9. Read and learn the following words:
salivary glands –
oesophagus –
pancreas –
to extend – ,
to line with mucous membrane
–
to chew –
to keep chewing –
to force onward –
to facilitate – ,
to alter – ,
to suck –
residue –
to absorb – ,
indigestible –
to coil –
to empty – ,
to pour – ,
to occur – ,
duodenum –
to store –
storage –
conversion – ,
vermiform appendix –
ileocecal valve –
to convert fat –
( )
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