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10. Read and learn the following words:
native – родной
to break actively – активно
врываться (вторгаться)
achievement – достижение
exchange – обмен
to promote – способствовать
development – развитие
introduction – введение,
внедрение
updating – модернизация
know-how – ноу-хау
main obligation – основная
обязанность
educated – образованный
according to – согласно
the WHO (the World Health
Organization) – Всемирная
организация здравоохранения
essential skills – необходимые
умения
care – забота, попечение;
внимание
dеcision – решение
graduate – выпускник
in order to – для того, чтобы
in the original –в оригинале
outlook – кругозор
to escape – избегать
ability – способность
particular – особый
eld – область
in real time – в реальном времени
etc – и т.д.
access – доступ
competence – способность,
умение; компетентность
within the framework – в рамках
by means of – посредством
to master English – владеть
английским языком
to increase – увеличивать(ся),
возрастать
capacity (for) – способность
awareness – знание,
осведомленность
community – сообщество
to acquire – овладеть (навыком),
приобретать
11. Read and translate the text.
ENGLISH AND ITS ROLE FOR MEDICAL STUDENTS
Nowadays English is the most important language in the world.
e native speakers of English live in Great Britain, the United
States of America, Australia and New Zealand. English is one of
the ocial languages in the Irish Republic, Canada, and the South
Africa. English is one of the ocial languages of the United Nations
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and other political organizations. So, over 300 million people speak
it as a mother tongue.
Scientic and medical achievements break actively into life.
Exchange of scientic information promotes wide development
and introductionof science into practice in dierent countries. Half
of the world’s scientic literature is in English.
Among all professional activities, the medical practice mostly
needsa constant updating of know-how. at’s why a good
knowledge of foreign languages by medical students is the main
obligation of tomorrow’s medical doctors. To know English today
is absolutely necessary for every educated man, for every good
specialist in medicine.
According to the WHO, doctors of tomorrow must be the «vestar doctors». ey must have universally essential skills: the careprovider, decision-maker, communicator, community leader and
manager. e range of skills to prepare a «ve-star doctor» should
be acquired by every graduate.
In order to achieve these, medical students should study and work
hard. Life-long learning in medicine is a natural process. Qualied
doctors must read a lot of special books and foreign medical
journals in the original. It makes doctor’s outlook wider and helps
him to escape many mistakes, to develop abilityto discover how to
nd important knowledge and information about a particular eld
of medicine, to develop ability to work in real time: the Internet,
e-mail, etc. Knowledge of English helps students to nd access to
competence withinthe framework of their profession. And by means
of autonomous learning and mastering English, they can increase
their intercultural awareness and capacity for progress in education
and play a full and active role in community and in profession.
Tasks:
1. Read aloud, dene the parts of speech and translate them into
Russian.
English, obligation, speaker, Irish, achievement, native, ocial,
nation, political, scientic, medical, information, absolutely, doctor,
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specialist, ability, introduction, development, capacity, profession,
universally, essential, particular, community, mostly, organization,
activity, autonomous.
2. Find the pairs of antonyms.
English, native, to live, life, wide, good, tomorrow, active, to nd,
to increase, long.
Short, to die, bad, Russian, passive, to decrease, foreign, death,
narrow,to lose, yesterday.
3. Analyse and nd which of the words does not suit here:
1. a) Great Britain b) Canada c) the WHO d) the USA
2. a) study b) be c) speak d) among
3. a) in b) of c) range d) about
4. a) updating b) medical c) scientic d) natural
5. a) leader b) full c) manager d) provider
4. Complete the following sentences.
1. English is the most important… .
2. e native speakers of English live in… .
3. Over 300 million people… .
4. Scientic and medical achievements… .
5. According to the WHO, doctors of tomorrow must… .
6. Qualied doctors must read a lot of… .
7. To know English today is absolutely… .
5. Find in the text adjectives in comparative and superlative
degrees. Translate them.
6. Learn the four forms of the given verbs by heart.
to be was, were been being быть,находиться
to do did done doing делать
to have had had having иметь
to know knew known knowing знать
to make made made making делать
to read read read reading читать
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to speak spoke
to think thought
to write wrote
spoken
thought
written
speaking
говорить
thinking думать
writing писать
7. Write out from the text three sentences in Present Simple,
make them interrogative and negative.
8. Answer the following questions.
1. What language is the most important one in the world?
2. Where do the native speakers of English live?
3. How many people speak English as their mother tongue?
4. Why is a good knowledge of foreign languages the main
obligationof tomorrow’s doctors?
5. Should medical students study and work hard in order to achieve
a good knowledge of English?
6. Can it increase their professional and intercultural outlook?
7. Do you like to study English?
9. Give a summary of the text.
10. Read and translate the text.
ere are some rules of memory. It is necessary to repeat the
material every three days. If you don’t repeat the material within
three days most of the information vanishes as if you have never
learnt it. It is better to memorize material before you go to bed.
You will memorize it more quickly. It is very useful to listen to the
material you are learning to memorize the pronunciation. One
should also know that we get 90% of information by teaching others,
only 20% by listening, and 30% by seeing.
11. Express your opinion why it is so important to study
English now.
12. Discuss with your partner. What do you think?
English is regarded as the global language – but will this still be
true for the 21-st century? e world which it uses is going through
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such huge changes that there is a possibility it will lose its place as
the world’s most important language.
Lesson 2. MEDICINE: HISTORY
Tasks:
1. Refer the words to «Noun»; «Adjective» «Adverb» or «Verb»
columns.
Prehistoric, physician, greatly, surgical, treatment, operation,
trepanation, instrument, medical, treat, internal, prevention,
successfully, religion, probably, achievement, founder, tribal,
Egyptian, amputation.
2. Add -(e)d to the verbs, put them in the correct column, then
read them out:
[id] [d] [t]
aer [t],[d] aer voiced sounds aer voiceless sounds
Believe, develop, specialize, contribute, ock, dedicate, pacify,
heal, reect, produce, try, stress, involve, inuence, include,
consider, compose, call.
3. Form Past Simple of the following verbs.
Cause; develop; do; treat; believe; perform; use; have; describe; be.
4. Learn the four forms of the given verbs by heart.
to become became become becoming
to begin began begun beginning (c)
to cut cut cut cutting
to drive drove driven driving
to get got got getting
to give gave given giving
to seek sought sought seeking
to show showed shown showing
5. Put the verbs in brackets into Past Simple.
1. (to know) Hippocrates … little of anatomy and physiology.
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2. (to make) e ancient Egyptians … important medical progress.
3. (to call, to be) Asklepios (the Roman … him as Aesculapius) …
the god of medicine.
4. (to be) Hygeia … the daughter of Asklepios.
5. (to create) Hippocrates … medicine on the basis of experiments.
6. (to live) My family … in that house many years ago.
6. Change Present into Past Simple. Use the markers: yesterday,
ago, last week, in 1995, etc.
1. e students study theoretical subjects.
2. ey have practical classes in special subjects.
3. ey discuss the paper.
4. You answer well at the lesson.
5. My family live in that house.
6. He writes a book on grammar.
7. e books are on the table.
7. Read and translate the sentences. Make them interrogative.
1. Egyptian physicians began to specialize. 2. Some physicians
treated only diseases of the eyes or teeth. 3. Some physicians
specialized in internal diseases. 4. She needed the book
.
5. e nature of life was interesting to man. 6. He used a fruit diet.
7. e ancient Chinese developed the practice of acupuncture.
8. Read and translate the following sentences. Put them into
Present Simple.
1. He carried the microscope yesterday. 2. We helped the sick man.
3. Reports in the newspapers reected popular interest. 4. Many
people suered from respiratory diseases. 5. I opened the window
although it was cold. 6. ey gavea very good and interesting
account of the experiment. 7. He prepared that paper very well.
8. It was really a very good piece of advice.
9. Make up as many questions as you can.
1. Many people understood the advantages of vaccination.
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2. e students worked much in class, at the laboratories, and
libraries.
10. Read and learn these words and word combinations:
to believe – ; ,
angry gods –
evil spirits –
to cause a disease –
tribal priests –
surgical treatment –
to involve –
skull –
to release – ,
;
to develop –
internal diseases –
ancient –
to contribute (to) –
acupuncture – ,
to prevent – ,
prevention –
as well as –
surgeon –
to perform an operation –
to include – ;
plastic surgery –
sick people –
god of healing –
to seek magic cures –
natural cause –
physician = doctor –
to consider – ,
oath –
to compose (from) – ()
a number of – ,
the number of –
source –
rather than –
health –
important contribution –
to perform experiments –
ndings – ,
reason – , ,
to produce –
to sum up –
meningitis –
tetanus –
to inuence education –
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11. Read and translate the text.
MEDICINE: HISTORY (part 1)
In prehistoric times, people believed that angry gods or evil spirits
caused disease. e rst «physicians» – the tribal priests tried to
pacify the gods or drive out the evil spirits. e rst known surgical
treatment wasan operation called trepanation. It involved use of a
stone instrument to cut a hole in a patient’s skull, perhaps to release
evil spirits.
By about 3000 B.C., the Egyptians, who had developed one of the
world’s rst great civilizations, began making important medical
progress. Egyptian physicians began to specialize. Some physicians
treated only diseases of the eyes or teeth. Others specialized in internal
diseases. Other ancient Middle Eastern civilizations also contributed
to medical progress. e ancient Chinese, for example, developed
medical practices that had been handed down almost unchanged
to the present day. ey developed the practice of acupuncture.
In ancient India, the practice of medicine stressed the prevention
as wellas the treatment of illness. Indian surgeons successfully
performed many kinds of operations, including amputations and
plastic surgery. e civilizationof ancient Greece was at its peak
during the 400’s. roughout this period, sick people ocked to
temples dedicated to the Greek god of healing, Asclepius, seeking
magical cures. But at the same time, the great physician Hippocrates
began showing that disease has only natural causes. He thus became
the rst physician known to consider medicine a science and art
separate from the practice of religion. e Hippocratic Oath, an
expression of early medical ethics, reects Hippocrates’ high ideals.
But the oath was probably composed from a number of sources
rather than by Hippocrates himself. e Romans got most of their
medical knowledge from Egypt and Greece. eir own medical
achievements were largely in public health. e Greek physician
Galen, who practised medicine in Rome during the A.D. 100’s, made
the most important contributions to medicine in Roman times. He
performed experiments on animals and used his ndings to develop
the rst medical theories based on scientic experiments. For this
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reason heis considered the founder of experimental medicine.
During the Middle Ages the Islamic Empire of Southwest and
Central Asia contributed greatly to medicine. Avicenna, an Arab
physician, produced a vast medical encyclopedia called Cannon of
Medicine. It summed up the medical knowledge of the time and
accurately described meningitis, tetanus, and many other diseases.
e work became popular in Europe, where it inuenced medical
education for more than 600 years.
Tasks:
1. Give the four forms of the verbs. Translate them into Russian.
Cause, treat, use, develop, perform, call, release, change, include,
heal.
2. Dene the odd word. Translate all the words into Russian.
1. To treat, to cure, to heal, to develop.
2. Operation, religion, trepanation, amputation.
3. Priest, god, spirit, physician, religion.
4. Achievement, skull, eye, teeth.
3. Match the English variant with its Russian translation:
1. diseases of eyes and teeth
2. public health
3. to cause disease
4. medical achievements
5. surgical treatment
6. the most important contribu-
tion
7. scientic experiments
8. to cut a hole
9. treatment of disease
10. stone instruments
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
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4. Make the sentences complete. Translate them into Russian.
1. e rst «physicians» – the tribal priests tried to pacify the
gods … .
2. Some physicians treated … .
3. e ancient Chinese developed ... .
4. Indian surgeons successfully performed … .
5. e great physician Hippocrates began … .
6. e Greek physician Galen made … .
7. Avicenna produced … .
5. Say if it is true, false or I don’t know.
1. e rst known surgical treatment was an operation called
appendectomy.
2. Trepanation involved use of stone instrument to cut a hole in a
patient’s skull.
3. All physicians treated disease of eyes or teeth.
4. Other physicians specialized in internal diseases.
5. Some other physicians treated skin diseases.
6. e ancient Chinese developed the practice of acupuncture.
7. In ancient India, the practice of medicine stressed the prevention
only.
8. e Hippocratic oaths reects Hippocrates’ high ideals.
9. e Romans got most of their medical knowledge from Egypt,
Greece and Russia.
10. Galen performed experiments on rabbits and monkeys.
6. Change the sentences using the predicate in Past Simple and
the markers: yesterday, years ago, much time ago, in prehistoric
times, etc.
Translate the sentences.
1. People believe that angry gods or evil spirits cause disease.
2. e rst known surgical treatment is an operation called
trepanation.
3. Egyptian physicians begin to specialize.
4. ey treat only diseases of eyes or teeth.
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