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Файл:Взгляд на фармацию. Учебное пособие для студентов фармацевтического факультета
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e two lungs are not quite mirror images of each other. e right
lung, which is the slightly larger of the two, is divided into three
lobes, and the le lung is divided into two lobes.
e lungs extend from the collar-bone to the diaphragm in the
thoracic cavity. e diaphragm is a muscular partition which
separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity and aids in the
process of breathing. e diaphragm contracts and descends with
each inspiration, enlarges the area in the thoracic cavity and when
the lungs are full, the diaphragm relaxes and elevates, making
the area in the thoracic cavity smaller, and thus increasing the
air pressure in the thorax. Air then is expelled out of the lungs to
equalize the pressure; this is called expiration.
Tasks:
1. Find the odd word out:
1. a) respiration b) breathing c) secretion d) inspiration
2. a) air b) trachea c) larynx d) pharynx
3. a) alveoli b) cavity c) bronchi d) branches
4. a) machanical b) unconscious c) movement d) muscular
5. a) smallest b) smaller c) bigger d) larger
2. Match the word and its denition:
1. lung
2. trachea
3. air
4. respiration
5. cavity
6. nose
7. mouth
a) the process of breathing air in and out.
b) the part of your face above your mouth that you
use for smelling and breathing.
a) the process of breathing air in and out.
b) the part of your face above your mouth that you
use for smelling and breathing.
c) the part of your face below your nose that you
use to eat and speak.
d) a special space inside your body.
e) the mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth
and that we breathe.
f) one of the organs in your chest that ll with air
when you breathe.
g) the tube at the back of your throat that air travels
down.
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3. Find sentences with adjectives in comparative and superlative
degreesin the text. Translate them.
4. Study the text again and complete the sentences.
1. We usually think of respiration as … .
2. Air is breathed through … .
3. Aer passing through the nasal cavities …
4. In the region of the mediastinum … .
5. Each bronchus leads to … .
6. e very thin wall allows … .
7. It is possible for one lobe of the lung … .
5. Dene the function of Innitive in the following sentences.
1. Ferments have the power to convert the food substances
which can be easily absorbed. 2. e blood which ows through
the capillaries accepts the oxygen from the alveoli and deposits
carbon dioxide into the alveoli to be exhaled. 3. It is possible
for one lobe of the lung to be removed without damage to the
rest. 4. One knows that mechanism in the upper respiratory tract
serve to lter and warm the air in its journey to the lungs. 5. e
downward movement of the diaphragm reduces the internal air
pressure so that air ows into the lungs to equalize the pressure.
6. Write out from the text ve sentences in Passive. Make them
interrogative and negative.
7. Answer the following questions.
1. How is air breathed?
2. What does the air reach aer passing through the nasal cavities?
3. What is trachea?
4. How are the smallest of the bronchial branches called?
5. What does the very thin wall allow?
6. Which lung is larger?
7. How does the diaphragm work?
8. Give the summary of the text.
112
Free reading
Text 1.
DRUGS AFFECTING THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Drugs can be delivered to the lungs by inhalation, oral, or parenteral
routes. Inhalation is preferred because the drug is delivered directly
to the target tissue-the airways and is eective in doses that do not
cause signicant systemic side eects. Clinically useful drugs act by
various mechanisms, for example, by relaxing bronchial smooth
muscle, or modulating the inammatory response.
Drugs used to treat asthma. Asthma is a chronic disease that
aects approximately 10 million of the USA population. e disease
is characterized by episodes of acute bronchoconstriction causing
shortness of breath, cough, chest tightness, wheezing and rapid
respirations. ese acute symptoms may resolve spontaneously or
more oen, require therapy such as β
-agonist. A second delayed or
2
late-phase response may occur 4 to 12 hours later, and may require
treatment with steroids. Asthma, unlike chronic bronchitis, cystic
brosisor bronchiectasis, is usually not progressive disease-it does
not inevitably leadto crippling chronic obstructive lung disease.
Deaths due to asthma are infrequent, but morbidity results in
signicant hospitalization. e goal of therapyis to relieve symptoms
and to prevent recurrence of asthmatic attacks, if possible.
Adrenergic agonists.
1. Short acting drugs: Most clinically useful β-agonists have
a rapid(15 to 30 minutes) onset of action and provide relief for
5 to 6 hours. Toxic side eects, such as tachycardia, hyperglycemia
are minimized when the drugs are delivered by inhalation rather
than by systemic routes.
2. Long acting drugs: salmeterol xonatoate is chemical analog
of albuterol, but diers by having a long lipophilic side chain that
increases the anity of the drug for the β-adrenoceptor. Salmeterol
has a long duration of action, providing bronchodilation for at least
12 hours. Salmeterol has a slow onset of action and should not be
used in acute asthmatic attacks.
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Corticosteroids.
Inhaled glucocorticoids are the drugs of the rst choice in
patients with moderate to severe asthma who require inhalation
of β
-adrenergic agonists more than once daily. Severe asthma
2
may also require systemic glucocorticoids, usually for short term.
Inhaled glucocorticoids oen reduce (or eliminate) the need for
oral glucocorticoids in patients with severe asthma. To be eective
in controlling inammation, glucocorticoids must be taken
continuously.
Text 2.
BROMHEXINE-RIVO
Composition tablets:
Each 4 mg tablet contains: Bromhexine HCl 4 mg and excipients.
Each 8 mg tablet contains: Bromhexine HCl 8 mg and excipients.
Composition syrup:
4 mg/5 ml syrup:
Each teaspoonful (5 ml) contains: Bromhexine HCl 4 mg and
excipients.
10 mg/5 ml syrup:
Each teaspoonful (5 ml) contains: Bromhexine HCl 10 mg and
excipients.
erapeutical indication. Bromhexine-Rivo is indicated in
the treatment of the secretion disorders in the acute and chronic
respiratory aections.
Counter-indications. Not indicated in subjects with individual
ascertained hypersensitivity to the product.
Adverse eects. None noted.
Precautions of use. None.
Use during pregnancy and lactation. No counter indications are
noted during pregnancy. Nevertheless, consult a physician before
starting therapy.
No side eects from Bromhexine were reported in lactating in
case of assumption of the drug by the mother; consult a physician.
Dosage and way of administration.
4 mg Tablets: 1 to 2 tablets three times a day.
114
4 mg Tablets: 2 tablets three times a day.
4 mg/5 ml syrup: Adults: 1 to 2 teaspoonful three times a day;
Children: ½ to 1 teaspoonful three times a day.
10 mg/5 ml syrup: Adults: ½ to 1 teaspoonful three times a day;
Children:1 to 1 ½ teaspoonful every 24 hours.
Lactating: ½ to 1 teaspoonful every 24 hours.
Overdosage. No toxic eects due to overdose are noted since the
molecule is well tolerated even at high doses.
Special care. Administer with precaution to patients with
gastroduodenal ulcer.
Eects on driving and machine use. Bromhexine hydrochloride
does not inuence driving capacity and vigilance using machines.
Storage. Keep in a cool and dry place, protected from light. Keep
out of the reach of children. Do not exceed the expiry date printed
on the package.
Packaging. Packs containing 20 and 50 tablets.
Bottles containing 60 ml syrup.
Lesson 15.
1. Group the words into 4 categories: nouns, verbs, adjectives and
adverbs. Be ready to read and translate them.
Morphological, comprise, vesiculation, chronic, particularly,
formation, fairly, aetiopathogenetic, sensitivity, eczematous,
weakness, responsible, adequately, concentration.
2. Explain the meanings of the Greek prexes of the given words.
Hyperkeratosic, uniform, subdivide, reaction, circumstance,
exogenous, antigen, degenerative, prolong, overtax, antibody.
3. Explain the meaning of the word of Latin origin. Use dictionary
if necessary.
Nosological, hyperkeratosic, aetiopathogenetic, dermatitis,
exogenous, vasotropic.
SKIN DISEASES
Tasks:
115
4. Read and translate sentences with «due», «due to», «to be
due to».
1. e active properties dier from plant to plant due to their
biodiversity, i.e. to the plant’s genetic coding ability to produce
them. 2. e lecture on chemical properties of this substance was
delivered in due time. 3. Deaths due to asthma are infrequent, but
morbidity results in signicant hospitalization. 4. Eczema vulgare is
a synonym for contact eczema, which is due to direct contact with a
noxious substance. 5. e visible swelling in the neck is due to a lack
of iodine in the food. 6. Excessive growth such as we nd in giants is
due to oversupply of these secretions. 7. Measures taken in due time
prevented the spreading of the disease.
5. Read and translate the sentences. Pay attention to Innitive.
1. e scientic foundation of chemistry began to appear in the
18-th century. 2. Medicines to be taken orally are very oen supplied
in tablet form. 3. To obtain optimum results, it is important to
select the form of application most appropriate to the stage of the
disease texture of the patient’s skin. 4. Koch was the rstto discover
the causative agent of tuberculosis in 1882. 5. Now many scientists
try to create a new class of compounds. 6. Antibacterial drugs are
administeredto kill bacteria. 7. Dalton was the rst to describe
colour blindness.
6. Read and translate the sentences with ing-forms, dene their
functions.
1. e disease is characterized by episodes of acute
bronchoconstriction causing shortness of breath, cough, chest
tightness, wheezing and rapid respirations.2. Salmeterol has a long
duration of action, providing bronchodilation forat least 12 hours.
3. Consult a physician before starting therapy. 4. e site may, if
necessary, be covered by a protective dressing. 5. Check with your
doctor right away if you become sick while taking this medicine,
especially with severe or continuing nausea and vomiting or
diarrhea.
116
7. Read and learn the following words and word combinations:
eczema vulgare –
to be due to –
noxious – , ,
to comprise –
swelling – ,
vesiculation –
weeping –
crusts and scales –
inltration – ,
,
lichenication –
;
skin ssure –
to impose – ,
to overtax –
callosities –
nosological entity –
eczema due to sensitivity –
contact eczema –
to occur
– ;
skin irritation –
to provoke – ,
constitutional –
to aect –
lipid lm –
mantle –
()
solvents –
soaking – ,
dye-stus –
mast cells –
8. Read and translate the text.
ECZEMA VULGARE
Eczema vulgare is a synonym for contact eczema, which is due to
direct contact with a noxious substance and develops in the area of
skin that has been exposed to the substance in question.
e morphological changes typical of eczema vulgare comprise
reddening, swelling, vesiculation, weeping, the formation of crusts
and scales, and – in chronic forms of the disease – inltration,
117
lichenication, skin ssures, and hyperkeratosic callosities,
particularly on the hands and feet.
ough usually presenting a fairly uniform clinical picture, eczema
vulgare is not a single nosological entity, but can be subdivided on
the basis of aetiopathogenetic criteria into three main categories:
- Eczema due to sensitivity
- Toxic-degenerative contact eczema
- Allergic contact eczema.
Eczema due to sensitivity occurs in subjects displaying an
exceptionally high degree of cutaneous sensitivity, in whom even
minor forms of skin irritation suce to provoke an eczematous
reaction. e primary cause is a constitutional weakness, aecting
the lipid lm and acid mantle of the skin, which prevents the skin
from performing its protective function adequately.
Toxic-degenerative contact eczema develops in cases where
the skin has been subjected to prolonged contact with noxious
substances, such as alkalis, acids, solvents, etc., or where repeated
soaking or mechanical strains imposed on the skin have overtaxed
its powers of resistance. Here, once again, the individual sensitivity
of the skin plays an important role. Even the most resistant of skins
will become diseased if exposed to a high enough concentration
of the oending contact under these circumstances, however,
the disease is then referred to not as contact eczema, but as toxic
dermatitis.
Allergic contact eczema occurs as the result of sensitization
of the skin to exogenous allergens, such as chromium, nickel,
formaldehyde, dye-stus, turpentine, etc.; it is attributable to an
antigen-antibody reaction of delayed onset, i.e. of the type also
provoked by tuberculin. Responsible for the production of the
antibodies participating in this antigen-antibody reaction are
lymphocytes which, having become sensitized by the invading
allergen, subsequently multiply in the lymph nodes. Since this
process of lymphocyte sensitization and multiplication takes some
time to occur, the resultant antigen-antibody reaction is delayed –
118
in contrast to the immediate type of reaction seen in cases of shock
and urticaria, in which preformed circulating antibodies from mast
cells proceed at once the release of such direct-acting vasotropic
substances as histamine.
Tasks:
1. Dene the words of Latin origin in the passage «Eczema
vulgare».Translate them.
2. Find the words that mean:
• a medical condition in which parts of the skin become red and
sore or covered with spots;
• a tendency to have a strong physical reaction to something;
• a substance that produces an allergic reaction in someone;
• a state or condition of being weak;
• an outer layer of a person’s or animal’s body.
3. Put one of these prepositions in each of the spaces: for, on, in,
of, to.
Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. Eczema vulgare is a synonym … contact eczema.
2. e resultant antigen-antibody reaction is delayed in contrast
… the immediate type of reaction.
3. e individual sensitivity … the skin plays an important role.
4. is type of eczema occurs … subjects displaying an exceptionally
high degree of cutaneous sensitivity.
5. Repeated soaking or mechanical strains imposed … the skin
have overtaxed its powers of resistance.
4. Read, translate and dene the function of Innitive.
1. Since ancient times people tried to nd medicinal herbs and
poisonous plants. 2. e scientic foundation of chemistry began to
appear in the 18-th century. 3. To extract the fat-soluble nutrients
of a plant we have to prepare them in dierent way. 4. Vitamin C
helps to recover aer illness. 5. e tea catechols are used to treat
119
poliomyelitis and acute rheumatism and also to combat infection
of the respiratory organs. 6. e drug to be taken by this child may
prevent his disease. 7. It is dicult for pharmaceutical students to
study Chemistry. 8. ese texts are easily to translate. 9. Sizes of
tablets to be swallowed range from a few millimeters to about a
centimeter.
5. Read, translate, dene the functions of ing-forms.
1. Eczema due to sensitivity occurs in subjects displaying
an exceptionally high degree of cutaneous sensitivity. 2. e
morphological changes typical of eczema vulgare comprise
reddening, swelling, vesiculation, weeping, the formation of crusts
and scales. 3. e cream exerts a cooling eect. 4. e site may, if
necessary, be covered by a protective dressing. 5. e primary cause
is a constitutional weakness, aecting the lipid lm and acid mantle
of the skin, which prevents the skin from performing its protective
function adequately.
6. Read the article again more carefully to answer these questions.
1. What is a synonym for contact eczema?
2. What is eczema vulgare due to?
3. What do the morphological changes typical of eczema vulgare
comprise?
4. What main categories can eczema vulgare be subdivided into?
5. What is the primary cause of the «eczema due to sensitivity»?
6. When does «toxic - degenerative contact eczema» develop?
7. How does «allergic contact eczema» occur?
7. Discuss with your partner the main types of eczema vulgare,
paying attention to the symptoms of the disease.
8. Give the summary of the text, using the words:
direct contact; the morphological changes; in chronic form of the
disease; three main categories; cutaneous sensitivity; eczematous
reaction; protective function; prolonged contact with; high
concentration of; exogenous allergens; antigen - antibody reaction.
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