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8. Make up the sentences of given words and translate them.
1. exam, passed, Peter, his, has.
2. ever, been, St. Petersburg, have, to, you?
3. the, not, they, done, translation, have, yet.
4. have, books, by, ever, any, Oscar Wilde, you, read?
5. recently, visited, my, I, doctor, have.
9. Words and word combinations to be remembered.
Quaker –
to grow interested –
to study with instruments –
to pass on –
( )
to abandon (+ direct object) –
-
blind –
colour blindness –
advantage –
to be able – ,
clumsy –
slipshod –
compound – , ,
to enunciate –
indivisible –
indestructible –
to turn into –
to be dierent from –
to spell out – ,
to receive a degree –
to seize the opportunity –
to be sucient –
to come to one’s rescue – ,
to consist of –
10. Read and translate the text.
JOHN DALTON – English chemist
(September 6, 1766 – July 27, 1844)
Aer Isaac ASIMOV
Dalton came of a Quaker family and was himself a practicing
Quaker all his life. In 1778 he began teaching at a Quaker school
and grew interested in science.
41
His rst love was meteorology, and he studied the weather with
instruments he built himself. In 1793 he wrote a book on the subject,
Meteorological Observations and Essays, which qualies him as one
of the pioneersin meteorology. ough he passed on to chemistry,
he never abandoned meteorology, keeping careful daily records of
the weather for forty-six years altogether, to the day he died.
He was the rst to describe colour blindness, in a publication in
1794.He was colour-blind himself and the condition is sometimes
called daltonism. Colour blindness is not exactly an advantage to
a chemist, who must be able to see colour changes when he works
with chemicals. Perhaps that was one reason why Dalton was a
rather clumsy and slipshod experimenter.
In considering the well known properties of gases, beginning with
the experiments of Boyle, Dalton could not help supposing that
gases were made up of tiny particles, as other scientists, including
Boyle himself and Newton, had believed. But Dalton went on to
consider that all matter and not gases alone must consist of these
small particles.
Sometimes elements might combine in dierent proportions to
produce dierent compounds, but then each compound obeys the
law of denite proportions, and the two compounds are closely
related in this respect. e law of multiple proportions was clearly
enunciated by Dalton in 1803.
Dalton held that all elements were composed of extremely tiny,
indivisible, and indestructible atoms and that all the substances
we know are composedof combinations of these atoms. One
substance could be turned into another by breaking up a particular
combination and forming a new one. All the atoms of one element,
Dalton held, were exactly alike, but the atoms of each element were
dierent from the atoms of every other.
Dalton rst advanced his atomic notions in 1803, and in 1808 he
published a book, New System of Chemical Philosophy, in which he
spelled out his theories in detail.
In 1831 Dalton helped to found the British Association for the
Advancement of Science. In 1832, when he received a doctor’s
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degree from Oxford, the opportunity was seized to present him to
the King William IV. He had resisted such a presentation because
he would not wear court dress, but Oxford robes were sucient. e
only trouble was that the Oxford robes were scarlet anda Quaker
could not wear scarlet. Fortunately, Dalton’s colour blindness came
to his rescue. He calmly announced that he could see no scarlet. He
received his degree and was presented to the king in scarlet robes,
which he saw as grey.
Tasks:
1. Form new words with the help of the suxes –th, –ness and –y.
Translate them.
-th: wide, true, deep, dead, long, strong;
-ness: red, ill, happy, weak, kind, dark, blind;
-y: health, air, rain, sun.
2. Match English word combination with its Russian translation:
1. practicing Quaker
2. clumsy and slipshod experimenter
3. tiny particles
4. meteorological observations
5. particular combination
6. to study the weather
7. to keep careful daily records
8. well known properties
9. to pass on chemistry
10. to describe colour blindness
)
) ()
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
3. Find the odd word out:
1. science, chemistry, blindness, meteorology
2. weather, publication, essay, book
3. chemical, proportion, element, compound
4. indivisible, indestructible, experimenter, abnormal
43
4. Choose the right item to make the sentences complete. Be
ready to translate them.
1. In 1778 he began … at a Quaker school.
a) teaching
c) investigating
b) studying
d) performing operations
2. He studied the weather with …
a) articles
c) robots
b) observations
d) instruments
3. Gases were made … of tiny particles.
a) out
c) up
b) for
d) o
4. Dalton went on … that all matter and not gases alone must consist of these
small particles.
a) to study
c) to assume
b) to consider
d) to report
5. e law of … was clearly enunciated by Dalton in 1803.
a) gravitation
c) multiple proportions
b) diminishing return
d) average
6. One substance could be turned into another by … a particular
combination and forming a new one.
a) making up
c) turning up
b) going up
d) breaking up
7. A Quaker could not wear … .
a) scarlet
c) dark brown
b) white
d) black
5. Find in the text above the sentences with Modal verbs. Translate
them into Russian.
6. Look through the text to nd the sentences in Perfect. Translate
them into Russian.
7. Answer the following questions.
1. Where did Dalton come of?
2. When did he begin teaching at a Quaker school?
44
3. What was his rst love?
4. What did he write and when (on the subject of Meteorology)?
5. What subject did he pass on later?
6. What did he do in his publication in 1794?
7. What kind of experimenter was he?
8. Did Dalton go on to consider that all matter and not gases alone
must consist of these small particles?
9. What law was clearly enunciated by Dalton in 1803?
10. What did Dalton hold?
11. How could one substance be turned into another?
12. What book did he publish in 1808?
13. Why had he resisted a presentation to the King William IV?
14. What was the way out?
8. Ask as many special questions as you can.
Colour blindness is not exactly an advantage to a chemist, who
must be able to see colour changes when he works with chemicals.
9. Discuss with your partner the work of Dalton as a chemist.
10. Make the plan of the story and retell it according to your plan.
Lesson 4.
1. Dene the parts of speech.
Science – scientist – scientic(al); nature – natural – naturalist
– naturally; physicist – physician; young – youth; observe –
observation; achieve – achievement, evolution – evolutionary; dier
– dierent.
2. Make nouns from these verbs, using suxes: – ment and – ion .
to develop – …
to move – …
to govern – …
to treat – …
to agree – …
DARWIN, CHARLES ROBERT
Tasks:
to improve – …
to depart – …
to connect – …
to collect – …
to demonstrate – …
to dictate – …
to educate – …
to protect – …
to act – …
45
3. Learn the verbs by heart.
to bear bore born, borne bearing ,
to lead led led leading
to spend spent spent spending , ()
to stand stood stood standing
to teach taught taught teaching
4. Change the following sentences into Passive. Omit the agent if
it is not needed. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. Many dierent things interested him in his youth.
2. He made medicine his main idea.
3. ey oered him the post of a ship’s doctor.
4. e scientist made observations of the patient’s state.
5. e scientic world waited for the book.
6. ey solved the scientic problems.
7. Darwin’s book started an extensive discussion.
5. Read and translate the sentences in Perfect.
1. e girl has given their friend a report on vitamins. 2. I had
not done my work by 7 o’clock. 3. e lesson has not nished
yet. 4. Smallpox had been common for centuries in China, India
and Turkey. 5. ey had found a new method for extracting pure
penicillin. 6. You will have read these articles by the evening.
7. I have never been to London. 8. ey had prepared everything
when I came. 9. Our students will have carried out their experiments
by the end of this month.
6. Ask as many special questions as you can.
1. e ancient Greeks had called this method of medication –
phytotherapy.
2. She has never heard of his illness.
3. He will have translated this text by 3 o’clock.
46
7. Read and translate the sentences. Dene the function of the
verb «to have».
1. e students have their practical classes in a lab.
2. e lecture has just begun.
3. I had to keep a strict diet for a month.
4. Iodine has a high antibacterial potency.
5. My friend has already graduated from the University.
8. Read and translate sentences. Pay attention to the word «one».
1. English is one of the ocial languages of the United Nations
and other political organization. 2. e Periodic Law of elements
discovered by Mendeleyev is one of the basic laws of chemistry.
3. eir marriage wasa very happy one. 4. Nature would select one
group over another and by such «natural selection» more ecient
groups would replace less ecient ones. 5. You should take one
tablet of digitalis daily and stay on a salt free diet.
9. Read and learn the words:
to be born –
to be interested in –
to study medicine –
natural history –
to accept – ,
to spend (spent, spent) – ,
to make observations –
to notice –
species – ()
change –
to change – ()
to solve the scientic problem –
to return – ()
to have a great success –
to join the society –
to have an opportunity –
to discuss the problem –
natural selection –
to replace – ,
origin of species –
to appear
– ;
evidence – , ,
generation –
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10. Read and translate the text.
DARWIN, CHARLES ROBERT
(February 12, 1809 – April 19, 1882)
Charles Darwin is one of the greatest scientists ever born. Like
Einstein,he stands at the summit of human achievement.
Charles Darwin was born in 1809, in Shrewsbury, Britain. He
wasa son of a physician.
Darwin was interested in many dierent things in his youth. At
rst he studied medicine. Next, he tried to make a career in the
Church. However, he had made natural history his hobby and
had become more interested in that very subject during his stay at
Cambridge.
In 1831 he was oered the post of ship’s naturalist. Darwin
accepted and spent next ve years on the ship «Beagle». During
the voyage Darwin made observations of the geology and natural
history of the region. He noticed how species changed. But what
could cause those evolutionary changes? Darwin returned to
England in 1836 with no answer. He kept busy, trying to solve the
scientic problem, preparing several books on the voyage and the
observations he had made. e rst book «A Naturalist’s Voyage on
the «Beagle» was published in 1839. e book had a great success
and made him famous.
In 1838 he joined the Geological Society of London, serving as a
secretary. In this way, he had an opportunity to discuss the problem
of evolution.
Working much, Darwin hypothesized that creatures would adapt
themselves to dierent ways of life. us, Nature would select one
group over another andby such «natural selection» more ecient
groups would replace less ecient ones.
Darwin’s scientic work naturally led to the publishing of his
famous and great work «On the Origin of Species by Means of
Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the
Struggle for Life». It appeared in 1859. e scientic world was
waiting for the book.
One of the most important results of Darwin’s work was the
demonstration that the evolution of plants and animals gave no
48
evidence of divine guidance. e very fact led to a conict between
the scientist and those who defended the Bible’s account of the origin
of the human race. Darwin’s book starteda violent controversy that
lasted for generations.
Charles Darwin died in 1882 and he was buried in Westminster
Abbey. However, this burial in Westminster Abbey was the only
honour ever granted him by the Government of Great Britain.
Tasks:
1. Refer the words to N (noun), Adj (adjective), Adv (adverb) or
V (verb) columns.
Greatest, achievement, scientist, make, natural, naturalist,
spend, observation, could, scientic, famous, opportunity, discuss,
naturally, generation, region, ecient, demonstration.
2. Match the words and be ready to translate the phrases:
1) to make
2) to solve
3) to join
4) to have
5) to discuss
a) the Geological Society
b) an opportunity
c) problem
d) an observation
e) the scientic problem
3. Match the two parts of the sentences.
1. He stands …
2. Darwin was interested…
3. He spent …
4. He noticed …
5. Darwin joined the Geologi-
cal Society...
6. More ecient groups …
7. at very fact …
a) next ve years on the ship
«Beagle».
b) how species changed.
c) serving as a secretary.
d) would replace less ecient
ones.
e) at the summit of human
achievement.
f) led to a conict between the
scientist and those who defended the Bible’s account.
g) in many dierent things in
his youth.
49
4. Say, if it is true or false. If false, correct the statement.
1. Charles Darwin was born in 1809 in Shrewsbury.
2. He was a son of an ocer.
3. He had made teaching his hobby.
4. In 1831 he was oered the post of ship’s naturalist.
5. Darwin spent seven years on the ship «Beagle».
6. During his voyage he noticed how species changed.
7. His rst book appeared in 1817.
8. In 1840 he joined the Anatomical Scientic Society.
9. Working much, Darwin hypothesized that creatures would
adapt themselves to dierent ways of life.
10. Darwin’s scientic work led to the publishing of his famous
book «On the Origin…».
5. Find in the text sentences with the verb «to have». Dene its
function and translate the sentences.
6. Make the sentences negative.
1. All the students have done their exercises.
2. We had nished our task by Saturday.
3. Now many more substances with antibiotic activity have been
discovered
4. e students have attended all the lectures today.
7. Make the sentences interrogative.
1. My parents have lived here since 1996.
2. New experiments have already been carried out.
8. Explain the choice of tenses in the sentences. Translate them.
1. Darwin hypothesized that creatures would adapt themselves to
dierent ways of life.
2. He noticed how species changed.
3. One of the most important results of Darwin’s work was the
demonstration that the evolution of plants and animals gave no
evidence of divine guidance.
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