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5. e ancient Chinese develop medical practices.
6. e civilization of ancient Greece is at its peak.
7. Sick people ock to temples dedicated to the Greek god of
healing, Asclepius, seeking magical cures.
8. He becomes the rst physician known to consider medicine a
science and art separate from the practice of religion.
7. Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions.
1. Indian surgeons successfully performed many kinds …
operations.
2. His work is popular … Europe.
3. Other ancient Middle Eastern civilizations also contributed …
medical progress.
4. e Romans got most … their medical knowledge … Egypt and
Greece.
5. Medical encyclopedia called Cannon of Medicine inuenced
medical education … more than 600 years.
6. It involved use of a stone instrument to cut a hole … a patient’s
skull.
8. Make up questions to the underlined words.
1. In ancient times, physician did not touch the human body
directly.
2. e civilization of ancient Greece was at its peak during the
400’s.
3. In ancient times, physicians used herbs to treat patients.
4. e rst surgeons lived in prehistoric times.
5. e ancient surgeons had almost no knowledge of anatomy and
physiology.
9. Look through the text again. Be ready to answer the questions.
1. What did people believe in prehistoric times?
2. What was the rst known surgical treatment?
3. How did they perform the operation?
4. What did the Egyptians begin doing by about 3000 B. C.?
31
5. How did other ancient Middle Eastern civilizations also
contributeto medical progress?
6. Who developed the practice of acupuncture?
7. When was the civilization of ancient Greece at its peak?
8. What is Hippocrates famous for?
9. Where and when did the Greek physician Galen practise
medicine?
10. What did Avicenna produce?
10. Retell the story, using the plan of your own.
Text 2: MEDICINE: HISTORY (part II)
Tasks:
1. Dene the parts of speech. Translate the words.
Medical, scientic, cultural, numerous, professor, alcoholic,
various, experiment, eective, infectious, dramatic, movement,
physician, surgical, prevention, operation, dentist.
2. Translate the words. How are they formed?
Textbook, heartbeat, pulsebeat.
3. Learn irregular verbs by heart.
to bring brought brought bringing
to break broke broken breaking ()
to go went gone going ,
to learn learnt learned learning ()
to sleep slept slept sleeping
to sweep swept swept sweeping ,
to take took taken taking ,
4. Translate the word combinations. Pay attention to the nouns
as attributes.
Stone instruments, university school, army doctor, blood
circulation, ether gas, table salt, evil spirits.
32
5. Dene the parts of speech of the words in bold type. Translate
the sentences.
1. My parents work at the chemist’s shop.
2. His work was successful.
3. e great physician Hippocrates began showing that disease has
only natural cause.
4. Certain kinds of microbes cause disease.
5. Ambroise Pare is considered the father of modern surgery.
6. He felt well aer the surgery.
6. Fill in each space of these sentences, using an appropriate
adjective from the list:
better, simpliest, the most dicult, shorter, more, most
serious, more dicult, more useful
1. e days are ______ in winter than in summer.
2. e ______ you study, the ______ you know the subject.
3. is is the ___________ way.
4. is experiment is ______ than that one.
5. And this experiment is the ______ one.
6. is new remedy is _______ in the case of u, than that one.
7. e _____ problem is to nd the new way of treatment of this
dangerous disease.
7. Read and translate the sentences. Make them negative.
1. John wrote letters to his friends. 2. My father worked at an
oce. 3. She stayed in bed with pneumonia. 4. Nick went to the
chemist’s shop two days ago. 5. We read many English books last
year. 6. His sister took the medicine three times a day. 7. In ancient
times physicians used herbs to treat patients.
8. Read and translate the sentences. Compare their tense-forms.
1. Our Academy trains pharmacists.
2. Pharmacists are trained at our Academy.
3. Every week the students attend lectures.
4. Lectures are attended by the students every week.
33
5. During practical classes our group made many experiments.
6. Many experiments were made during practical classes.
7. We shall study organic chemistry next year.
8. Organic chemistry will be studied next year.
9. Read and translate the sentences. Pay attention to Passive.
1. St. Petersburg was founded in 1703.
2. English is spoken all over the world.
3. I am oen seen in the library.
4. He will be given some heart drugs.
5. e children were given food rich in vitamins.
6. is work will be nished tomorrow.
7. We are advised to take this medicine.
10. Make these sentences interrogative.
1. is work seemed easy. 2. He dried his hands carefully. 3. She was
treated with a new drug. 4. e students went to the class yesterday.
5. e students were in the doctor’s oce. 6. Examinations are taken
in January and in June. 7. e children ate too many ices. 8. He went
to the theatre last week. 8. As she was not very well she went to a
doctor.
11. Read and learn the words:
medical advances –
the Renaissance –
to dissect –
dissection –
to improve – ()
technique – , ,
surgery – ;
to conclude –
to pump blood –
smallpox –
resistance –
to dull pain –
to administer – ,
administration – ,
to prove – ;
to reduce –
dramatic progress –
to determine –
particular –
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12. Read and translate the text.
DICINE: HISTORY (part II)
e chief medical advances in Europe during the Middle Ages
were the founding of many hospitals and the rst university medical
schools. A new scientic spirit developed during the Renaissance,
the great cultural movement that swept across Western Europe
from about 1300 to the 1600’s. During the late 1400’s and early
1500’s, the Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci performed many
dissections to learn more about human anatomy. He recorded his
ndings in more than 750 drawings. Andreas Vesalius, a physician
and professor of medicine at the University of Padua in Italy, also
performed numerous dissections. He used his ndings to write
the rst scientic textbook on human anatomy, a work called «On
the Structure of the Human Body» (1543). A French army doctor
named Ambroise Pare improved surgical techniques to such an
extent that he is considered the father of modern surgery. e
English physician William Harvey performed many experiments
in the early 1600’s to learn how blood circulates through the body.
He performed dissections on both human beings and animals and
made careful studiesof the human pulsebeat and heartbeat. Harvey
concluded that the heart pumps blood through the arteries to all
parts of the body and that the blood returns to the heart through
the veins. In 1796, an English physician named Edward Jenner
discovered a safe method of making people immune to smallpox.
e success of the experiment initiated the science of immunology
– the prevention of disease by building up resistance to it. For
thousands of years, physicians tried to dull pain during surgery by
administering alcoholic drinks, opium, and various other drugs, but
no drug proved to be really eective in reducing the pain and shock
of operations. en in the 1840’s, two Americans – Crawford Long
and William T. G. Morton – discovered that ether gas could safely
be used to put patients to sleep during surgery. Long, a physician,
and Morton, a dentist, made the discovery independently. Scientists
of the 1800’s made dramatic progress in learning the causes of
infectious diseases. Pasteur,a brilliant French chemist, proved that
35
microbes are living organisms and those certain kinds of microbes
cause disease. Koch, a German physician, invented a method for
determining which bacteria cause particular diseases.
Tasks:
1. Find in the text above words with the suxes: -ment; -al; -ion;
-ly. Translate them.
2. Find in the text above English equivalents to the given words
and word combinations.
, , ,
(), , 1500 , , , , , , , , ,
, 1400 .
3. Match both parts of the sentences to make them complete.
Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. e chief medical advances
in Europe during the Middle
Ages were
2. During the late 1400’s and
early 1500’s the Italian artist
Leonardo da Vinci performed
3. Andreas Vesalius used his
ndings
4. A French army doctor named
Ambroise Pare improved
5. e English physician Wil-
liam Harvey performed
6. In 1796, an English physician
namedEdward Jenner discovered
36
a) to write the rst scientic
textbookon human anatomy, a
work called «On the structure of
the Human Body».
b) many experiments to learn
how blood circulates through
the body.
c) a method for determining
which bacteria cause particular
diseases.
d) the founding of many hospitals and the rst university
schools.
e) many dissections to learn
more about human anatomy.
7. In 1840’s – Crawford Long
and William T.G. Morton discovered
8. Pasteur, a brilliant French
chemist, proved
9. Koch, a German physician,
invented
f) that ether gas could safely be
used to put patients to sleep during surgery.
g) a safe method of making people immune to smallpox.
h) surgical techniques to such an
extent that he is considered the
father of modern surgery.
i) that microbes are living organisms and that certain kinds of microbes cause disease.
4. Change from Active into Passive according to the model.
Model: e Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci performed many
dissections to learn more about human anatomy. – Many
dissections were performed by the Italian artist Leonardo
da Vinci.
1. He recorded his ndings in more than 750 drawings.
2. He speaks English perfectly.
3. A French army doctor Ambroise Pare improved surgical
techniques.
4. He’ll answer every question well.
5. An English physician Edward Jenner discovered a safe method of
making people immune to smallpox.
6. Everybody will see the new laboratory.
7. Scientists of the 1800’s made dramatic progress in learning the
causes of infectious diseases.
5. Write out from the text ve sentences in Past Simple Active
and Passive. Make them interrogative and negative.
6. Find and read aloud (don’t forget about the translation) the
sentences to describe:
1. e work of Leonardo da Vinci.
2. e experiments carried on by William Harvey.
3. e discovery of Edward Jenner.
37
7. Look through two texts above (part I and II). Make up a list
of meaningful historical dates showing the stages of evolution
in medicine:
th
a) in ancient
times;
b) in the Middle
Ages;
c) in the 18
centuries.
and 19th
8. Retell the text, using the phrases:
As far as I know, I think, to my mind, to the best of my knowledge,
I dare say, naturally speaking, to sum everything up.
9. Render in English.
?
I . , -
, :
. spritzen, «, », . –
. - . : ?
,
. , «».
, !
38
UNIT
Word-building • Suxes:
II
Grammar • 1. Perfect Active and Passive. 2. Sequence of
FAMOUS MEDICAL MEN
tenses. 3. Modal Verbs. 4. Construction «It is
(was) … that (who)»..
nouns: -ness, -ure, -age, -th,
-ance(-ence);
verbs: -ate, -fy, -ize, -en;
adjectives: -ful, -less, -y, -ant(-ent),
-able(-ible), -ary(-ory)
Lesson 3.
1. Read the words with sux –ure (-ture, -sure, -ssure). Consult
the dictionary if necessary.
Nature, pleasure, literature, creature, procedure, structure, future,
pressure, mixture, feature.
2. Read and translate the words. Dene the parts of speech.
Translate these words.
Meteorological, chemist, observation, instrument, presence,
careful, blindness, publication, dierent, exactly, experimenter,
clumsy, relate, daily, truth, clearly, condition, indivisible, atomic,
scientist, opportunity, assistance, advantage, tiny.
3. Learn by heart the four forms of irregular verbs.
to build built built building
to come came come coming
to grow grew grown growing
to hold held held holding
to keep kept kept keeping
to see saw seen seeing
to wear wore worn wearing
JOHN DALTON – English chemist
Tasks:
()
39
4. Put the necessary prepositions: at, in, on.
Russia, 10.00, March, work, the morning, that time, Monday, 1996,
holiday, winter, the telephone, rest, May 9-th, school, Chemistry,
night, half an hour, home, foot.
5. Read and translate the sentences. Pay attention to Modal Verbs.
1. You can read English well. 2. Learning English must increase
your range of communication. 3. Latin can help you to improve your
understanding of the thousands of English words that have their
roots in Latin. 4. English must help you to improve your knowledge
of your own language. 5. We can nd scientic information in the
Internet. 6. You may have trouble with English, if you don’t study it.
7. I can’t oer any explanations why I am late. 8. e Greeks could
diagnose illnesses. 9. She should be more attentive. 10. We should
learn foreign languages nowadays. 11. We may use this drug two or
four times a day.
6. Learn by heart the markers of Perfect Tense:
just not…yet recently by
never today lately
ever already this (week, month)
7. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to Perfect Tenses.
1. Silver occurs free in nature. People have known this white metal
from earliest times.
2. Primitive peoples in all ages have had some knowledge of
medicinal plants.
3. We have already helped him to nish his work.
4. Smallpox had been common for centuries in China, India and
Turkey.
5. Many people had died of smallpox.
6. ey had found a new method for extracting pure penicillin.
7. e scientists had made observations since ancient times.
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