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Файл:Взгляд на фармацию. Учебное пособие для студентов фармацевтического факультета
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sage – bush
Artemisia
(syn. wormwood)
Saint-John’s -Wort
spotted ~
common ~
Hypericum
Hypericum punctatum
~
~
Hypericum perforatum
Saint-Mary thistle
(syn. milk thistle )
Silybum Marianum
Carduus Marianus
~
scarlet runner Phaseolus vulgaris
( )
sea buckthorn Hippophae rham-
noides
-
sea tangle (kelp) Laminaria
senna
Indian ~
serviceberry
(syn. June- berry)
shepherd’s purse Capsella bursa –
Cassia
Cassia angustifolia
Amelanchier alniforia
pastoris
shizandra Shizandra chinensis -
sorrel (san. dock)
English ~
garden ~
Rumex
Rumex acetosa
Rumex patientia
~
~
sour cherry Cerasus vulgaris -
stramonium
stramony
strawberry
European wood ~
Datura stramonium
Datura
Fragaria
Fragaria vesca
201
Strychnine (syn.
poison nut)
Strychnine nuxvomica
()
sunower
common ~
Helianthus annuus
Helianthus annuus
~
sweetbrier Rosa majalis -
sweet cherry Prunus avium
sweet clover Melilotus -
sweet ag Acorus calamus
( )
sweet majoran Majorana hortensis
thyme
~ creeping
ymus
ymus serpyllum
()
common ~ ymus vulgaris -
tomato Lycopersicum escul-
entum
()
tree
bay ~ Laurus nobilis
beam ~ Sorbus aria
cranberry ~ Viburnum opolus -
g Ficus carica -
()
gum ~ Eucalyptus L’ Herit
lime ~ Tilia
202
pagoda ~ Sophora
peepul ~ Ficus religiosa -
pipe ~ Syringa vulgaris -
peperidge ~ Berberis vulgaris -
raisin ~ Ribes vulgare -
W
walnut Juglans regia
watermelon Citrullus vulgaris
willow
basket ~ (syn. willow osier)
white ~
bay ~ (syn. bay leaf
Salix
Salix vinimalis
Salix alba
Epilobium angustifolium
()
-
~)
witch – hazel Hamamelis
wormwood Artemisia absin-
thium
(. , -
)
Y
Yarrow (syn. mil-
foil)
Achillea millefolium
203
SUPPLEMENTARY READING
1. WHY LEARN ENGLISH
Learning to speak English well may be best thing you can do to
improve your life.
at’s right. Do you think it would be fun to have access to
information that other people can’t get? Talk and write letters to
interesting people that others can’t communicate with? Impress
people around you whenever you opened your mouth? Make big
jumps in your career, leaving others miles behind?
You can get all these if you speak English well.
Get access to knowledge
What are you interested in? Is it science? Music? Computers?
Health? Business? Sports? Today’s media – such as the Internet,
television, and the press – give you almost unlimited access to
knowledge about your favorite subjects.
Aer all, we live in the information age, don’t we?
ere’s only one problem. Most of this knowledge is in English:
87% of all pages on the Web. at’s over a billion (1,000,000,000)
pages of information! It’s amazing that learning just one language
gives you access to almost all knowledge on the Internet.
Books – on any subject, from all over the world. Read books
by British or American authors, and books translated from other
languages. Whatever you’re interested in, you can read about it in
English!
e press. Only English-language magazines and newspapers
can be bought in every part of the world. You don’t have to search
for Time, Newsweek, or the International Herald Tribune!
Science. English is the key to the world of science. In 1997,
95% of the articles in the Science Citation Index were written in
English. Only about 50% of them were from English-speaking
countries like the USA or Britain.
News reports. Watch international television networks, such
as CNN International and NBC. ey broadcast news much faster,
204
and more professionally, than smaller, national networks. And you
can watch them everywhere in the world.
Communicate with people
We like to call English «the language of communication».
Why? Because it seems all the people in the world have agreed to
use English to talk to each other.
About 1,500,000,000 people in the world speak English.
Another 1,000,000,000 are learning it.
75% of the world’s letters and postcards are written in English.
Almost all international conferences and competitions are
conducted in English. For example, the Olympics and the Miss
World contest.
Diplomats and politicians from dierent countries use
English to communicate with each other. English is the main
language of organizations like the United Nations, NATO, and
the European Free Trade Association. If you can communicate in
English, you can:
Contact people from all over the world. Talk about your
ideas and opinions on Internet discussion groups. Send e-mail to
interesting people. Learn about their life and culture.
Travel more easily. Communicate with people wherever you
go – English is spoken in more than 100 countries. Ask directions,
have a conversation, or … ask for help. Who knows, maybe English
will save your life someday!
Push your career forward!
If you want a good job in business, technology, or science, get out
of that armchair and start learning English now!
(If you already have a good job, start learning before you lose it!)
Knowing English will let you:
Put «excellent knowledge of English» on your CV. Get your
dream job, and earn more money.
Gain technical knowledge. English is the language of
technology, especially high technology like computer science,
genetics, and medicine. If you’re going to read about technology,
you’ll probably have to do it in English.
205
Learn computer science. Read technical articles without
diculty. Or write your own articles!
Be a world-class businessman (or-woman). It’s simple.
International business is done in English. And all business today is
international. So if you want to play, you have to know English – to
contact other businesspeople, go to conferences, read international
business newspapers and magazines, etc.
Become a better scientist. Contact scientists from other
countries, go to international conferences, visit academic centers
abroad. Learn about new scientic discoveries by reading papers,
books, and magazines.
Use your computer more eectively. Most computer
applications are in English, so you will understand them better –
and become a better employee.
Learn new skills for your job. e section «Get access to
knowledge» explains how English helps you to learn.
Enjoy art like never before
English lets you feel the culture of the world like no other
language. With a good knowledge of the English language, you can
do wonderful things:
Watch American and British lms in the original. Once you
try it, you’ll never go back to dubbed versions!
Read great books. Every famous book was written in English or
it was translated into English. ere is an amazing number of titles –
from classic plays like Hamlet to modern thrillers like Jurassic Park.
Enjoy English-language music more. Believe us: music is
much better if you can understand the words.
English is easy to learn
English is not only the most useful language in the world. It is
also one of the easiest languages to learn and to use:
Simple alphabet – no special symbols such as é or ä. Type in
sweet, part, lm on your computer. Now try süβ (German), (Polish),
(Russian). Which is easier?
Easy plurals – simply add -s to a word. One car, ve cars; one
telephone, two telephones… ere are very few exceptions.
206
Words are easy to learn. In French, it’s la lle and le chien. In
German, it’s das Mädchen and der Hund. In English, they’re just a
girl and a dog. And that’s all you need to know.
Short words. Most of the basic words are short: run, work, big,
go, man. Long words are oen shortened: sitcom = situational comedy, fridge = refrigerator, OS = operating system. Speaking English
saves you time.
Words don’t change. But in many languages, one word has
many forms.
Call everybody «you». You can say «Do you speak English?» to
your friend or to your teacher. In other languages, you have to use
the right word for the right person. In English, everybody is equal.
English is everywhere. You can easily access English-language
television, music, websites, magazines, etc. You don’t have to learn
from boring textbooks. You can learn and use your English at the
same time. Using your English is especially important because it
increases your desire to learn.
Get satisfaction
English is not only useful – it gives you a lot of satisfaction:
Making progress feels great. We’ll never forget the momentwe
discovered we could speak with Americans or watch TV in English.
You will enjoy learning English, if you remember that every
hour you spend gets you closer to perfection.
Using English is fun, too, because every sentence you speak or
write reminds you of your success.
English makes you a more powerful, happier person. It is not
dicult to imagine some situations where knowing English gives
you a great feeling.
We hope that, with our help, your progress in English will soon
give you a lot of satisfaction, too. Many people have followed our
methods and watched their «English power» grow very quickly.
You can read about these people in the Successful English learners
section of Antimoon.com.
207
2. ECHO AND NARCISSUS
Echo was a beautiful nymph, fond of the woods and hills, where
she devoted herself to woodland sports. She was a favorite of
Diana, and attended her in the chase. But Echo had one failing:
she was fond of talking, and whether in chat or argument would
have the last word. One day Juno was seeking her husband, who,
she had reason to fear, was amusing himself among the nymphs.
Echo by her talk contrived to detain the goddess till the nymphs
made their escape. When Juno discovered it, she passed sentence
upon Echo in these words: «You shall forfeit the use of that tongue
with which you have cheated me, except for that one purpose you
are so fond of REPLY. You shall still have the last word, but no
power to speak rst».
is nymph saw Narcissus, a beautiful youth, as he pursued
the chase upon the mountains. She loved him, and followed
his footsteps. Oh, how she longed to address him in the soest
accents, and win him to converse, but it was not in her power. She
waited with impatience for him to speak rst, and had her answer
ready. One day the youth, being separated from his companions,
shouted aloud, «Who’s here?» Echo replied, «Here.» Narcissus
looked around, but seeing no one called out, «Come.» Echo
answered, «Come.» As no one came, Narcissus called again, «Why
do you shun me?» Echo asked the same question. «Let us join one
another,» said the youth. e maid answered with all her heart in
the same words, and hastened to the spot, ready to throw her arms
about his neck. He started back, exclaiming, «Hands o! I would
rather die than you should have me.» «Have me,» said she; but it
was all in vain. He le her, and she went to hide her blushes in the
recesses of the woods. From that time forth she lived in caves and
among mountain clis. Her form faded with grief, till at last all her
esh shrank away. Her bones were changed into rocks, and there
was nothing le of her but her voice. With that she is still ready
to reply to any one who calls her, and keeps up her old habit of
having the last word.
208
Narcissus was cruel not in this case alone. He shunned all the rest
of the nymphs as he had done poor Echo. One day a maiden, who
had in vain endeavored to attract him, uttered a prayer that he might
some time or other feel what it was to love and meet no return of
aection. e avenging goddess heard and granted the prayer.
ere was a clear fountain, with water like silver, to which the
shepherds never drove their ocks. Nor did the mountain goats
resort to it, nor any of the beasts of the forest; neither was it defaced
with fallen leaves or branches; but the grass grew fresh around it,
and the rocks sheltered it from the sun. Hither came one day the
youth fatigued with hunting, heated and thirsty. He stooped down
to drink, and saw his own image in the water; he thought it was
some beautiful water spirit living in the fountain. He stood gazing
with admiration at those bright eyes, those locks curled like the licks
of Bacchus or Apollo, the rounded cheeks, the ivory neck, the parted
lops, and the glow of health and exercise over all. He fell in love with
himself. He brought his lips near to take a kiss; he plunged his arms
in to embrace the beloved object. It ed at the touch, but returned
again aer a moment and renewed the fascination. He could not tear
himself away; he lost all thought of food or rest, while he hovered
over the brink of the fountain gazing upon his own image.
He talked with the supposed spirit: «Why, beautiful being, do
you shun me? Surely my face is not one to repel you. e nymphs
love me, and you yourself look not indierent upon me. When I
stretch forth my arms you do the same; and you smile upon me and
answer my beckoning with the like.» His tears fell into the water
and disturbed the image. As he saw it depart, he exclaimed, «Stay, I
entreat you! Let meat least gaze upon you, if I may not touch you.»
With this, and much more of the same kind, he cherished the ame
that consumed him, so that by degrees he lost his color, his vigor,
and the beauty which formerly had so charmed the nymph Echo.
She kept near him, however, and when he exclaimed, «Alas! Alas!»
she answered him with the same words. He pined away and died;
and when his shade passed the Stygian river,it leaned over the boat
to catch a look of itself in the waters. e nymphs mourned for him,
209
especially the water-nymphs; and when they smote their breasts,
Echo smote hers also. ey prepared a funeral pile, and would have
burned the body, but it was nowhere to be found; but in its place
a ower, purple within, and surrounded with white leaves, which
bears the name preserves the memory of Narcissus.
Notes:
woodland – ,
to contrive – ,
sentence -
forfeit –
cheat –
chase – ; ,
to hasten – ,
blush –
shrink (shrank, shrunk) -
endeavour – ;
to avenge –
to resort – ,
brink –
to shun – ,
to repel – ,
to entreat – ,
to cherish –
vigor – ,
to pine –
3. ALEXANDER FLEMING
e man and his work
Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) came from a Scottish family of
farmers.He was born in August, 1881, at Locheld, the youngest of
eight children.
He did research work at St. Mary’s Hospital under Sir Almroth
Wright, pioneer of vaccine therapy, and became interested in
bacterial action and antibacterial drugs. Aer military service,
during which he was able to make further studiesof the problems
of infection and use of antiseptics, Fleming returned to laboratory
work. He was interested in antibacterial substances which would
be nontoxicto animal tissues. e rst fruit of his search was the
discovery of the lysozyme. His epochal discovery in 1928, of the
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