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Файл:Взгляд на фармацию. Учебное пособие для студентов фармацевтического факультета
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Test
Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of
each line to form a word that ts in the same line.
THE MEDICINE BALL
An increasingly regular O sight in chemist’s shops is
see
the medicine ball, a very heavy ball designed to be lied,
____1______ and rotated about the body.
It is proving very popular on ____2______ programmes
throw
t
because throwing, catching and moving the ball involves
a much wider range of _____3______ than merely liing
heavy metal ____4______ . As a result, the medicine ball
move
weight
is very useful in working muscles that remain relatively
___5______in regular gym routines. As the name suggests,
the balls were ___6______liked more with health than with
sports training. e aim was to____7______ the bodies of
active
origin
strenght
patients and Hippocrates, the Ancient Greek physican, had
animal skins______8______together and lled with sand to
make the ball. Patients who had sustained _____9________
would use them as a way of getting safe exercive during their
____10_____.
sew
injure
recover
Read the text below and look carefully at each line.
If a line is correct, put a tick (v). If line has a word which should
not be there, write the word in the space.
THE FRUITARIAN
You have no doubt heard of vegetarians, people who
prefer not to eat meat. Some of them are very strict
about and only eat vegetables,
V
about
1 whilst others avoid meat, but still eat things they like
milk, cheese
2 and eggs. Well, I am what is called a fruitarian and
which means
3 I have a very restricted diet. Every one meal that I eat
is what is
291
4 called a «monomeal». I have never combine two different types
5 of food in one meal and most oen of the time, I
have either
6 Brazil nuts, coconuts or oranges, although occasionally I might
7 have some cabbage or an apple for make a change.
All the
8 food I eat is uncooked because I believe that cooking
takes all
9 the goodness out of food and makes it all so taste the
same. e
10 question which people always ask me is whether I
get bored
11 with my diet. e answer is that this not the in case
at all and
12 if I really enjoy the food I eat. In fact, ever time I eat
a coconut
13 or an orange, it’s like the rst I’ve even tasted of
one; it is
14 delicious. What’s more, I am never hungry. Many
people eat more
15 that it is good for them, but just tree «monomeats» a
day keep me healthy
Read the text below and look carefully at each line.
If the line is correct, put a tick (v). If a line has a word which
should not be there, write the word in the space.
VEGETARIANISM
I have many friends who are vegetarians and they oen try
to convince of me that I should become
V
of
1 one too. ey have some very strong arguments in
2 a favour of vegetarianism. Firstly, it is much healthier:
292
3 vegetarians are less likely than to suer from
4 heart disease. Secondly and they say that it is wrong to
5 kill animals just so for food and it is especially wrong
6 to keep them up in the terrible conditions that most farm
7 animals suer. I nd it very dicult to argue against
8 these points. I have to agree with that it is unhealthy to
9 eat too much of meat, and I have the cruel way that
10 animals are treated. However, there is one thing that
11 prevents me from becoming a vegetarian: animals are
12 taste so good. I would be happily pay extra for meat
13 which comes from animals that have been raised
14 without cruelty. And I don’t mind that cutting clown on
15 red meat for health reasons. But, for me, Life without
no meat would not be worth living.
,
1, 2, 3 4, .
DRUGS
e metric system is used exclusively when ordering and
prescribing drugs.
e metric unit of weight is the gram (g) and this is divided into
thousandths called milligrams (mg).
e unit of volume is the litre (l) which is subdivided into
thousandths called mililitres (ml). A litre is equivalent to just two
pints. e standard medicine teaspoon holds 5 ml.
Various reference books are available to help practitioners keep
up to date with new drugs, the trade names of drugs, dosages and
precautions with particular drugs. Manufacturers are also legally
required to provide data sheets for all new drugs, giving full details
of usage.
293
Drugs may be administered externally.
Drugs are classied into groups which have a specic action, such
as antibacterial drugs, which are used for the treatment of infections,
or local anaesthetics which abolish pain. Some drugs belong to more
than one group; for example, lignocaine, which is a local end surface
anaesthetic. Let’s take antibacterial drugs as an example.
ey are administered externally to kill bacteria.
Antibiotics are drugs originally derived from microorganisms: for
example, penicillins, tetracyclines and erythromycin. Many people
are allergicto penicillin and its derivatives. If such people are given
any of these drugs they are liable to develop a dangerous reaction.
Patients must always be asked beforehand if they are allergic to
penicillin or any other drugs.
Tasks
1. e metric system is used exclusively
1) aer ordering and prescribing drugs;
2) when speaking to the pharmacist;
3) when perscribing and ordering drugs;
4) when treating at home.
2. e metric unit is the gram and this is divided into
1) pints and litres;
2) thousandths called milligrams;
3) millilitres;
4) grains and ounces.
3. A litre is equivalent to just
1) two ounces;
2) two pints;
3) two milligrams;
4) two grams.
4. e standard medicine teaspoon holds
1) ve millilitres;
2) een millilitres;
3) ten millilitres;
4) y millilitres.
5. Various reference books are available to help with
294
1) prescription and delivery;
2) generics and antibiotics;
3) dosage and precautions;
4) brand and trade names.
6. Data sheets for all new drugs give
1) full details of storage;
2) administration and package;
3) full requirements;
4) full details of usage.
7. Drugs may be administered
1) intramuscularly and intravenously;
2) orally and percutaneously;
3) externally or internally;
4) topically or subcutaneously.
8. Drugs are classied into
1) groups which have a painkilling action;
2) groups which have a specic action;
3) groups which have a broad action;
4) groups which have a narrow action.
9. Antibacterial drugs are administered
1) to kill viruses;
2) to kill fungi;
3) to kill moulds;
4) to kill bacteria.
10. Antibiotics are drugs originally derived
1) from bacteria;
2) from microorganisms;
3) from other drugs;
4) from penicillin derivatives.
:
Card 1
(to be translated with a dictionary)
THE QUINOLONES
e quinolones are a group of antimicrobial agents biochemically
related to nalidixic acid. A new generation of drugs, the
295
uoroquinolones possess pharmacologic and microbiologic
properties that make them suitable for the treatment of systemic
infections in addition to urinary tract infections.
e quinolones inhibit bacterial enzyme that seals DNA in the
processof transcription and reduces the intracellular size of DNA.
Resistance to quinolones develops at a low frequency by mutations
that either cause reduced anity of the enzyme for quinolones
or decrease bacterial cell permeability to quinolones and other
antibiotics by a loss of outer membrane proteines. Cross-resistance
among quinolones can occur. e activityof quinolones has been
found to be reduced by acidic Ph, urine and bivalent ions.
e uoroquinolones are active against a wide spectrum of aerobic
gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. ey are generally
inactive against anaerobic bacteria such as Bacteroides fragilis and
Clostridium dicile.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa organisms, including strains resistant
to β-lactam agents and aminoglycosides, are susceptible to the
uoroquinolonesat concentrations readily obtained in urine. For
ciprooxacin and ooxacin, serum levels could also exceed the
minimal inhibitory consentrations for P. aeruginosa.
Among the pathogens that have a high degree of susceptibility to
the uoroquinolones are the Enterobacteriaceae, including species
that cause enteric disease.
Against the gram-positive cocci, ciprooxacin and ooxacin are
the most active uoroquinolones.
In the assessment of ecacy against gram-positive bacilli,
ciprooxacin has good activity against Listeria monocytogenes but
not against Nocardia species.
Card 2
(to be translated with a dictionary)
TETRACYCLINES
e tetracyclines are closely congeneric derivatives of the polycyclic
substance naphthacenecarboxamide. e tetracyclines exert their
activity against microorganisms by inhibiting synthesis of protein.
296
e site of action of tetracycline is the bacterial ribosome. At least
two processes are necessary for the tetracyclines to gain access to the
ribosomes of gram-negative microorganisms.
e rst of these processes is passive diusion through
hydrophilic pores in outer cell membrane. e second process
necessitates an energy dependent active transport mechanism that
pumps tetracyclines through the inner cytoplasmic membrane.
Intercellularly, the tetracyclines inhibit synthesisof protein by
binding to the ribosomes.
Resistance to the tetracyclines appears slowly in a stepwise fashion
and is mediated by plasmids. Plasmids impart resistance by coding
for proteins that interfere with active transport of tetracycline
through the cytoplasmic membrane.
e tetracyclines are adequately but incompletely absorbed from
the gastrointestinal tract in the fasting state. Absorption is somewhat
impared by consumption of dairy products and is drastically
reduced by the concomitant administration of sodium bicarbonate,
calcium and magnesium salts and iron preparations. Absorption is
likely to be decreased by an increase in gastric Ph.
e presence of food does not interfere with the absorption of
doxycycline or minocycline. e percentage of an oral dose that
is absorbed is lowest aer administration of chloretetracycline
(30%), intermediate for oxytetracycline, demeclocycline and
tetracycline (60 to 80%); and highest for doxycycline and
minocycline (95 to 100%).
Tetracyclines are metabolized by the liver and concentrated in the
bile. Biliary concentrations of these drug have been considered to be
5 to 10 times higher than concurrent plasma concentrations.
e tetracyclines penetrate well into body tissues. e oral
administration of a tetracycline results in a low cerebrospinal
uid concentration. Intravenous administration results in the
gradual appearance of the drug in the cerebrospinal uid, where
concentrations will be approximately a fourth that of the serum
concentrations.
297
-
A
ability [q'bIlItI] n ,
abnormal [xb'nLmql] Q -
,
;
absence ['xbsqns] n ;
absinthe ['xbsInT] n
(
)
absinthol ['xbsInTql] n
absorb [qb'sLb] V ,
abundant [q'bAndqnt] Q -
,
accept [qk'sept] V ,
,
access ['xksqs] n , V
according to [q'kLdIN tq] phr
prep 1) , -
; 2)
account [q'kaVnt] V ,
accumulation [q"kjHmjq'leISn] n
,
accumulate [q'kjHmjqleIt] V -
,
acetyl ['xsItIl], [q'sI(:)tIl] n -
ache [eIk] n
achieve [q'CJv] V , -
acid ['xsId] n
- acetic [q'sJtIk]
- achilleic ["xkI'lJk]
298
- aconitic ['xkqnaItIk]
- ascorbic [q'skLbIk] -
- boracic = boric [bq'rxsIk] -
- carbolic [kR'bPlIk]
- carbonic [kR'bPnIk]
- citric ['sItrIk]
- nucleic ['njHklIIk]
- salicylic ["sxlI'sIlIk] -
acidic [q'sIdIk] Q ,
acidity [q'sIdItI] n ; -
;
cne ['xknI] n ,
acquire [q'kwaIq] V ,
,
acrid ['xkrId] Q ,
( )
action ['xkSqn] n
add [xd] V , -
addiction [q'dIkSn] n
-.,
adequate ['xdIkwIt] Q
;
adenosine triphosphate
['xdInq'zaIn traI'fOsfeIt] ,
adhesive [qd'hJsIv] n
, ; Q ,
;
administer [qd'mInIstq] V -
, ()
-
-
administration [qd"mInIs'treISn]
n (-
)
adult [q'dAlt] n ; Q
,
adulterate [q'dAltqreIt] V -
,
advance [qd'vRns] n , -
,
advantage [qd'vRntIG] n -
advise [qd'vaIz] V ; -
advocate ['xdvqkeIt] V -
; , -
aerosol ['eqrqVsPl] n
aect 1. ['xfekt] n , -
2. [q'fekt] V 1) ;
, 2) -
( )
aord [q'fLd] V ( -
) ; ,
aer ['Rftq] prep , , -
; QdV , ; ;
;
j
aertaste ['RftqteIst] n ,
,
agent ['eIGqnt] n
; ;
agrostology ["xgrqs'trOlqGI] n
,
ague ['eIgjH] n (.) , -
aid [eId] n
ailment ['eIlmqnt] n
albumin ['xlbjumIn] n
alcohol ['xkqhPl] n ,
alert [q'lWt] n
algae(pl) ['xlGJ] n
alike [q'laIk] Q , -
,
alimentary ["xlI'mentqrI] (canal/
tract)
algology [xl'gPlqGI] n -
( , )
alkali ['xlkqlaI] n
alkaline ['xlkqlaIn] Q
alkaloid ['xlkqlOid] n
allay [q'leI] V , -
; ,
()
aloe ['xlou] n .
allow [q'laV] V , -
allowance [q'laVqns] n -
, ; ;
althea [xl'Jq]n .
alter ['Lltq] V (); -
,
alternate ['LltqneIt] V -
();
aluminium ["xljV'mInIqm] n
ameliorate [q'mJlIqreIt] V -
()
amino acid ['xmInqV'xsId] n
among [q'mAN] prep ,
299
amount [q'maVnt] n ,
ampicillin [qmpI'sIlIn] n -
ampoule ['xmpHl] n
anaerobic ['xnqrqVbIk] Q -
anaesthetic ["xnqs'TetIk] Q -
, -
;
analgesic ["xnxl'GJsIk] n -
analyse = analyze ['xnqlaIz] V
, ,
analytical ["xnq'lItIkql] Q -
ancestor ['xnsestq] n
ancient ['eInSqnt] Q ,
,
anemia = anaemia [q'nJmIq] n
anesthetic = anaesthetic
["xnIs'TetIk] Q -
,
angina [xn'GaInq] n ;
( )
animal ['xnImql] n
announce [q'naVns] V ,
annual ['xnjVql] n
; Q
anorexia ["xnq'reksIq] n
anthelmintic ["xnTel'mIntIk] n
anther ['xnTq] n , -
antibiotic ["xntIbaI'PtIk] n -
antibody ['xntI'bPdI]
n
antigen ['xntIGqn] n
antipseudomonad
['xntI'sjHdq'mqVnxd] n -
( )
antiseptic ["xntI'septIk] Q -
,
antispasmodic
["xntIspxz'mPdIk] Q -
anxiety [xN'zaIqtI] n -
,
apparatus ["xpq'reItqs] n -
, ;
applicant ['xplIkqnt] n
application ['xplI'keISn] n -
; ,
appear [q'pIq] V ; -
appearance [q'pIqrqns] n -
;
apply [ q'plaI] V -
applied [q'plaId] Q
approach [q'prqVC] n ;
,
appropriate [q'prqVprIqt] Q -
,
approval [q'prHvql] n
aqueous ['eIkwIqs] Q ,
;
arise [q'raIz] V , -
300
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