- •1 Structure of a business letter
- •1 This is how a business school teacher is explaining the parts of a business letter to a student:
- •2 Now read the letter and name its elements:
- •Grammar: The Sequence of Tenses – Узгодження часів
- •2 Writing a business e-mail
- •1 Why do people use e-mail in business? Make a list of reasons.
- •2 Read some 'rules' for writing good business e-mails. Which rules do you follow?
- •3 Read the e-mail below from a student to a company about their work experience programme. Which rules in ex 2 does he break?
- •4 Look al the phrases in italics (1-6) in the e-mail. Match them with the formal phrases (a-f) below:
- •5 Here are some phrases to use in e-mails. Write starting (s), ending (e), saying why you are writing (w) or requesting (r) after each one and the ones in ex 4:
- •6 Rewrite Luigi’s e-mail using the rules in ex 2 and some of the phrases in ex 5. Grammar: Reported Speech (statements) – Непряма мова (стверджувальні речення)
- •3 Doing Business on the Internet
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •Grammar: Reported Questions, Requests, Orders – Непрямі питання, прохання, накази
- •4 Business across Cultures
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •5 Put these statements about customs and culture into the correct order. Translate the sentences:
- •Grammar: First Conditional – Умовні речення і типу
- •5 What is Economics About?
- •1 Read the following words and try to guess their meaning. Mind the stress!
- •2 Match English and Ukrainian equivalents:
- •3 Choose the correct word:
- •4 Complete the sentences:
- •Grammar Second Conditional – Умовні речення іі типу
- •6 Products, Goods and Services
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •Grammar: Third Conditional – Умовні речення ііі типу
- •7 Markets
- •I. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Answer the questions:
- •IV. Translate into English:
- •Grammar: Modals – Модальні дієслова (1) Ability (здатність, спроможність): can, could, be able to
- •Permission (дозвіл): can, could, may, be allowed to
- •8 Export and Import
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •4 Fill in the missing prepositions: (of (2), in, at (2), by (3), on (2), for, through, to)
- •5 Translate into English:
- •Grammar: Modals – Модальні дієслова (2)
- •9 Money and its functions
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Translate the sentences into Ukrainian. Define the part of speech of the underlined words:
- •3 The words in the box frequently occur before "money". Find combinations that mean:
- •4 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •Grammar: Modals with the Perfect Infinitive – Модальні дієслова з перфектним інфінітивом
- •10 Aggregate supply
- •I. Find equivalents:
- •II. Match the synonyms:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with prepositions or adverbs if necessary:
- •IV. Match the terms with their definitions:
- •V. Define which of the following items best completes the statement:
- •VI. Complete the following sentences:
- •VIII. Translate into English:
- •Grammar: The Infinitive – Інфінітив
- •11 Aggregate demand
- •I. Match the antonyms:
- •V. Complete the following sentences:
- •VI. Translate into English:
- •VII. Replace the Ukrainian words and phrases by their English equivalents in the correct form:
- •Grammar: The Gerund – Герундій
- •(12) Grammar: The Participle – Дієприкметник
(12) Grammar: The Participle – Дієприкметник
1. The participle has the following forms:
|
|
Active |
Passive |
Present (Participle I) |
writing |
being written |
|
Perfect (Participle I) |
having written |
having been written |
|
Past (Participle II) |
– |
written |
2. Participles can be used like:
a) verb forms with the auxiliaries be and have (to make continuous, perfect and passive verb forms):
He was answering questions when I came in. He has forgotten my name.
You'll be informed soon.
b) adjectives: Your offer seems exciting. The office window is broken.
c) adverbs: She ran screaming out of the room.
d) clauses: Having spent all his money, he asked his father to help him.
Being unable to help, we gave her some food.
3. The structure object + participle (clause) is used after verbs оf sensation (e.g. see, hear, feel, watch, notice, smell) and some other verbs (e.g. find, get, have, make): I found him speaking to a customer.
I saw your secretary sending a fax to our business partner. You ought to get your car repaired.
Ex.1. Use Participle I and Participle II to open the brackets. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
(A) 1 We spent about an hour ………………… (take) our papers to the office. 2 Generally ………………… (speak), this problem is rather difficult. 3 (Work) …………………… a year in Germany he returned to Ukraine. 4 He sat in his arm-chair …………………… (smoke) a cigar. 5 Our new manager is that young man .................. (wear) glasses. 6 (Say) …………………… this, he left the room. 7 (Be) …………………… busy, he postponed his trip to Italy. 8 I stood …………………… (watch) the people entering the office. 9 He went to work, ............. ….....… (leave) the letter on the table. 10 The conference …………...….. (take) place at the university is devoted to ecological problems. 11 While …………………… (wait) for you I’ve translated this article.
(B) 1 She entered the room ………………… (accompany) by her superiors. 2 My boss looked ……………..... (worry). 3 The letter will lose its importance if ………………… (not deliver) immediately. 4 (Press) ..........…… for time, he couldn't even phone his wife. 5 She’ll certainly help if ………………… (ask). 6 When ……………
(invite) he always takes part in our discussions. 7 The problems …………………........... (discuss) were of great importance. 8 Those …………..….....…… (interview) will start training next week. 9 The ……..….…… (lose) document was found at last. 10 The secretary didn't even look at me as if too …….......…… (occupy) with what she was writing. 11 I’m going to have my car …….….......…… (repair) next week. 12 In Turkey your coat should be ………...….....…… (button) when you are with superiors. 13 Don't expect …….………..…… (write) contracts in most Moslem countries.
Ex.2. Use the correct form of the Participle to open the brackets:
1 When ……………… (pay) by cheque, you must show a bank card. 2 (Know) ……………… that he was in trouble, I offered to help him. 3 (Find) ……………… nobody in the office, I left. 4 (Write) ……………… in very bad handwriting, the message was difficult to read. 5 Time ……………… (permit), we’ll stay for a few days in London. 6 The solution ……………… (adopt) was welcomed by our manager. 7 All things .................... …… (consider), there’s little hope of his arrival. 8 I was driving a car …………… (lend) me by my close friend. 9 The required sum of money ……………… (save up), I could buy a new computer. 10 We found her ............... (work) in the office. 11 I heard them ……………… (argue) again. 12 (Hope) ……………… to find the lost letter, he searched everywhere. 13 (Think) ……………… he had made a mistake somewhere, the accountant went through his calculations again. 14 When ……………… (ask) to help them she refused without hesitating.