- •1 Structure of a business letter
- •1 This is how a business school teacher is explaining the parts of a business letter to a student:
- •2 Now read the letter and name its elements:
- •Grammar: The Sequence of Tenses – Узгодження часів
- •2 Writing a business e-mail
- •1 Why do people use e-mail in business? Make a list of reasons.
- •2 Read some 'rules' for writing good business e-mails. Which rules do you follow?
- •3 Read the e-mail below from a student to a company about their work experience programme. Which rules in ex 2 does he break?
- •4 Look al the phrases in italics (1-6) in the e-mail. Match them with the formal phrases (a-f) below:
- •5 Here are some phrases to use in e-mails. Write starting (s), ending (e), saying why you are writing (w) or requesting (r) after each one and the ones in ex 4:
- •6 Rewrite Luigi’s e-mail using the rules in ex 2 and some of the phrases in ex 5. Grammar: Reported Speech (statements) – Непряма мова (стверджувальні речення)
- •3 Doing Business on the Internet
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •Grammar: Reported Questions, Requests, Orders – Непрямі питання, прохання, накази
- •4 Business across Cultures
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •5 Put these statements about customs and culture into the correct order. Translate the sentences:
- •Grammar: First Conditional – Умовні речення і типу
- •5 What is Economics About?
- •1 Read the following words and try to guess their meaning. Mind the stress!
- •2 Match English and Ukrainian equivalents:
- •3 Choose the correct word:
- •4 Complete the sentences:
- •Grammar Second Conditional – Умовні речення іі типу
- •6 Products, Goods and Services
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •Grammar: Third Conditional – Умовні речення ііі типу
- •7 Markets
- •I. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Answer the questions:
- •IV. Translate into English:
- •Grammar: Modals – Модальні дієслова (1) Ability (здатність, спроможність): can, could, be able to
- •Permission (дозвіл): can, could, may, be allowed to
- •8 Export and Import
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •4 Fill in the missing prepositions: (of (2), in, at (2), by (3), on (2), for, through, to)
- •5 Translate into English:
- •Grammar: Modals – Модальні дієслова (2)
- •9 Money and its functions
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Translate the sentences into Ukrainian. Define the part of speech of the underlined words:
- •3 The words in the box frequently occur before "money". Find combinations that mean:
- •4 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •Grammar: Modals with the Perfect Infinitive – Модальні дієслова з перфектним інфінітивом
- •10 Aggregate supply
- •I. Find equivalents:
- •II. Match the synonyms:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with prepositions or adverbs if necessary:
- •IV. Match the terms with their definitions:
- •V. Define which of the following items best completes the statement:
- •VI. Complete the following sentences:
- •VIII. Translate into English:
- •Grammar: The Infinitive – Інфінітив
- •11 Aggregate demand
- •I. Match the antonyms:
- •V. Complete the following sentences:
- •VI. Translate into English:
- •VII. Replace the Ukrainian words and phrases by their English equivalents in the correct form:
- •Grammar: The Gerund – Герундій
- •(12) Grammar: The Participle – Дієприкметник
V. Complete the following sentences:
1 Microeconomics is.... 2 Macroeconomics deals with.... 3 As a first step in understanding the macroeconomics we think of the economy as.... 4 These sectors represent.... 5 The sum of expenditures of these sectors is known as.... 6 One sector of the macroeconomics is.... 7 The basic unit in this sector is.... 8 Another sector is.... 9 It is the productive sector responsible for.... 10 The public sector includes.... 11 The foreign sector includes....
VI. Translate into English:
1 Мікроекономіка – це галузь економіки, зв’язана із прийняттям рішень та іншими діями самостійних господарських одиниць, які наділені правом приймати рішення. 2 Сума витрат секторів макроекономіки відома як сукупний попит. 3 Основна одиниця споживчого сектору – домашнє господарство. 4 До складу сектору бізнесу або капіталовкладень входять одноосібна власність, партнерство та корпорації. 5 Іще один сектор макроекономіки – це державний сектор, який включає місцевий, регіональний та державний уряд. 6 До складу зовнішнього сектору входять усі споживачі та виробники за межами країни.
VII. Replace the Ukrainian words and phrases by their English equivalents in the correct form:
(Макроекономіка) is the study of the functioning (економіки в цілому), and it deals mainly with the total output and income of the economy, (загальним рівнем занятості), and movements in the average level of all prices. The heart of macroeconomics consists of analyzing the determinants of (сукупної пропозиції) and (сукупного попиту). In the short run, the main problem in macroeconomics is why (сукупний попит) sometimes exceeds (сукупну пропозицію), thereby bringing on (інфляцію), and why aggregate demand sometimes falls short of aggregate supply, thereby bringing on (безробіття) and deflation – or at least less inflation. Over the long run, macroeconomics is concerned primarily with (економічним зростанням) – increases in the productive capacity of the economy and in average (реальним доходом) per person.
Grammar: The Gerund – Герундій
1. The gerund has the following forms:
|
Active |
Passive |
Simple |
writing |
being written |
Perfect |
having written |
having been written |
2. We use the gerund:
* as the subject of a sentence: Exporting will be our main objective next year.
* as the object of a sentence: I've always enjoyed reading.
* after certain verbs:
admit, mind, appreciate, avoid, consider, can't stand, can't help, delay, enjoy, finish, imagine, involve, postpone, propose, risk, stop, suggest |
The manager proposed changing the name of the company.
• after prepositions:
after, before, by, when, while, without |
The company launched this product without doing the necessary research.
• after verbs and expressions followed by prepositions:
be interested in, be good at, be fond of, be for / against, be used to, instead of, feel like, think of / about, look forward to, succeed in, approve of, insist on, object to |
I'm interested in learning more about this technology.
• after expressions like: it's no use, it's not worth, it's no good : No use asking him. He won't tell the truth.
Ex.1. Put the verbs in brackets into the gerund form. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
1 Stop ............... (argue) and start ............... (work). 2 The boss is against ............... (make) any complaints. 3 I’m thinking of ............... (retire) and ............... (go) to Canada. 4 If he puts his money into that business he risks ............... (lose) everything. 5 If a thing is worth ............... (do) at all it is worth ............... (do) well. 6 He hates ............... (borrow) money. 7 I can't stand their (waste) so much time. 8 I thanked him for ............... (solve) the problem quickly. 9 I suggest ............... (postpone) the meeting. 10 It's no good ............... (complain). Nothing can be done. 11 I can't help ............... (think) about the interview. 12 We avoid ............... (keep) late hours. Our working day begins very early. 13 The secretary admitted ............... (steal) the money. 14 I believe he’s capable of ............... (solve) this problem.
Ex.2. Finish these sentences using a gerund:
1 My favourite activity is ........................................................................................ .
2 He can't stand ........................................................................................
3 He is good at.....................................................................................................
4 Some people just can't help.....................................................................................................
5 We are used to .....................................................................................................
6 I’m interested in .................................................................................................... .
7 This company is worth .....................................................................................................
8 The customer wants to know who was responsible for ............................................................................... .
9 I feel like .....................................................................................................
10 He admitted .....................................................................................................
11 I’m thinking of .................................................................................................... .
12 ........................................................................................ was the key to the company's success.
13 It's no use .....................................................................................................
14 Avoid ....................................................................................................................
Ex.3. Complete these sentences using the gerund form of one of the verbs below:
give, get, make, have, lose, help, work, discuss, get, worry, meet, analyse, cry, buy, reduce
1 He is interested in ............... the shares of this company. 2 It's no use ............... over spilt milk. 3 This job involves ............... our international transactions. 4 We are looking forward to ............... the new Sales Manager. 5 It isn't worth ............... about it. 6 You risk ............... bad results. 7 As we don't agree about company policy we avoid ............... this subject. 8 We don't mind ............... overtime, if it helps the company. 9 You mustn't insist on ............... him. He doesn't want it. 10 By delaying we risk ............... this contract. 11 I can't imagine not ............... a computer in my office. 12 He apologized for …............ this serious mistake. 13 He is very pleased with ............... the job he wanted. 14 It's no good ............... her advice - she never listens. 15 Overstaffing should be solved by ............... the workforce.