- •1 Structure of a business letter
- •1 This is how a business school teacher is explaining the parts of a business letter to a student:
- •2 Now read the letter and name its elements:
- •Grammar: The Sequence of Tenses – Узгодження часів
- •2 Writing a business e-mail
- •1 Why do people use e-mail in business? Make a list of reasons.
- •2 Read some 'rules' for writing good business e-mails. Which rules do you follow?
- •3 Read the e-mail below from a student to a company about their work experience programme. Which rules in ex 2 does he break?
- •4 Look al the phrases in italics (1-6) in the e-mail. Match them with the formal phrases (a-f) below:
- •5 Here are some phrases to use in e-mails. Write starting (s), ending (e), saying why you are writing (w) or requesting (r) after each one and the ones in ex 4:
- •6 Rewrite Luigi’s e-mail using the rules in ex 2 and some of the phrases in ex 5. Grammar: Reported Speech (statements) – Непряма мова (стверджувальні речення)
- •3 Doing Business on the Internet
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •Grammar: Reported Questions, Requests, Orders – Непрямі питання, прохання, накази
- •4 Business across Cultures
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •5 Put these statements about customs and culture into the correct order. Translate the sentences:
- •Grammar: First Conditional – Умовні речення і типу
- •5 What is Economics About?
- •1 Read the following words and try to guess their meaning. Mind the stress!
- •2 Match English and Ukrainian equivalents:
- •3 Choose the correct word:
- •4 Complete the sentences:
- •Grammar Second Conditional – Умовні речення іі типу
- •6 Products, Goods and Services
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •Grammar: Third Conditional – Умовні речення ііі типу
- •7 Markets
- •I. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Answer the questions:
- •IV. Translate into English:
- •Grammar: Modals – Модальні дієслова (1) Ability (здатність, спроможність): can, could, be able to
- •Permission (дозвіл): can, could, may, be allowed to
- •8 Export and Import
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •4 Fill in the missing prepositions: (of (2), in, at (2), by (3), on (2), for, through, to)
- •5 Translate into English:
- •Grammar: Modals – Модальні дієслова (2)
- •9 Money and its functions
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Translate the sentences into Ukrainian. Define the part of speech of the underlined words:
- •3 The words in the box frequently occur before "money". Find combinations that mean:
- •4 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •Grammar: Modals with the Perfect Infinitive – Модальні дієслова з перфектним інфінітивом
- •10 Aggregate supply
- •I. Find equivalents:
- •II. Match the synonyms:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with prepositions or adverbs if necessary:
- •IV. Match the terms with their definitions:
- •V. Define which of the following items best completes the statement:
- •VI. Complete the following sentences:
- •VIII. Translate into English:
- •Grammar: The Infinitive – Інфінітив
- •11 Aggregate demand
- •I. Match the antonyms:
- •V. Complete the following sentences:
- •VI. Translate into English:
- •VII. Replace the Ukrainian words and phrases by their English equivalents in the correct form:
- •Grammar: The Gerund – Герундій
- •(12) Grammar: The Participle – Дієприкметник
1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
goods produce profitable money spinner introduce attract persuade withdraw |
beneficial merchandise manufacture appeal to retract cash cow launch convince |
2 The words in the box frequently occur before "goods". Find combinations that mean: 1) items created to be used in everyday life, e.g. food, clothes, magazines, bicycles, toys; 2) items such as television sets and radios; 3) items such as refrigerators and washing machines, so called because they are made of white painted metal; 4) goods such as cars, furniture, refrigerators, televisions, etc. that last
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for a fairly long time; 5) expensive items that are bought from choice and not necessity; 6) goods that can be imported, usually in limited quantities, without customs duties; 7) goods, esp. food, that can go bad or decay quickly.
3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
1) the idea that the sale of a product goes through four phases: introduction, growth, maturity and decline; 2) something that earns a lot of money; 3) a product sold at a loss to encourage trade; 4) bringing in more money than is spent; 5) to take something back; 6) the job that an organization does; 7) to make goods to sell from raw materials; 8) goods for sale.
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4 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
To persuade, brown goods, manufactured, product life cycle; profitable; loss leaders (2), the merchandise; fast moving; money spinner. |
1 The book could be a real.... 2 Soap, toothpaste, batteries and light bulbs are all... consumer goods. 3 You are welcome to examine... before buying. 4 Shops use... to attract customers. 5 This deal should be highly.... 6 Fashion goods have a short.... 7 These goods were... in France. 8 The popularity of home entertainment will be maintained with sales of ... such as televisions and hi-fi equipment. 9 In Great Britain supermarkets sometimes sell top brands below cost as …. 10 Trained staff is trying... customers to spend far more.
Grammar: Third Conditional – Умовні речення ііі типу
If + Past Perfect … , … would have + V3 / Ved |
We use the third conditional:
• to talk about possible situations in the past which didn't happen:
If you had followed my advice, you would have earned a lot of money. (but you didn't) – Якби ви дотримались моє поради, ви б заробили багато грошей. (проте ви не дотримались)
We can "mix" clauses from second and third conditional sentences (Mixed conditional) if we want to connect a possible past event with the present or future:
If you had followed my advice (but you didn't in the past), you would be rich. (but you aren't now) – Якби ви дотримались моєї поради (в минулому, але ви не дотримались), ви б (зараз) були багаті.
Ex.1. Choose the most suitable tense form:
1 Why didn't you phone me? If you phoned / had phoned me, I would have reserved / had reserved a room for you. 2 If you organized / had organized your conference last month, I was able/would have been able to take part in it. 3 If he lent / had lent me the money, I would pay / would have paid him back last week. 4 If you had been there at that moment, what would you do / would you have done? 5 Why didn't you say that you were short of money? If I knew / had known, I would lend / would have lent you some. 6 She was so impatient. If she had been / were more patient, she would received / would have received everything she needed. 7 If I didn't lose / hadn’t lost my key, I wouldn't have / wouldn’t have had to wait outside in the rain. 8 If the traffic hadn't been / were not so heavy, we would arrive / would hive arrived on time. 9 If I weren't / hadn’t been promoted then, I would leave / would have left the company. 10 If I hadn't saved / didn’t save enough money, I wouldn't buy / wouldn't have bought this house. 11 If he didn't gamble / hadn’t gambled so much, he wouldn't lose / wouldn't have lost all his money. 12 If I knew / had known yesterday that you were coming, I would meet / would have met you at the airport. 13 You wouldn't get / wouldn’t have got into trouble last time if you followed / had followed my advice. 14 He never would buy / would have bought shares in that company if you didn't recommend / hadn't recommended him to do it.
Ex.2. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form:
1 If I had sold my shares then, I …………… (make) a lot of money. 2 If you hadn't taken so many risks, you …………… (lose) so much. 3 If I had bought that lottery ticket, I …………… (win) one million. 4 It's a pity you missed the conference. If you …………… (come), you …………… (meet) American scientists working in this branch of economy. 5 If the company hadn't raised its funds, it …………… (go) bankrupt. 6 If we hadn't issued bonds, we …………… (not raise) finance. 7 If I had known this great news, I …………… (tell) you. 8 If I had sold my car a couple of years before, I …………… (get) more money. 9 If I …………… (not make) profit on my shares, I would have never bought this house. 10 If he had invested on the stock market, he …………… (live) from the income. 11 If you contacted a stockbroker, he …………… (give) you some very good advice. 12 If I were you, I …………… (invest) on the stock exchange. 13 If he …………… (work) alone, he would never have finished this work. 14 If he had known all the facts, he …………… (help) us last Monday.
Ex.3. Finish these sentences using a mixed conditional:
1 If I had won the money, .........................................
2 If I had been better at English, .........................................
3 If I had only known about this earlier, .........................................
4 If he had consulted the stockbroker in time, .........................................
5 If he were an honest man, .........................................
6 If I knew her better, .........................................
7 If he had been more friendly, .........................................
8 If I had asked his permission, .........................................
9 If you had established a company of your own, .........................................
10 If she had arranged for free food available to all employees,
11 If we had signed an agreement, .........................................
12 If the new investment plan had been completed, .........................................
13 If our market share were much bigger than our competitors’, .........................................
14 If the company employees were not given the opportunity to travel abroad, .........................................
Ex.4. Translate into English:
1 На вашому місці я би не хвилювався; вона знає, які акції купувати. 2 Якби ви працювали сумлінні-ше, ви б давно завершили роботу над цим проектом. 3 Якби я знав про цей контракт, я б переклав його ще на минулому тижні. 4 Якби ви проглянули старі фінансові звіти, ви б знайшли цікавий ма-теріал для вашої доповіді. 5 Я б звільнив його, якби не знав, що він добре виконує свою роботу. 6 Якби я продав свої акції півроку тому, я б заробив багато грошей. 7 Будь я на вашому місці, я б не-гайно купив гарантовані цінні папери. 8 Якщо компанія опинилася би у важкому фінансовому ста-новищі, ми б втратили все наше майно. 9 Якщо б я знав про вашу пропозицію раніше, я б не пого-дився на цю роботу. 10 Якщо б ви все зробили своєчасно, то цей вигідний для нашої фірми контракт був би вже підписаний. 11 Якби смаки споживачів не змінювались, торгівля б не розвивалася. 12 Як-би на рекламу не витрачалося стільки грошей, то ми б відкрили нову технологічну лінію.