- •1 Structure of a business letter
- •1 This is how a business school teacher is explaining the parts of a business letter to a student:
- •2 Now read the letter and name its elements:
- •Grammar: The Sequence of Tenses – Узгодження часів
- •2 Writing a business e-mail
- •1 Why do people use e-mail in business? Make a list of reasons.
- •2 Read some 'rules' for writing good business e-mails. Which rules do you follow?
- •3 Read the e-mail below from a student to a company about their work experience programme. Which rules in ex 2 does he break?
- •4 Look al the phrases in italics (1-6) in the e-mail. Match them with the formal phrases (a-f) below:
- •5 Here are some phrases to use in e-mails. Write starting (s), ending (e), saying why you are writing (w) or requesting (r) after each one and the ones in ex 4:
- •6 Rewrite Luigi’s e-mail using the rules in ex 2 and some of the phrases in ex 5. Grammar: Reported Speech (statements) – Непряма мова (стверджувальні речення)
- •3 Doing Business on the Internet
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •Grammar: Reported Questions, Requests, Orders – Непрямі питання, прохання, накази
- •4 Business across Cultures
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •5 Put these statements about customs and culture into the correct order. Translate the sentences:
- •Grammar: First Conditional – Умовні речення і типу
- •5 What is Economics About?
- •1 Read the following words and try to guess their meaning. Mind the stress!
- •2 Match English and Ukrainian equivalents:
- •3 Choose the correct word:
- •4 Complete the sentences:
- •Grammar Second Conditional – Умовні речення іі типу
- •6 Products, Goods and Services
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •Grammar: Third Conditional – Умовні речення ііі типу
- •7 Markets
- •I. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Answer the questions:
- •IV. Translate into English:
- •Grammar: Modals – Модальні дієслова (1) Ability (здатність, спроможність): can, could, be able to
- •Permission (дозвіл): can, could, may, be allowed to
- •8 Export and Import
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •4 Fill in the missing prepositions: (of (2), in, at (2), by (3), on (2), for, through, to)
- •5 Translate into English:
- •Grammar: Modals – Модальні дієслова (2)
- •9 Money and its functions
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Translate the sentences into Ukrainian. Define the part of speech of the underlined words:
- •3 The words in the box frequently occur before "money". Find combinations that mean:
- •4 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •Grammar: Modals with the Perfect Infinitive – Модальні дієслова з перфектним інфінітивом
- •10 Aggregate supply
- •I. Find equivalents:
- •II. Match the synonyms:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with prepositions or adverbs if necessary:
- •IV. Match the terms with their definitions:
- •V. Define which of the following items best completes the statement:
- •VI. Complete the following sentences:
- •VIII. Translate into English:
- •Grammar: The Infinitive – Інфінітив
- •11 Aggregate demand
- •I. Match the antonyms:
- •V. Complete the following sentences:
- •VI. Translate into English:
- •VII. Replace the Ukrainian words and phrases by their English equivalents in the correct form:
- •Grammar: The Gerund – Герундій
- •(12) Grammar: The Participle – Дієприкметник
10 Aggregate supply
supply – постачання aggregate supply – сукупна пропозиція capital goods – засоби виробництва to be productive – щоб бути продуктивною affect – впливати (на) |
national income accounting – облік національного доходу keeps track of production – слідкує за economy’s performance – функціонування економіки |
Just as economists study the amount of goods and services brought to market by a single producer, they also study the total amount of goods and services produced by the economy as a whole. Thus, they examine aggregate supply – the total amount of goods and services produced by the economy in a given period, usually one year.
A number of factors affect an economy’s aggregate supply. Two of these are the quantity of resources used in production and the quality of those resources. For example, an economy must have an adequate supply of natural resources and capital goods to be productive. It also needs a skilled and highly motivated labour force.
A third factor affecting aggregate supply is the efficiency with which the resources are combined. If they are combined in a productive way, aggregate supply will increase.
In order to measure aggregate supply, statistics must be kept. To keep with this task economists use national income accounting – a system of statistics that keeps track of production, consumption, saving and investment in the economy. National income accounting also makes it possible to trace long-run trends in the economy and to form new public policies to improve the economy.
The most important economic statistics kept in the national income accounts is Gross National Product (GNP). This is the dollar measure of the total amount of final goods and services produced in a year. It is one of the most important and comprehensive statistics kept on the economy’s performance.
1 What do economists study? 2 What is aggregate supply? 3 What factors affect an economy’s aggregate supply? 4 When will aggregate supply increase? 5 What must be kept in order to measure aggregate supply? 6 What is national income accounting? 7 What helps to trace long-run trends in the economy and form new public policies? What is it aimed at? 8 What is GNP?
I. Find equivalents:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 |
adequate supply of natural resources keep with a task final goods trace long-run trends in the economy skilled labour force national income accounting capital goods improve the economy aggregate supply total amount of goods and services single producer Gross National Product the quantity and the quality |
a b c d e f g h i j k l m |
загальна кількість товарів та послуг кваліфікована робоча сила засоби виробництва відповідний (достатній) запас природних багатств сукупна пропозиція поліпшувати стан економіки валовий національний продукт виконувати завдання кількість і якість облік національного доходу окремий виробник готова продукція намічати перспективні напрямки в економіці |