- •1 Structure of a business letter
- •1 This is how a business school teacher is explaining the parts of a business letter to a student:
- •2 Now read the letter and name its elements:
- •Grammar: The Sequence of Tenses – Узгодження часів
- •2 Writing a business e-mail
- •1 Why do people use e-mail in business? Make a list of reasons.
- •2 Read some 'rules' for writing good business e-mails. Which rules do you follow?
- •3 Read the e-mail below from a student to a company about their work experience programme. Which rules in ex 2 does he break?
- •4 Look al the phrases in italics (1-6) in the e-mail. Match them with the formal phrases (a-f) below:
- •5 Here are some phrases to use in e-mails. Write starting (s), ending (e), saying why you are writing (w) or requesting (r) after each one and the ones in ex 4:
- •6 Rewrite Luigi’s e-mail using the rules in ex 2 and some of the phrases in ex 5. Grammar: Reported Speech (statements) – Непряма мова (стверджувальні речення)
- •3 Doing Business on the Internet
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •Grammar: Reported Questions, Requests, Orders – Непрямі питання, прохання, накази
- •4 Business across Cultures
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •5 Put these statements about customs and culture into the correct order. Translate the sentences:
- •Grammar: First Conditional – Умовні речення і типу
- •5 What is Economics About?
- •1 Read the following words and try to guess their meaning. Mind the stress!
- •2 Match English and Ukrainian equivalents:
- •3 Choose the correct word:
- •4 Complete the sentences:
- •Grammar Second Conditional – Умовні речення іі типу
- •6 Products, Goods and Services
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •Grammar: Third Conditional – Умовні речення ііі типу
- •7 Markets
- •I. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Answer the questions:
- •IV. Translate into English:
- •Grammar: Modals – Модальні дієслова (1) Ability (здатність, спроможність): can, could, be able to
- •Permission (дозвіл): can, could, may, be allowed to
- •8 Export and Import
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •4 Fill in the missing prepositions: (of (2), in, at (2), by (3), on (2), for, through, to)
- •5 Translate into English:
- •Grammar: Modals – Модальні дієслова (2)
- •9 Money and its functions
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Translate the sentences into Ukrainian. Define the part of speech of the underlined words:
- •3 The words in the box frequently occur before "money". Find combinations that mean:
- •4 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •Grammar: Modals with the Perfect Infinitive – Модальні дієслова з перфектним інфінітивом
- •10 Aggregate supply
- •I. Find equivalents:
- •II. Match the synonyms:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with prepositions or adverbs if necessary:
- •IV. Match the terms with their definitions:
- •V. Define which of the following items best completes the statement:
- •VI. Complete the following sentences:
- •VIII. Translate into English:
- •Grammar: The Infinitive – Інфінітив
- •11 Aggregate demand
- •I. Match the antonyms:
- •V. Complete the following sentences:
- •VI. Translate into English:
- •VII. Replace the Ukrainian words and phrases by their English equivalents in the correct form:
- •Grammar: The Gerund – Герундій
- •(12) Grammar: The Participle – Дієприкметник
4 Fill in the missing prepositions: (of (2), in, at (2), by (3), on (2), for, through, to)
A country spends money... goods it imports and gains money... its exports.
Valuable though foreign trade is... keeping domestic prices down... creating competition... home and providing large markets abroad, governments may have to put restrictions... it, which they usually do... subjecting imports... customs duties or... restricting some types... exports.
Customs authorities must make sure that imported goods are not sold ... a lower price than that... their country... origin.
5 Translate into English:
1 Міжнародна торгівля – це основний фактор розвитку співробітництва між різними країнами світу. 2 Експорт та імпорт важливі аспекти міжнародної торгівлі. 3 Експортування – це продаж товарів та послуг в іншу країну. 4 Імпортування - це купівля товарів та послуг в іншій країні. 5 Купівля послуг, таких як страхування, туризм, перевезення вантажу – це невидимий імпорт. 6 Експортери заробляють валюту, якою країна розраховується за імпортні товари. 7 Якщо експорт перевищує імпорт, існує надлишок торгового балансу. 8 Якщо імпорт перевищує експорт, ми говоримо про дефіцит торгового балансу. 9 Експорт товарів – пріоритетний напрям розвитку зовнішньої торгівлі будь-якої країни. 10 Економіка кожної країни значною мірою залежить від зовнішньої торгівлі.
Grammar: Modals – Модальні дієслова (2)
must, have to, should, ought to, need (obligation and necessity) |
1 a) Must is used for strong obligations:
*rules or laws: Investors must pay taxes.
*advice or recommendations: You must take your medicine regularly if you want to get better.
*obligations that the speaker imposes on him or herself: I must get up early tomorrow.
b) Mustn't is used to express strong disapproval, or that something is prohibited: You mustn't smoke here.
2 a) Have to is used when the obligation comes from someone else or an external authority: You have to wear a uniform - that is the company rule.
b) Don't have to is used to express the idea that there is no law, rule or requirement to make you do something: I don't have to get up early on Sundays.
3 a) Need, need to is used to talk about necessities, rather than obligations: I need to get my hair cut.
b) Needn't expresses the speaker's opinion that something isn't necessary:
You needn't fill in the form – the receptionist will do it for you.
4 Should and ought to are used to express milder obligations; they are often used when giving advice:
You should always keep receipts when you buy clothes.
Ex.1. Complete these sentences using the correct form of must, have to, need, should, ought to:
1 You _______ not worry about the article. - I'll translate it later. 2 The drivers in Ukraine ______ wear seat belts. 3 You _______ have medical insurance when you go abroad. 4 You _______ to buy a licence if you want to set up your own business. 5 The customers _______ not pass this point. 6 They _______ transfer money yesterday. 7 A CPA _______ pass a series of examinations, after which he receives a certificate. 8 You ______have the financial statement ready by the end of the month. 9 He ______ invite her to the meeting. 10 You _______ to fill in this application form. 11 You _______ consult an expert to identify this document. 12 You ______ not take a car to get to the office. I'll gladly give you a lift. 13 He ______ send a letter of apology. 14 This is serious, he ______ not joke about it. 15 My boss was ill and I _______ attend that press conference. 16 They ______ follow his advice.
Ex.2. Translate into English:
1 Керівництво встановлює правила, а ви повинні виконувати їх. 2 Ціна на цей новий товар дуже висока. Ви повинні знизити її. 3 Я вважаю, що він повинен піти у відставку після цього засідання. 4 Почекай трошки, я повинен продивитися ці документи. 5 Тобі не слід втручатися в їхні справи. 6 Йому довелося відповісти на багато запитань після засідання Ради Директорів. 7 Вам слід дослухатись до її порад. 8 Ви повинні вивчити попит споживачів перш, ніж розпочинати виробництво цієї продукції. 9 Ти мусиш її відвідати. Вона дуже хвора. 10 Коли я змінив роботу, я змушений був переїхати на іншу квартиру. 11 Офіціанти повинні сплачувати податок на гроші, які вони одержують від клієнтів. 12 Ви повинні приходити на роботу вчасно. Ви не повинні запізнюватись. 13 Немає потреби його проводжати. Він знає, де вихід.
must, may, might, could, can't, should, ought to (сertainty, possibility, probability) |
1 We use must or can't + infinitive to say that we are certain about something; we have some evidence to reach this conclusion.
We use must to indicate "positive" certainty: She must be very happy. She has finished her experiments.
We use can't to indicate "negative" certainty: That can't be our business partner. He is arriving tomorrow.
We don't use mustn't or can to talk about certainty.
2 We use may, might or could + infinitive when we are speculating that something is possible.
She may / might / could pass her exam this time. (It's possible that she will pass her exam)
3 We use should and ought to + infinitive to show that something is probable now or in the future.
He should / ought to pass his exams. (He will probably pass)
Ex.3. Complete the following sentences with an appropriate modal verb form:
1 You _____ be joking. The house isn’t worth that much. 2 It's not a good time to visit Italy. The weather ______ be awful at this time of the year. 3 She _____ be ill. She looks so pale. 4 It _____ be true. 5 You ______ see interesting samples at the exhibition. 6 It ______ be late as the offices are closed. 7 This contract ______ be profitable. 8 It's impossible. It ______ be the correct answer. 9 She ______ be at home. I saw her in the office ten minutes ago. 10 I ______ have some new information for you tonight. 11 He has been working all day. He ______ be very tired. 12 There ______ be another rise in the price of sugar soon. 13 He _____ get this job. He has got all the necessary qualifications. 14 I am not sure whether I can help you. I ______ not have enough time.
Ex.4. Translate into English:
1 Hе може бути, щоб ви знали всіх її співробітників! 2 Мабуть вона працює над річним звітом. 3 Я не буду заважати тобі. Мабуть у тебе є важливі справи. 4 Я зайду в наш офіс. Бос повинен зараз бути там. 5 Навряд чи я зможу скласти цей звіт. 6 Бухгалтера немає, він повинен бути у керівництва фірми. 7 Ви напевне затвердите бюджет завтра. 8 Мабуть успіх компанії буде залежати від наполегливої праці кожного з нас. 9 Мабуть вона дуже щаслива. Рада Директорів затвердила її проект. 10 Не може бути, щоб ви ще працювали над бюджетом! 11 Вже 2 години. Він може повернутися будь-якої хвилину. 12 Я не знаю достеменно, але лист можливо зараз у неї. 13 Хоча вже й пізно, він, можливо, все ще очікує нашої інформації. 14 Я нічого не чув про нього. Мабуть він де-небудь за кордоном чи вже повернувся до Києва.