- •1 Structure of a business letter
- •1 This is how a business school teacher is explaining the parts of a business letter to a student:
- •2 Now read the letter and name its elements:
- •Grammar: The Sequence of Tenses – Узгодження часів
- •2 Writing a business e-mail
- •1 Why do people use e-mail in business? Make a list of reasons.
- •2 Read some 'rules' for writing good business e-mails. Which rules do you follow?
- •3 Read the e-mail below from a student to a company about their work experience programme. Which rules in ex 2 does he break?
- •4 Look al the phrases in italics (1-6) in the e-mail. Match them with the formal phrases (a-f) below:
- •5 Here are some phrases to use in e-mails. Write starting (s), ending (e), saying why you are writing (w) or requesting (r) after each one and the ones in ex 4:
- •6 Rewrite Luigi’s e-mail using the rules in ex 2 and some of the phrases in ex 5. Grammar: Reported Speech (statements) – Непряма мова (стверджувальні речення)
- •3 Doing Business on the Internet
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •Grammar: Reported Questions, Requests, Orders – Непрямі питання, прохання, накази
- •4 Business across Cultures
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •5 Put these statements about customs and culture into the correct order. Translate the sentences:
- •Grammar: First Conditional – Умовні речення і типу
- •5 What is Economics About?
- •1 Read the following words and try to guess their meaning. Mind the stress!
- •2 Match English and Ukrainian equivalents:
- •3 Choose the correct word:
- •4 Complete the sentences:
- •Grammar Second Conditional – Умовні речення іі типу
- •6 Products, Goods and Services
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •Grammar: Third Conditional – Умовні речення ііі типу
- •7 Markets
- •I. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Answer the questions:
- •IV. Translate into English:
- •Grammar: Modals – Модальні дієслова (1) Ability (здатність, спроможність): can, could, be able to
- •Permission (дозвіл): can, could, may, be allowed to
- •8 Export and Import
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •4 Fill in the missing prepositions: (of (2), in, at (2), by (3), on (2), for, through, to)
- •5 Translate into English:
- •Grammar: Modals – Модальні дієслова (2)
- •9 Money and its functions
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Translate the sentences into Ukrainian. Define the part of speech of the underlined words:
- •3 The words in the box frequently occur before "money". Find combinations that mean:
- •4 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •Grammar: Modals with the Perfect Infinitive – Модальні дієслова з перфектним інфінітивом
- •10 Aggregate supply
- •I. Find equivalents:
- •II. Match the synonyms:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with prepositions or adverbs if necessary:
- •IV. Match the terms with their definitions:
- •V. Define which of the following items best completes the statement:
- •VI. Complete the following sentences:
- •VIII. Translate into English:
- •Grammar: The Infinitive – Інфінітив
- •11 Aggregate demand
- •I. Match the antonyms:
- •V. Complete the following sentences:
- •VI. Translate into English:
- •VII. Replace the Ukrainian words and phrases by their English equivalents in the correct form:
- •Grammar: The Gerund – Герундій
- •(12) Grammar: The Participle – Дієприкметник
9 Money and its functions
crime whale beads coin paper bills value trust |
злочин кит намисто; буси монета паперові банкноти ціна, вартість; цінність довіряти |
medium of exchange measure of value yardstick bookkeeping store of value retain accumulate |
засіб обміну мірило вартості мірило; мірка; критерій бухгалтерія; рахівництво засіб заощадження зберігати; утримувати накопичувати |
In songs and popular language "money" stands for many things. It's a symbol of success, it's a source of crime, and it makes the world go round.
Money is anything used by a society to purchase goods, services or resources. Different groups of people have used all sorts of objects as money - whale's teeth, stones, beads, gold and silver, for example. Today, the most commonly used objects are metal coins and paper bills.
For money to have value, it must perform certain functions, it must be easy to use, and it must be trusted.
Money has three main functions in any society:
• Serves as a Medium of Exchange. Money, the medium of exchange, is used in one half of almost all exchange. Workers exchange labour services for money. People buy and sell goods in exchange for money.
• Serves as a Measure of Value. Money serves as a measure of value because the prices of all products and resources are stated in terms of money. Money is used as a yardstick for all bookkeeping, budgeting and management.
• Represents a Store of Value. Money is a store of value because it may be held and spent later. It is a means for retaining and accumulating wealth.
1 What is money? 2 What objects did different groups of people use as money many years ago? 3 What are the most commonly used objects today? 4 What are the main characteristics of money? 5 What functions must money perform? 6 Why is money used as a medium of exchange? 7 Why does money serve as a measure of value? 8 Why can money be characterized as a store of value? 9 What do you enjoy spending money on? 10 How do you feel about borrowing money? Would you worry about being in debt?
1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
purchase value perform exchange represent spend retain accumulate wealth |
riches increase keep pay money for smth change symbolise complete worth buy |
2 Translate the sentences into Ukrainian. Define the part of speech of the underlined words:
1 He doesn't have much monetary sense; he's always wasting his money. 2 The government monetized its bonds and spent the money on new projects. 3 That new saleswoman is already a moneymaker for our company. 4 She married a man from a moneyed family. 5 He’s such a money-grubber that he won't answer a question unless you tell him how much you will pay him.