- •1 Structure of a business letter
- •1 This is how a business school teacher is explaining the parts of a business letter to a student:
- •2 Now read the letter and name its elements:
- •Grammar: The Sequence of Tenses – Узгодження часів
- •2 Writing a business e-mail
- •1 Why do people use e-mail in business? Make a list of reasons.
- •2 Read some 'rules' for writing good business e-mails. Which rules do you follow?
- •3 Read the e-mail below from a student to a company about their work experience programme. Which rules in ex 2 does he break?
- •4 Look al the phrases in italics (1-6) in the e-mail. Match them with the formal phrases (a-f) below:
- •5 Here are some phrases to use in e-mails. Write starting (s), ending (e), saying why you are writing (w) or requesting (r) after each one and the ones in ex 4:
- •6 Rewrite Luigi’s e-mail using the rules in ex 2 and some of the phrases in ex 5. Grammar: Reported Speech (statements) – Непряма мова (стверджувальні речення)
- •3 Doing Business on the Internet
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •Grammar: Reported Questions, Requests, Orders – Непрямі питання, прохання, накази
- •4 Business across Cultures
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •5 Put these statements about customs and culture into the correct order. Translate the sentences:
- •Grammar: First Conditional – Умовні речення і типу
- •5 What is Economics About?
- •1 Read the following words and try to guess their meaning. Mind the stress!
- •2 Match English and Ukrainian equivalents:
- •3 Choose the correct word:
- •4 Complete the sentences:
- •Grammar Second Conditional – Умовні речення іі типу
- •6 Products, Goods and Services
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •Grammar: Third Conditional – Умовні речення ііі типу
- •7 Markets
- •I. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Answer the questions:
- •IV. Translate into English:
- •Grammar: Modals – Модальні дієслова (1) Ability (здатність, спроможність): can, could, be able to
- •Permission (дозвіл): can, could, may, be allowed to
- •8 Export and Import
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •4 Fill in the missing prepositions: (of (2), in, at (2), by (3), on (2), for, through, to)
- •5 Translate into English:
- •Grammar: Modals – Модальні дієслова (2)
- •9 Money and its functions
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Translate the sentences into Ukrainian. Define the part of speech of the underlined words:
- •3 The words in the box frequently occur before "money". Find combinations that mean:
- •4 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •Grammar: Modals with the Perfect Infinitive – Модальні дієслова з перфектним інфінітивом
- •10 Aggregate supply
- •I. Find equivalents:
- •II. Match the synonyms:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with prepositions or adverbs if necessary:
- •IV. Match the terms with their definitions:
- •V. Define which of the following items best completes the statement:
- •VI. Complete the following sentences:
- •VIII. Translate into English:
- •Grammar: The Infinitive – Інфінітив
- •11 Aggregate demand
- •I. Match the antonyms:
- •V. Complete the following sentences:
- •VI. Translate into English:
- •VII. Replace the Ukrainian words and phrases by their English equivalents in the correct form:
- •Grammar: The Gerund – Герундій
- •(12) Grammar: The Participle – Дієприкметник
VI. Complete the following sentences:
1 Economists examine aggregate supply... 2 The factors affecting aggregate supply are... 3 In order to measure aggregate supply... 4 National income accounting is... 5 National income accounting also makes it possible... 6 The most important economic statistics kept in the national income accounts are... 7 GNP is...
VIII. Translate into English:
1 Економісти розглядають сукупну пропозицію як загальну кількість товарів та послуг, вироблених, як правило, за один рік. 2 На сукупну пропозицію впливає кількість цих ресурсів. 3 Щоб бути продуктивною, економіка повинна мати відповідний (достатній) запас природних багатств та засобів виробництва. 4 Третій фактор, який впливає на сукупну пропозицію, – це ефективність, з якою комбінуються ресурси. 5 Розрахунок національного прибутку дає можливість накреслити перспективні напрямки в економіці і виробити нові напрямки державної політики, щоб поліпшити стан економіки. 6 Валовий національний продукт – це вартість у доларах усієї сукупності готової продукції та послуг, вироблених і наданих за рік.
Grammar: The Infinitive – Інфінітив
1. The infinitive has the following forms:
|
Simple |
Continuous |
Perfect |
Perfect Continuous |
Active Voice |
to ask |
to be asking |
to have asked |
to have been asking |
Passive Voice |
to be asked |
– |
to have been asked |
– |
2. The infinitive can be used as:
the subject (підмет) |
It was hard to raise this question. |
the predicative ( частина присудка) |
The main problem is to get to the office on time. |
an object (додаток) |
She tried to speak calmly. |
an attribute (означення) |
There was nothing to argue about. |
an adverbial modifier (обставина) |
I have come to see the manager. |
3. Some verbs can be followed by object + infinitive:
I'd like you to pay now.
a) verbs followed by an object + infinitive with "to":
advise, allow, ask, expect, forbid, force, get, hate, help, intend, invite, permit, order, prefer, recommend, remind, tell, want, persuade, like, warn, wish, would like, encourage |
My boss always encouraged me to work as hard as I could.
b) verbs followed by an object + infinitive without "to":
let, make, feel, see, hear, watch, notice |
Let me explain the rule.
Ex.1. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian. State the form and function of the Infinitive:
1 She was the last to solve the problem. …………………………………………………………………..
2 To do it accurately was the main problem. …………………………………………………………………
3 This is a prestigious company to work in. ………………………………………………………………….
4 It was kind of your boss to have offered it to you. …………………………………………………………
5 Our plan was to finish this work by the end of the month. …………………………………………………
6 I was lucky to have been chosen for this job. …………………………………………………………….
7 This is a very good hotel to stay at. ………………………………………………………………………
8 There’s a lot of work to be done today. …………………………………………………………………..
9 She was the first to be given a rise. ………………………………………………………………………
10 It's nice to be working right now. ………………………………………………………………………
11 He hopes to be chosen for this position. ………………………………………………………………….
12 Our boss doesn't like to be interrupted while he’s working. ……………………………………………..
13 Do you know him well enough to ask him for some money? ……………………………………………
14 I don’t want to be misunderstood. ……………………………………………………………..
15 All the necessary changes may be made any moment. …………………………………………………
16 I hope to find a job in accounting. …………………………………………………………….
17 I'm sorry not to have kept my promise. …………………………………………………………………..
18 It was a big mistake for them not to keep him as accountant. …………………………………………….
Ex.2. Put "to" or "-" into the gaps:
1 We made him ... do it all over again. 2 I recommended him ... learn the laws of my country. 3 The boss made the secretary ... repeat the message. 4 They won't let you ... leave the Customs area till your luggage has been examined. 5 Will you help me ... fill in this application form? 6 Please let us ... know about his decision as soon as possible. 7 I'd like him ... accept this invitation. 8 I don't want anybody ... use the results of my experiments. 9 He made me ... sign this paper. 10 I saw him ... leave the office. 11 Nobody noticed him ... come in. 12 I don't want anybody ... know about our plans. 13 She knew him ... be a good marketer. 14 I believe this ... be the only way out.
Ex.3. Translate into English:
1 Він не хотів, щоб касир перераховував гроші. 2 Всі вважають, що він дуже успішний підприємець. 3 Це змусить менеджерів компанії подумати, як вирішити проблему захисту свого виробника. 4 Це змусило уряд підвищити ціни на імпортні товари. 5 Я сподівався, що ця новина змусить його підвищити тобі заробітну платню. 6 Я не хочу, щоб ви контролювали мою діяльність. 7 Він не сподівався, що це питання розглянуть так швидко. 8 Ніхто не сподівався, що ця перспективна компанія стане банкрутом. 9 Ніхто не знав, що примусило їх змінити їхні плани. 10 Я хочу, щоб ви проглянули цей звіт. 11 Що змусило його зробити цей крок? 12 Дозвольте мені дати вам пораду. 13 Мені б не хотілося, щоб ти так погано думав про нього. 14 Вони не сподівалися, що ми закінчимо цей звіт без їхньої допомоги.