- •1 Structure of a business letter
- •1 This is how a business school teacher is explaining the parts of a business letter to a student:
- •2 Now read the letter and name its elements:
- •Grammar: The Sequence of Tenses – Узгодження часів
- •2 Writing a business e-mail
- •1 Why do people use e-mail in business? Make a list of reasons.
- •2 Read some 'rules' for writing good business e-mails. Which rules do you follow?
- •3 Read the e-mail below from a student to a company about their work experience programme. Which rules in ex 2 does he break?
- •4 Look al the phrases in italics (1-6) in the e-mail. Match them with the formal phrases (a-f) below:
- •5 Here are some phrases to use in e-mails. Write starting (s), ending (e), saying why you are writing (w) or requesting (r) after each one and the ones in ex 4:
- •6 Rewrite Luigi’s e-mail using the rules in ex 2 and some of the phrases in ex 5. Grammar: Reported Speech (statements) – Непряма мова (стверджувальні речення)
- •3 Doing Business on the Internet
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •Grammar: Reported Questions, Requests, Orders – Непрямі питання, прохання, накази
- •4 Business across Cultures
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •5 Put these statements about customs and culture into the correct order. Translate the sentences:
- •Grammar: First Conditional – Умовні речення і типу
- •5 What is Economics About?
- •1 Read the following words and try to guess their meaning. Mind the stress!
- •2 Match English and Ukrainian equivalents:
- •3 Choose the correct word:
- •4 Complete the sentences:
- •Grammar Second Conditional – Умовні речення іі типу
- •6 Products, Goods and Services
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •Grammar: Third Conditional – Умовні речення ііі типу
- •7 Markets
- •I. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Answer the questions:
- •IV. Translate into English:
- •Grammar: Modals – Модальні дієслова (1) Ability (здатність, спроможність): can, could, be able to
- •Permission (дозвіл): can, could, may, be allowed to
- •8 Export and Import
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •4 Fill in the missing prepositions: (of (2), in, at (2), by (3), on (2), for, through, to)
- •5 Translate into English:
- •Grammar: Modals – Модальні дієслова (2)
- •9 Money and its functions
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Translate the sentences into Ukrainian. Define the part of speech of the underlined words:
- •3 The words in the box frequently occur before "money". Find combinations that mean:
- •4 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •Grammar: Modals with the Perfect Infinitive – Модальні дієслова з перфектним інфінітивом
- •10 Aggregate supply
- •I. Find equivalents:
- •II. Match the synonyms:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with prepositions or adverbs if necessary:
- •IV. Match the terms with their definitions:
- •V. Define which of the following items best completes the statement:
- •VI. Complete the following sentences:
- •VIII. Translate into English:
- •Grammar: The Infinitive – Інфінітив
- •11 Aggregate demand
- •I. Match the antonyms:
- •V. Complete the following sentences:
- •VI. Translate into English:
- •VII. Replace the Ukrainian words and phrases by their English equivalents in the correct form:
- •Grammar: The Gerund – Герундій
- •(12) Grammar: The Participle – Дієприкметник
Grammar: First Conditional – Умовні речення і типу
if + Present Simple / Continuous, will + V |
We use the first conditional:
• to talk about a likely situation and its probable result in the future.
If the weather keeps warm, we'll go to the river. - Якщо погода залишиться теплою, ми підемо на річку.
• to give advice, threats and to make promises.
If I have time, I'll help you with the report. – Якщо я матиму час, я допоможу тобі зі звітом.
Ex.1. Finish these sentences using the first conditional:
1 If he washes my car, .... |
7 If I go to the party,.... |
2 If you smoke,.... |
8 If it rains,.... |
3 If you need a lot of money,.... |
9 If I eat a lot of sweets,.... |
4 If you fail your test in math,.... |
10 If we get this loan,.... |
5 If she loses her weight,.... |
11 If you skip classes,.... |
6 If you phone me tonight,.... |
12 If you buy a new flat,.... |
Ex.2. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form:
1 If you ……… (see) Marie, tell her I have a message for her. 2 If he ……… (refuse) to help, I'll have to manage without him. 3 What will we do if he ……… (not meet) us? 4 If I ……… (get) a work permit, I'll stay for another three weeks. 5 If you ……… (help) us, the job will only take an hour. 6 If I find his passport, I ……… (phone) him at once. 7If you leave your car unlocked, someone ……… (steal) it. 8 Unless she ……… (sell) more, she won't get much commission. 9 If I lend you $ 100, when you ……… (repay) me? 10 If we ……… (make) share issues this month, we'll raise our finance. 11 If you manage to get cheap loans, the firm ……… (stay) in business. 12 If we ……… (need) extra capital, we'll apply at the bank for a loan. 13 If you ……… (be) in difficulties with money, I'll help you by all means.
Ex.3. Translate into English:
1 Якщо я попрошу його, він допоможе нам одержати цю позику. 2 Вони обговорять це питання, якщо у них буде вільний час. 3 Якщо нас запросять на ці переговори, ми будемо підтримувати вашу стратегію. 4 Ми одержимо цю інформацію вчасно, якщо він відправить її електронною поштою. 5 Якщо він забуде свою обіцянку, я нагадаю йому. 6 Якщо прибуток не буде розподілений між акціонерами, вони будуть не задоволені. 7 Якщо ми одержимо цю довгострокову оренду, то відкриємо ще один гіпермаркет в цьому місті. 8 Ми зможемо купити ці нові приміщення, якщо у фірми буде додатковий капітал. 9 Якщо наш вчений одержить грант, він зможе закінчити дослідження цієї важливої для всього людства проблеми. 10 Якщо я куплю цей телевізор у розстрочку, то я зможу заощадити гроші на подорож до Єгипту.
5 What is Economics About?
Unlike history, mathematics, English and chemistry, economics is a subject that most students encounter only briefly, sometimes not at all, before they begin college. Economics is a basic discipline, like those just listed. It is not an applied subject like accounting in which specific skills are taught.
Economics has some similarities to mathematics because logical reasoning and mathematical tools are used
in it extensively. It also has some similarities to history because economics studies people as they interact in social groups.
Like chemistry, economics employs the scientific method, although some of economics has a descriptive rather than an analytical flavour. Finally, like English grammar, economics has a few simple rules and principles, but from these principles economics can derive many conclusions.
Economics is the science of making choices. Individuals must decide whether to study another hour or to go for a walk, whether to buy a six-pack of Pepsi or two litres of milk at the grocery, whether to choose fire fighting or teaching as an occupation and whether to play golf or to watch TV for an afternoon of recreation. As a group, people must also choose through their governments whether to build a dam or to repair highways with their taxes, whether to invest money to business or to expand national parks.
The common element in all these decisions is that every choice involves a cost. (Reading this text means that you are not enjoying a bike ride).
In fact, economics is the study of the choice that people make and the actions that they take in order to make the best use of scarce resources in meeting their wants.
Economics is about our everyday life. How do we get our living? Why do we sometimes get more and sometimes less? Are we producing as efficiently as we could? Are we producing the “right things”? What are the “right things”? Who should decide this and why? The study of economics helps us to answer these questions.
1 Do school-leavers know much about economics? Why? 2 Is economics a basic discipline or an applied subject? 3 What subjects is economics similar to and how? 4 How can economics be defined? 5 Prove that economics is the science of making choices. 6 Why do people have to make choices very often? 7 What is common about all decision-making?