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- •Предисловие
- •Unit I State Structure of the Republic of Belarus
- •Vocabulary
- •The Constitution of the Republic of Belarus
- •Vocabulary Practice
- •Discussion
- •Grammar Practice The Adjective. Degrees of Comparison
- •Articles
- •The Verb. Types of Questions
- •Tenses in the Active Voice
- •Modal Verbs
- •The President
- •The Leguslative and Executive Branches
- •Legal System of Belarus
- •Judicial Power
- •External Policy of the Republic of Belarus
- •Revision Translation
- •Unit II State Structure of the United Kingdom
- •Vocabulary
- •The Constitutional Monarchy
- •Legislature
- •Parliament
- •Vocabulary Practice
- •Verb noun(agent) noun(concept)
- •English Laws
- •Discussion
- •Grammar Practice Tenses in the Active Voice
- •Types of questions. Degrees of comparison. Articles.
- •Limitations on the Lords
- •The Queen
- •Electoral System
- •Political Party System
- •Revision translation
- •Unit III State Structure of the usa
- •Vocabulary
- •The Constitution of the usa
- •Vocabulary Practice
- •Discussion
- •1. The Declaration of Independence:
- •2. The Bill of Rights:
- •The Constitution:
- •Grammar Practice Articles
- •The Passive Voice
- •Modal Verbs
- •The Sequence of Tenses
- •Congress
- •The Senate
- •The House of Representatives
- •Department of Justice
- •Political Parties
- •Revision translation Правовая система сша
- •Unit IV Legal Profession
- •Vocabulary
- •Legal Profession in Great Britain
- •Word Practice
- •Verb noun (agent) noun (concept)
- •Discussion
- •Grammar practice The Infinitive
- •The Infinitive Constructions
- •Prepositions
- •Modal Verbs
- •Legal Profession in the United States
- •Judges Nomination
- •Judicial Independence
- •The United States Sheriffs’ Work
- •Revision translation Профессия юриста в Великобритании
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •You should Know Law
- •Vocabulary Practice
- •Verb noun (agent) noun (concept)
- •Discussion
- •1. Law is the highest achievement of civilization:
- •2. Functions of law:
- •3. The spheres of law:
- •Grammar Practice
- •Tenses in the Active and Passive Voice (Revision)
- •The Participle
- •The Participle Constructions
- •Sources of Law
- •Legal System of Great Britain
- •Ancient Laws
- •The Middle Ages Legislation
- •The Center of Government and Justice
- •Revision translation
- •Англо-саксонская правовая семья или семья общего права
- •Законодательство на территории Беларуси в Средние Века
- •Unit VI Crime
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Practice
- •Discussion
- •Tom's Life of Crime
- •Inspector’s Investigation
- •Grammar Practice Prepositions
- •The Gerund
- •Defences
- •Juvenile Delinquency
- •Crime Prevention
- •Measures to Combat Terrorism
- •Computer Crime
- •Revision Translation
- •Unit VII Police Force
- •Vocabulary
- •The Work of the Police in Great Britain
- •Vocabulary Practice
- •Duties and functions of the police force:
- •Members of the police:
- •Grammar Practice Subjunctive Mood
- •The Police Mission
- •Points for Discussion:
- •The Metropolitan Police Force
- •Scotland Yard
- •Interpol
- •Police Force in the u.S.A.
- •Inspection Division
- •Revision Translation
- •Revision test (Units 1 – 3)
- •Inns of Court
- •Scottish Parliament
- •Vocation to Defend Man
- •Revision test (Units 4 – 7)
- •A Famous Russian Jurist
- •Supplement
- •1. English Alphabet and Sounds. Алфавит и звуки
- •2. Rules of reading. Произношение и чтение
- •3.Word Formation. Словообразование. Suffixes. Суффиксы
- •4.The Noun. The Category of number. Множественное число существительных
- •5. The Noun. The Category of Case. Притяжательный падеж
- •6. The indefinite Article
- •7. The Definite Article (with Common Nouns)
- •8. Omission of the Article. Отсутствие артикля
- •9. The Degrees of Comparison (the adjective and the adverb). Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий
- •10.The Pronoun. Местоимения
- •11. The Cardinal and the Ordinal numerals. Количественные и порядковые числительные
- •12. The Structure of the Sentence. Порядок слов в английском повествовательном предложении
- •13. To be and to Have (Indefinite Tenses). Глаголы to be и to have во временах группы Indefinite
- •15. Types of Questions. Типы вопросительных предложений
- •16. A) The Tenses in the Active Voice Времена действительного залога
- •16. B) The Future–in–the Past. Будущее в прошедшем
- •17. The Constitution It is/was… that. Усилительная конструкция
- •18. The Passive Voice. Страдательный залог.
- •19. Modal Verbs. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.
- •20. The Sequence of Tenses. Согласование времен.
- •22. The word One
- •23. The Participle. Причастие.
- •24. The Participial Constructions. Причастные обороты
- •25. The Gerund. Герундий.
- •26. The Gerundial. Герундиальный оборот
- •27. The Infinitive. Инфинитив
- •28. The Infinitive Constructions. Инфинитивные обороты
- •29. Subjunctive Mood. Сослагательное наклонение.
- •List of Irregular Verbs
- •List of Reference Books
20. The Sequence of Tenses. Согласование времен.
Если глагол-сказуемое в главном предложении стоит в настоящем или бедующем времени, то в дополнительном придаточном предложении глагол будет стоять в том времени, которое требуется по смыслу. |
says He that will say |
she lives in Minsk. she lived in Minsk. she will live in Minsk. |
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Если глагол-сказуемое в главном предложении стоит в прошедшем времени, то в придаточном предложении глагол должен стоять в одном из прошедших времен. |
He said (that) |
she lived in Minsk. she had lived in Minsk. she would live in Minsk |
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21. Direct and Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) Прямая и косвенная речь |
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При преобразовании прямой речи в косвенную необходимо произвести следующие изменения: |
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1.Если прямая речь – повествовательное предложение, то нужно: |
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Present Indefinite → Past Indefinite go went Past Indefinite → Past Perfect went had gone Future Indefinite → Future Indefinite-in-the-Past shall/will go should/would go Present Continuous → Past Continuous am/is/are going was/were going Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous was/were going had been going Future Continuous → Future Continuous – in- the Past: will be going would be going Present Perfect → Past Perfect has/have gone had gone Past Perfect → Past Perfect had gone had gone Future Perfect → Future Perfect -in –the Past will have gone would have gone Present Perfect Continuous→Past Perfect Continuous have/has been going had been going Past Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous had been going had been going Future Perfect Continuous → Future Perfect Continuous –in-the Past: will have been going would have been going |
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now – then, today – that day, tomorrow – the next day, yesterday – the day before, ago – before, here – there, this year/these days– that year/those days, this (pen) –the (pen) |
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Mother said to me, “ I bought this book for you yesterday”. Mother told me(that) she had bought the book for me the day before. |
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2. При преобразовании общих вопросов в косвенную речь нужно: |
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He asked me, “Have you spent your holiday in the South this year?” He asked me whether I had spent my holiday in the South that year? |
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3.При преобразовании специальных вопросов в косвенную речь нужно: |
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She said to me, “Where did you go yesterday?” She asked me where I had gone the day before. |
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4.При преобразовании повелительного наклонения из прямой речи в косвенную нужно: |
глагол повелительного наклонения заменить инфинитивом. Глагол say заменить глаголом tell или order (при выражении приказания) и глаголом ask (при выражении просьбы) |
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She said to me, “Don’t ring me up today as I will be very busy. She asked me not to ring her up that day as she would be very busy. |