- •Предисловие
- •Unit I State Structure of the Republic of Belarus
- •Vocabulary
- •The Constitution of the Republic of Belarus
- •Vocabulary Practice
- •Discussion
- •Grammar Practice The Adjective. Degrees of Comparison
- •Articles
- •The Verb. Types of Questions
- •Tenses in the Active Voice
- •Modal Verbs
- •The President
- •The Leguslative and Executive Branches
- •Legal System of Belarus
- •Judicial Power
- •External Policy of the Republic of Belarus
- •Revision Translation
- •Unit II State Structure of the United Kingdom
- •Vocabulary
- •The Constitutional Monarchy
- •Legislature
- •Parliament
- •Vocabulary Practice
- •Verb noun(agent) noun(concept)
- •English Laws
- •Discussion
- •Grammar Practice Tenses in the Active Voice
- •Types of questions. Degrees of comparison. Articles.
- •Limitations on the Lords
- •The Queen
- •Electoral System
- •Political Party System
- •Revision translation
- •Unit III State Structure of the usa
- •Vocabulary
- •The Constitution of the usa
- •Vocabulary Practice
- •Discussion
- •1. The Declaration of Independence:
- •2. The Bill of Rights:
- •The Constitution:
- •Grammar Practice Articles
- •The Passive Voice
- •Modal Verbs
- •The Sequence of Tenses
- •Congress
- •The Senate
- •The House of Representatives
- •Department of Justice
- •Political Parties
- •Revision translation Правовая система сша
- •Unit IV Legal Profession
- •Vocabulary
- •Legal Profession in Great Britain
- •Word Practice
- •Verb noun (agent) noun (concept)
- •Discussion
- •Grammar practice The Infinitive
- •The Infinitive Constructions
- •Prepositions
- •Modal Verbs
- •Legal Profession in the United States
- •Judges Nomination
- •Judicial Independence
- •The United States Sheriffs’ Work
- •Revision translation Профессия юриста в Великобритании
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •You should Know Law
- •Vocabulary Practice
- •Verb noun (agent) noun (concept)
- •Discussion
- •1. Law is the highest achievement of civilization:
- •2. Functions of law:
- •3. The spheres of law:
- •Grammar Practice
- •Tenses in the Active and Passive Voice (Revision)
- •The Participle
- •The Participle Constructions
- •Sources of Law
- •Legal System of Great Britain
- •Ancient Laws
- •The Middle Ages Legislation
- •The Center of Government and Justice
- •Revision translation
- •Англо-саксонская правовая семья или семья общего права
- •Законодательство на территории Беларуси в Средние Века
- •Unit VI Crime
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Practice
- •Discussion
- •Tom's Life of Crime
- •Inspector’s Investigation
- •Grammar Practice Prepositions
- •The Gerund
- •Defences
- •Juvenile Delinquency
- •Crime Prevention
- •Measures to Combat Terrorism
- •Computer Crime
- •Revision Translation
- •Unit VII Police Force
- •Vocabulary
- •The Work of the Police in Great Britain
- •Vocabulary Practice
- •Duties and functions of the police force:
- •Members of the police:
- •Grammar Practice Subjunctive Mood
- •The Police Mission
- •Points for Discussion:
- •The Metropolitan Police Force
- •Scotland Yard
- •Interpol
- •Police Force in the u.S.A.
- •Inspection Division
- •Revision Translation
- •Revision test (Units 1 – 3)
- •Inns of Court
- •Scottish Parliament
- •Vocation to Defend Man
- •Revision test (Units 4 – 7)
- •A Famous Russian Jurist
- •Supplement
- •1. English Alphabet and Sounds. Алфавит и звуки
- •2. Rules of reading. Произношение и чтение
- •3.Word Formation. Словообразование. Suffixes. Суффиксы
- •4.The Noun. The Category of number. Множественное число существительных
- •5. The Noun. The Category of Case. Притяжательный падеж
- •6. The indefinite Article
- •7. The Definite Article (with Common Nouns)
- •8. Omission of the Article. Отсутствие артикля
- •9. The Degrees of Comparison (the adjective and the adverb). Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий
- •10.The Pronoun. Местоимения
- •11. The Cardinal and the Ordinal numerals. Количественные и порядковые числительные
- •12. The Structure of the Sentence. Порядок слов в английском повествовательном предложении
- •13. To be and to Have (Indefinite Tenses). Глаголы to be и to have во временах группы Indefinite
- •15. Types of Questions. Типы вопросительных предложений
- •16. A) The Tenses in the Active Voice Времена действительного залога
- •16. B) The Future–in–the Past. Будущее в прошедшем
- •17. The Constitution It is/was… that. Усилительная конструкция
- •18. The Passive Voice. Страдательный залог.
- •19. Modal Verbs. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.
- •20. The Sequence of Tenses. Согласование времен.
- •22. The word One
- •23. The Participle. Причастие.
- •24. The Participial Constructions. Причастные обороты
- •25. The Gerund. Герундий.
- •26. The Gerundial. Герундиальный оборот
- •27. The Infinitive. Инфинитив
- •28. The Infinitive Constructions. Инфинитивные обороты
- •29. Subjunctive Mood. Сослагательное наклонение.
- •List of Irregular Verbs
- •List of Reference Books
Legal System of Belarus
Legal system of any state reflects objective laws of society development, its historical, national and cultural peculiarities. The Republic of Belarus like any other state has its own legal system, which has both common features with legal systems of other countries and its special characteristics.
The analysis of the legal system of the Republic of Belarus proves the fact that the contents and the dynamics of this system are being affected not only by politics, but also by the entire cultural wealth of society: religion, philosophy, morality and science. The evolution of the legal system of Belarus has tight connection with economical factors – development of productive forces and labour-management relations, with coming into being market economy.
It's generally known that all legal systems can be categorized into the groups (“law families”) depending on some common features. The legal systems of the Republic of Belarus as well as legal system of other states of continental Europe belongs to the Roman-Germanic Law Family. Roman Law (jurisprudence of Ancient Rome) is the primary source of this law family. The main characteristics of the Roman-Germanic Law Family are: optimal generalization of a rule of law, dividing law into public law and private one, separating different branches of law. A normative legal act is the main legal source in the countries with legal systems based on Roman-Germanic Law Family unlike those countries with legal systems based on Common Law Family.
The legal system of Belarus has profound historical roots. The Belarusian Feudal Law rank high among the other world famoust ancient legal codes (such as the Code of Hammurabi, the Law of the Twelve Tables, The Justinian Code, the Napoleonic Code). The famous 1529, 1566, 1588 Statutes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuanian used to be the Law in force in the Middle Adges.The entire legal system of Belarus and Lithuania was based on the 1588 Statute for 250 years.
The legal system of the Republic of Belarus was greatly influenced by those states which influenced our country in particular historical periods (Poland – during the 17th–18th centuries, Russia – during the 19th–20th centuries). During the most part of the 20th century Belarus used to be a part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (the USSR) and this fact surely affected the legal system of today's Belarus (its legal culture, formation of the branches of law, etc.). After the break-up of the USSR, the legal system of the Republic of Belarus segregated from so-called Socialist Law Family
The structure of the legal system of the Republic of Belarus contains three groups of legal elements (“legal phenomena”). Rules of law, legal principles and legal institutes (normative aspect) form the first group. The second group contains legal institutions (organizational aspect). And the third one is formed with legal views, opinions and concepts being peculiar for Belarusian society, standard of legal development.
Our republic as well as the other countries of the former USSR inherited the structure of the law system, which had been formed during the Soviet period. A branch of law is the basic structural division of the legal system in Belarus.
The system of law of the Republic of Belarus currently consists of the following branches: constitutional law, civil law, administrative law, criminal law, labour law, family law, land law, financial law, law of criminal procedure, law of civil procedure, law of execution of criminal punishment, etc.
The Constitution is the Fundamental Law of the Republic of Belarus, having supreme legal force. Legislative acts also cover laws enacted by Parliament and Decrees of the President which may have the force of laws in accordance with the Constitution. Decrees of the President, Decisions of the Government as well as legal acts of ministries and other governmental departments and acts of Local Councils of Deputies and Local Executive Committees are the most important acts of secondary legislation.
In the 1990th the legal system of the Republic of Belarus achieved an absolutely new phase of its development. With obtaining independence and the status of an equal member of the world community, adopting the Constitution appeared new possibilities for the development of the legal system of the Republic of Belarus according to the standards of a law-governed state and civil society.
The legal system of the Republic of Belarus is closely interacting with the legal system of Russia. The Treaty between Belarus and Russian Federation “On Creation of the Union State” dated on December 8, 1999 foresees the creation of the unified democratic legal system as one of the objectives of the Union State.
Time will show the real vitality of this legal system.
Text E. Read the text and translate it in writing.