- •Предисловие
- •Unit I State Structure of the Republic of Belarus
- •Vocabulary
- •The Constitution of the Republic of Belarus
- •Vocabulary Practice
- •Discussion
- •Grammar Practice The Adjective. Degrees of Comparison
- •Articles
- •The Verb. Types of Questions
- •Tenses in the Active Voice
- •Modal Verbs
- •The President
- •The Leguslative and Executive Branches
- •Legal System of Belarus
- •Judicial Power
- •External Policy of the Republic of Belarus
- •Revision Translation
- •Unit II State Structure of the United Kingdom
- •Vocabulary
- •The Constitutional Monarchy
- •Legislature
- •Parliament
- •Vocabulary Practice
- •Verb noun(agent) noun(concept)
- •English Laws
- •Discussion
- •Grammar Practice Tenses in the Active Voice
- •Types of questions. Degrees of comparison. Articles.
- •Limitations on the Lords
- •The Queen
- •Electoral System
- •Political Party System
- •Revision translation
- •Unit III State Structure of the usa
- •Vocabulary
- •The Constitution of the usa
- •Vocabulary Practice
- •Discussion
- •1. The Declaration of Independence:
- •2. The Bill of Rights:
- •The Constitution:
- •Grammar Practice Articles
- •The Passive Voice
- •Modal Verbs
- •The Sequence of Tenses
- •Congress
- •The Senate
- •The House of Representatives
- •Department of Justice
- •Political Parties
- •Revision translation Правовая система сша
- •Unit IV Legal Profession
- •Vocabulary
- •Legal Profession in Great Britain
- •Word Practice
- •Verb noun (agent) noun (concept)
- •Discussion
- •Grammar practice The Infinitive
- •The Infinitive Constructions
- •Prepositions
- •Modal Verbs
- •Legal Profession in the United States
- •Judges Nomination
- •Judicial Independence
- •The United States Sheriffs’ Work
- •Revision translation Профессия юриста в Великобритании
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •You should Know Law
- •Vocabulary Practice
- •Verb noun (agent) noun (concept)
- •Discussion
- •1. Law is the highest achievement of civilization:
- •2. Functions of law:
- •3. The spheres of law:
- •Grammar Practice
- •Tenses in the Active and Passive Voice (Revision)
- •The Participle
- •The Participle Constructions
- •Sources of Law
- •Legal System of Great Britain
- •Ancient Laws
- •The Middle Ages Legislation
- •The Center of Government and Justice
- •Revision translation
- •Англо-саксонская правовая семья или семья общего права
- •Законодательство на территории Беларуси в Средние Века
- •Unit VI Crime
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Practice
- •Discussion
- •Tom's Life of Crime
- •Inspector’s Investigation
- •Grammar Practice Prepositions
- •The Gerund
- •Defences
- •Juvenile Delinquency
- •Crime Prevention
- •Measures to Combat Terrorism
- •Computer Crime
- •Revision Translation
- •Unit VII Police Force
- •Vocabulary
- •The Work of the Police in Great Britain
- •Vocabulary Practice
- •Duties and functions of the police force:
- •Members of the police:
- •Grammar Practice Subjunctive Mood
- •The Police Mission
- •Points for Discussion:
- •The Metropolitan Police Force
- •Scotland Yard
- •Interpol
- •Police Force in the u.S.A.
- •Inspection Division
- •Revision Translation
- •Revision test (Units 1 – 3)
- •Inns of Court
- •Scottish Parliament
- •Vocation to Defend Man
- •Revision test (Units 4 – 7)
- •A Famous Russian Jurist
- •Supplement
- •1. English Alphabet and Sounds. Алфавит и звуки
- •2. Rules of reading. Произношение и чтение
- •3.Word Formation. Словообразование. Suffixes. Суффиксы
- •4.The Noun. The Category of number. Множественное число существительных
- •5. The Noun. The Category of Case. Притяжательный падеж
- •6. The indefinite Article
- •7. The Definite Article (with Common Nouns)
- •8. Omission of the Article. Отсутствие артикля
- •9. The Degrees of Comparison (the adjective and the adverb). Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий
- •10.The Pronoun. Местоимения
- •11. The Cardinal and the Ordinal numerals. Количественные и порядковые числительные
- •12. The Structure of the Sentence. Порядок слов в английском повествовательном предложении
- •13. To be and to Have (Indefinite Tenses). Глаголы to be и to have во временах группы Indefinite
- •15. Types of Questions. Типы вопросительных предложений
- •16. A) The Tenses in the Active Voice Времена действительного залога
- •16. B) The Future–in–the Past. Будущее в прошедшем
- •17. The Constitution It is/was… that. Усилительная конструкция
- •18. The Passive Voice. Страдательный залог.
- •19. Modal Verbs. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.
- •20. The Sequence of Tenses. Согласование времен.
- •22. The word One
- •23. The Participle. Причастие.
- •24. The Participial Constructions. Причастные обороты
- •25. The Gerund. Герундий.
- •26. The Gerundial. Герундиальный оборот
- •27. The Infinitive. Инфинитив
- •28. The Infinitive Constructions. Инфинитивные обороты
- •29. Subjunctive Mood. Сослагательное наклонение.
- •List of Irregular Verbs
- •List of Reference Books
The Middle Ages Legislation
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a polyethnic country with the majority of the Belarusians and minorities of the Zhamoity, the Ukrainians, and the Polish.
The Belarusians-Lithuanians were characterized by democracy founded in the community traditions of the Polatsk principality of the times of Rahvalod and Usiaslau Charadzei. Democracy led to the spirit of freedom, formed moral and legal views on independence and understanding of personal values. These very principles were the basis for the principal legislation documents of the Duchy and, first of all, of the Statute book – The Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Three versions of The Statute are known – of 1529, 1566 and 1588. The third version, considered to be the most perfect, was compiled by the best lawyers supervised by oustanding politicians of the Middle Ages, Chancellor of the GDL Astafei Valovich and his follower Leu Sapieha.
The Statute of 1588 was the most perfect collection of legislation documents in Europe at that lime. The third Statute book was in force for two and a half centuries until 1840. It was intelligible because of being written in vernacular Belarusian. Meanwhile, Roman law with its principal ideas in Latin prevailed in the majority of European countries at that time, and Latin was not clear for common people. Every state document in the GDL was written in Belarusian. This can be easily proved by the archives of the Duchy called the Metric of the GDL. It numbers 600 volumes of state documents which were removed to Russia, and are now kept in Moscow.
With the Statute as the basis for a legal state, not personal will but government, ruled by law, was established. The Statute of 1529 was adopted as the only law for everyone in the GDL. According to the Statute of 1566 the major and minor nobility, middle classes, and peasants became citizens enjoying their full rights. The Duke's power was restricted by state institutions, such as Soim and Rada. The power was divided into legislative, executive, and judicial.
The Grand Duchy Statute of 1588 is rightfully considered to be a classical example of legislation of the Middle Ages. It confirmed the sovereignty of the Duke, established social and political systems of the state, rights and duties of the people, and the principles of a legal system. The Statute officially declared religious tolerance and was responsible for every person's rights, with no connection to his social position and faith. The Grand Duke was obliged to guard the borders of the Duchy and try to return the lost lands. The criminal law was worked out in details, and the presumption of innocence was introduced. The Statute of 1588 seems to be the first European code which sought to protect nature.
The third version of the Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was translated into Polish, Russian, German, and some other languages. It had a considerable influence on the legislation systems of Poland. Ukraine, Latvia, Estonia, and Russia.
Text F. Read and translate the text. Make up the summary in writing.