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  1. Напишіть лист-запит до фірми Road Building Equipment, 12, Green Street, Ottawa, Canada від індійської фірми Ind Roads, 144-12, Calcutla Street, Dehli, з приводу закупки в неї вантажівок моделі RB - 12. В листі вкажіть, де ви отримали інформацію (журнал "Industry"), а також що вас цікавить (ціна, умови поставки, оплати, подробиці, документація, можливість побачити машину в дії та ін.). Дайте також відповідь на цей запит.

  2. Знайдіть еквіваленти до поданих виразів.

    1. На борту теплохода.

    2. Помітити (звернути увагу на...)

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    4. Виробники верстатів з високою ефективністю.

    5. Акредитив відкривається на наше ім’я рахунок у Прімбанку.

    6. Ввести верстат у дію.

    7. Ми можемо піти вам назустріч. З повагою ....

    8. Ваша ціна вище, чим у ваших конкурентів.

    9. Будемо вважати справу врегульованою.

    10. Виписати коносамент.

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  1. Прочитайте та перекладіть (письмово) текст. Distribution channels: types and organization

In recent years, one of the biggest channel developments has been the vertical marketing systems (VMS) that have emerged to challenge conventional marketing channels. Generally they provide stronger leadership and improved performance.

In contrast to the conventional distribution channel, VMS consists of producers, and wholesalers acting as a unified system. Any of these three channel members can own, have contracts with or have influence over the other two members. VMS achieve economies through size, bargaining power and elimination of duplicated services.

Each type uses a different means for setting up leadership and power in the channel.

In a corporate VMS the many stages of production and distribution are combined under single ownership. For example, Gallo, the world's largest wine maker, does much more than simply turn grapes into wine. The Gallo brothers own the trucking company which transports all the wine out of Modesto and many of the raw materials back in. Gallo makes the bottles and the aluminium screw tops. It participates in every aspect of selling and owns its distributors in about twelve markets and would probably buy many more if the laws in a lot of states did not prohibit it from doing so.

A contractual VMS consists of independent firms at different levels of production and distribution who join together through contracts to obtain more economies or sales man they could achieve alone. There are three types of contractual VMS: wholesaler-sponsored voluntary chains, retailer co-operatives and franchise organisations.

Wholesaler-sponsored voluntary chains are systems in which wholesalers organise voluntary chains of independent retailers to help them compete with large chain organizations. This is quite common amongst independent grocers.

Retailer cooperatives are systems in which retailers organise a new, jointly owned business to carry out wholesaling and possibly even production.

In franchise organisations, a channel member called a franchiser might link several stages in the production-distribution process. There are three forms of franchises. The manufacturer-sponsored retailer franchise system is common in the automobile industry. The manufacturer licenses independent dealers to sell its cars. The manufacturer- sponsored wholesale franchise is found in the soft-drink industry. Coca-Cola, for example, licenses bottlers (wholesalers) in some markets. They buy the manufacturer's syrup concentrate and then carbonate, bottle and sell it to retailers in local markets. The third franchise form is the service firm-sponsored retailer franchise system. Here a service firm organises a whole system for bringing its service to consumers. There are many examples including car rental (Hertz, Avis), fast-food (McDonalds, Burger King) and the motel business (Holiday Inn, Ramada Inn).

Finally, an administered VMS coordinates the many stages of production and distribution not through common ownership or contractual ties but through the size and power of one of the parties. Manufacturers of top brands can obtain strong trade co­operation. Thus Procter & Gamble or Campbell Soups can command a lot of cooperation from resellers regarding shelf-space, displays, promotions and price policies.

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