- •Передмова
- •Загальні рекомендації
- •The infinitive
- •Sentence patterns with the infinitive
- •1.The Infinitive as Subject
- •2. The Infinitive as Predicate
- •3.The Infinitive as Part of the Predicate
- •3.1 The Infinitive as Part of the Simple Verbal Predicate
- •3.2The Infinitive as Part of the Compound Nominal Predicate proper
- •3.3 The Infinitive as Part of the Compound Verbal Modal Predicate
- •3.4 The Infinitive as Part of the Compound Verbal Phasal Predicate
- •Exercise 10. Complete the following sentences:
- •3.5 The Infinitive as Part of Mixed Predicates
- •4. The Infinitive as Object
- •4.1.The infinitive used after verbs that take only one object
- •4.3.An infinitive conjunctive phrase as object
- •4.4.The infinitive used after adjectives and adjectivized participles
- •4.5The infinitive used after statives
- •5. The Infinitive as Attribute
- •6.The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier
- •6.2 The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Subsequent Events
- •6.3 The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Consequence (Result)
- •6.4.The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Attendant Circumstances
- •6.5.The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Comparison
- •6.6 The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Condition
- •Exercise 17. Paraphrase the following sentences as in the pattern:
- •6.7 The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Exception
- •6.8 The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Time
- •6.9 The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Motivation
- •7. The Infinitive as Parenthesis
- •Predicative constructions with the infinitive
- •The objective with the infinitive construction
- •I want them to win.
- •The subjective infinitive construction
- •Exercises
- •Self-correction exercises
- •1. Define the form of the infinitive in the following sentences:
- •2.Define the function of the infinitive in the following sentences:
- •3. Paraphrase the following sentences using the predicative infinitive constructions
- •The pattern of a final test on the infinitive
- •1.Complete the following sentences using the predicative infinitive constructions.
- •2.Paraphrase the following sentences using the predicative infinitive
- •3. Copy out the infinitive, define its form and its function.
- •The gerund
- •The main sentence patterns with the gerund
- •1.The Gerund as Subject.
- •2. The Gerund as Part of the Compound Predicate.
- •2.1. The Gerund as Part of the Compound Nominal Predicate (the Predicative)
- •2.2. The gerund as Part of the Compound Verbal Phasal Predicate
- •3. The Gerund as Object
- •3.1. The gerund in the function of a direct object
- •3.2. The Gerund in the function of a prepositional object.
- •3.2.1. After verbs
- •3.2.2. After some phrases
- •4. The gerund as attribute.
- •4.1. After Nouns.
- •4.2. Before Nouns
- •5.The gerund as adverbial modifier.
- •5.2. The gerund as adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances
- •5.3. The gerund as adverbial modifier of manner
- •5.4. The gerund as adverbial modifier of cause (reason).
- •5.5. The gerund as adverbial modifier of substitution / replacement
- •5.7. The gerund as adverbial modifier of addition
- •5.8. The gerund as adverbial modifier of concession
- •5.9. The gerund as adverbial modifier of condition
- •5.10. The gerund as adverbial modifier of exception (exclusion)
- •5.11. The gerund as adverbial modifier of purpose
- •The gerundial construction (complex)
- •1.The gerundial construction as complex subject.
- •2. The gerundial construction as complex predicative
- •3. The gerundial construction as complex direct object
- •4. The gerundial construction as complex prepositional object
- •5. The gerundial construction as complex attribute
- •6. The gerundial construction as complex adverbial modifier
- •Exercises on all sentence patterns with the gerund
- •Self-correction exercises on the gerund
- •1.Define the form of the gerund in the following sentences;
- •2.Define the function of the gerund in the following sentences:
- •The pattern of a final test on the gerund
- •1.Complete the following sentences using the gerund or the predicative gerundial constructions.
- •2.Paraphrase the following sentences using the predicative gerundial constructions, underline them, and define their functions.
- •3.Copy out the gerund, define its form and its function.
- •The Participle
- •The present participle (participle I)
- •Syntactical functions of the present participle
- •1.The Present Participle as Attribute.
- •2.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier
- •2.1.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Time
- •2.2.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Reason
- •2.3.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Attendant Circumstances
- •2.6.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Comparison
- •2.7.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Concession
- •2.8.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Condition
- •3.The Present Participle as Predicative (part of the compound nominal predicate)
- •4.The Present Participle as Parenthesis
- •The past participle (participle II)
- •Syntactical functions of the past participle
- •1.The Past Participle as Attribute
- •2.The Past Participle as Predicative (part of the compound nominal predicate)
- •3.The Past Participle as Part of the Compound Nominal Double Predicate
- •4.The Past Participle as Adverbial Modifier
- •4.1.The Past Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Time
- •4.2.The Past Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Reason
- •4.3.The Past Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Condition
- •4.4.The Past Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Concession
- •4.5.The Past Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Comparison
- •Predicative constructions with the participle
- •The objective participial construction
- •I saw the children speaking.
- •I found the door locked.
- •The subjective participial construction
- •Absolute constructions Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
- •Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction
- •Exercises
- •Self-correction exercises
- •1. Define the form of the participle in the following sentences:
- •2. Define the function of the participle in the following sentences:
- •3.Identify the predicative constructions with the infinitive, gerund and participle. Define their functions.
- •The pattern of a final test on the participle
- •1.Complete the following sentences using the predicative constructions with the Participle. Define their names and functions.
- •2. Copy out the Participles and define their functions.
- •3.Copy out the Participles and define their forms:
- •The pattern of a laboratory work on the non-finite forms of the verb
- •Insert the correct form of the non-finite forms of the verb, if possible.
- •Keys to the laboratory work on the non-finite forms of the verb
- •References
The subjective participial construction
The Subjective Participial Construction consists of two parts: nominal + verbal:
He was seen leaving the house.
The house was found ruined.
The verbal part of the construction (a participle) is in the relation of secondary predication to the nominal part (a noun in the common case or a personal pronoun in the nominative case).
The Subjective Participial Construction performs the syntactical function of the complex subject. It is mostly used in the literary style or formal speech.
Subjective Participial Construction with the present participle is used: |
Subjective Participial Construction with the past participle is used: |
a)with the verbs of sense perception and mental ability in the passive form |
|
The men were seen cutting down a tree.
John and Suzy were heard quarrelling. The boy was caught teasing the cat. Jane was found crying in the corner. |
From time to time their voices could be heard uplifted in clamorous argument. The picture is considered stolen.
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b)with some causative verbs : I was kept waiting an hour or so.
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Exercise 37. Rewrite the sentences using the subjective participial construction with the present participle:
1.He was climbing to the top of the hill. We saw it. 2.The man posted a letter. We saw it. 3.They were rehearsing. We heard it. 4.Tom and Susan were quarrelling. Everybody heard it. 5.The woman was repairing her car. We saw it. 6.The policeman left the building. We saw it.
Exercise 38. Complete the sentences using the subjective participial construction with the present participle:
1.The children were heard …2.The doctor was seen …3.Dad was heard … 4.Lisa was found … 5.The singer was heard …
Absolute constructions Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
The nominative absolute participial construction consists of two elements, nominal and verbal. The nominal element is a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case and the verbal element is a participle. The elements of the construction are joined by the predicative relationship, with the noun/pronoun acting like a subject of the participle. The subject of the sentence which includes such construction does not coincide with the nominal element of the construction.
The construction is rather independent from the main part of the sentence and is separated from it by a comma.
Our teacher having fallen ill, we had no English classes.
All forms of the participle are used in this construction.
The nominative absolute participial construction is very literary. It is normally not used in spoken English.
In a sentence, the nominative absolute participial construction functions as an adverbial modifier:
1)of attendant circumstances or manner:
He ran into the room, his eyes shining. (He ran into the room, his eyes were shining.)
He left the room, his farewell unanswered.
John resumed the conversation, his good humour quite restored.
He sat on the sofa, his legs crossed.
Davidson walked, his head bent, across the floor of my office.
We spent the summer in their cottage, they occupying the front room.
2)of reason:
The day being fine, we decided to go swimming. (We decided to go swimming because the day was fine.)
The lights having gone out, we couldn’t see a thing.
The restaurant having closed, there was nowhere to eat.
My attention distracted by the guest, I didn’t hear her last words.
3)of condition:
All being well, we should be home about six. (If all is well, we should be home about six.)
We plan to eat outside, weather permitting.
The work begun, would you be able to carry it though?
4)of time:
A hole having been dug, the men just disappeared. (When the hole had been dug, the men just disappeared.)
Her luggage registered, she went to the platform.
Dinner served, Mary rang the bell.
Sometimes it is difficult to distinguish between different types of the adverbial modifier because different adverbial meanings can overlap:
Ice having thus been broken, the two former rivals grew still more affectionate. (As/after ice had been broken, the two former rivals grew still more affectionate.) (reason + time)