- •Передмова
- •Загальні рекомендації
- •The infinitive
- •Sentence patterns with the infinitive
- •1.The Infinitive as Subject
- •2. The Infinitive as Predicate
- •3.The Infinitive as Part of the Predicate
- •3.1 The Infinitive as Part of the Simple Verbal Predicate
- •3.2The Infinitive as Part of the Compound Nominal Predicate proper
- •3.3 The Infinitive as Part of the Compound Verbal Modal Predicate
- •3.4 The Infinitive as Part of the Compound Verbal Phasal Predicate
- •Exercise 10. Complete the following sentences:
- •3.5 The Infinitive as Part of Mixed Predicates
- •4. The Infinitive as Object
- •4.1.The infinitive used after verbs that take only one object
- •4.3.An infinitive conjunctive phrase as object
- •4.4.The infinitive used after adjectives and adjectivized participles
- •4.5The infinitive used after statives
- •5. The Infinitive as Attribute
- •6.The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier
- •6.2 The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Subsequent Events
- •6.3 The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Consequence (Result)
- •6.4.The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Attendant Circumstances
- •6.5.The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Comparison
- •6.6 The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Condition
- •Exercise 17. Paraphrase the following sentences as in the pattern:
- •6.7 The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Exception
- •6.8 The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Time
- •6.9 The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Motivation
- •7. The Infinitive as Parenthesis
- •Predicative constructions with the infinitive
- •The objective with the infinitive construction
- •I want them to win.
- •The subjective infinitive construction
- •Exercises
- •Self-correction exercises
- •1. Define the form of the infinitive in the following sentences:
- •2.Define the function of the infinitive in the following sentences:
- •3. Paraphrase the following sentences using the predicative infinitive constructions
- •The pattern of a final test on the infinitive
- •1.Complete the following sentences using the predicative infinitive constructions.
- •2.Paraphrase the following sentences using the predicative infinitive
- •3. Copy out the infinitive, define its form and its function.
- •The gerund
- •The main sentence patterns with the gerund
- •1.The Gerund as Subject.
- •2. The Gerund as Part of the Compound Predicate.
- •2.1. The Gerund as Part of the Compound Nominal Predicate (the Predicative)
- •2.2. The gerund as Part of the Compound Verbal Phasal Predicate
- •3. The Gerund as Object
- •3.1. The gerund in the function of a direct object
- •3.2. The Gerund in the function of a prepositional object.
- •3.2.1. After verbs
- •3.2.2. After some phrases
- •4. The gerund as attribute.
- •4.1. After Nouns.
- •4.2. Before Nouns
- •5.The gerund as adverbial modifier.
- •5.2. The gerund as adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances
- •5.3. The gerund as adverbial modifier of manner
- •5.4. The gerund as adverbial modifier of cause (reason).
- •5.5. The gerund as adverbial modifier of substitution / replacement
- •5.7. The gerund as adverbial modifier of addition
- •5.8. The gerund as adverbial modifier of concession
- •5.9. The gerund as adverbial modifier of condition
- •5.10. The gerund as adverbial modifier of exception (exclusion)
- •5.11. The gerund as adverbial modifier of purpose
- •The gerundial construction (complex)
- •1.The gerundial construction as complex subject.
- •2. The gerundial construction as complex predicative
- •3. The gerundial construction as complex direct object
- •4. The gerundial construction as complex prepositional object
- •5. The gerundial construction as complex attribute
- •6. The gerundial construction as complex adverbial modifier
- •Exercises on all sentence patterns with the gerund
- •Self-correction exercises on the gerund
- •1.Define the form of the gerund in the following sentences;
- •2.Define the function of the gerund in the following sentences:
- •The pattern of a final test on the gerund
- •1.Complete the following sentences using the gerund or the predicative gerundial constructions.
- •2.Paraphrase the following sentences using the predicative gerundial constructions, underline them, and define their functions.
- •3.Copy out the gerund, define its form and its function.
- •The Participle
- •The present participle (participle I)
- •Syntactical functions of the present participle
- •1.The Present Participle as Attribute.
- •2.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier
- •2.1.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Time
- •2.2.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Reason
- •2.3.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Attendant Circumstances
- •2.6.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Comparison
- •2.7.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Concession
- •2.8.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Condition
- •3.The Present Participle as Predicative (part of the compound nominal predicate)
- •4.The Present Participle as Parenthesis
- •The past participle (participle II)
- •Syntactical functions of the past participle
- •1.The Past Participle as Attribute
- •2.The Past Participle as Predicative (part of the compound nominal predicate)
- •3.The Past Participle as Part of the Compound Nominal Double Predicate
- •4.The Past Participle as Adverbial Modifier
- •4.1.The Past Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Time
- •4.2.The Past Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Reason
- •4.3.The Past Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Condition
- •4.4.The Past Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Concession
- •4.5.The Past Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Comparison
- •Predicative constructions with the participle
- •The objective participial construction
- •I saw the children speaking.
- •I found the door locked.
- •The subjective participial construction
- •Absolute constructions Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
- •Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction
- •Exercises
- •Self-correction exercises
- •1. Define the form of the participle in the following sentences:
- •2. Define the function of the participle in the following sentences:
- •3.Identify the predicative constructions with the infinitive, gerund and participle. Define their functions.
- •The pattern of a final test on the participle
- •1.Complete the following sentences using the predicative constructions with the Participle. Define their names and functions.
- •2. Copy out the Participles and define their functions.
- •3.Copy out the Participles and define their forms:
- •The pattern of a laboratory work on the non-finite forms of the verb
- •Insert the correct form of the non-finite forms of the verb, if possible.
- •Keys to the laboratory work on the non-finite forms of the verb
- •References
3. The Gerund as Object
3.1. The gerund in the function of a direct object
3.1.1.
to admit to appreciate to deny to dislike to enjoy to fancy to imagine to mention to miss to mind to risk to suggest etc. |
doing something (all the forms) (only the gerund is used) |
My wife mentioned seeing you the other day - 'Seeing' is the gerund which is used in the function of the direct object.
He admitted having stolen the car.
He didn't want to risk getting wet.
Young children enjoy helping round the house.
I don't mind driving if you're tired.
Sorry, but I don't fancy going out tonight.
3.1.2.
can't help can't avoid |
doing something (only the gerund is used) |
I couldn’t avoid speaking of her.
It's awful, but I couldn’t help laughing at her as she fell into the water.
3.1.3.
need want (British English) informal to be worth require (formal) deserve (formal) |
doing something (only the active gerund is used) |
The house needs painting.
Does the skirt need ironing?
The carpet really wants cleaning (British English).
The film is (well) worth seeing.
CAUTION!
The Passive forms of the gerund are not used after these verbs as an active gerund form in this sentence pattern has a passive meaning.
3.1.4.
to hate to like to love to prefer can't stand can't hear |
doing something or to do something (usually no difference in meaning or some changes in meaning) |
I remember how much I hated doing sums when I was at school.
When I was at school I used to love swimming but I hated diving.
Compare:
I hate disturbing you (in general). - I hate to disturb you (I don't want to, but I'm going to).
I love watching TV (in general). - I love to watch TV (a future event).
I can't bear to see her cry. - I can't bear not seeing him again.
Dave can't stand working in an office. - Lily can't stand to hear them arguing.
Compare:
I hate to see you unhappy. - I have always hated speaking in public.
I like to see people enjoying themselves. - I don't like talking in public.
We all love to talk about ourselves. - I love going out to restaurants.
I prefer to wear clothes made of natural fibers. - Crystal prefers traveling by train.
3.1.5.
to remember to forget to regret |
to do something (something in the future or in the present) doing something (something that happened in the past) |
I regret to say I feel ill (I'm going to inform you that I feel ill).
I regret spending so much money (I regret I spent so much money).
Compare:
I remember meeting her at a party once. - Please, remember to buy me some stamps.
She never forgot seeing the Himalayas for the first time. - Don't forget to lock up when you leave.
3.1.6.
to try |
doing something (to test, to use, to make an experiment with a new or different approach to see) to do something (to make an effect, to attempt to do something difficult |
Try phoning his home number.
Compare:
Have you ever tried windsurfing? - They decided they would try living in America for a while.
He tried to control his voice. - She was trying not to cry.
3.1.7.
find |
it
|
an adjective |
doing something |
My mother found it difficult trying to bring up two children while doing a full-time job. - 'Trying to bring up two children' is the gerund in the function of a direct object in the sentence pattern with a formal object expressed by the introductory (anticipatory) it".
Exercise 4. Choose the right form of the non-finite form of the verb:
|
ask / asking
to be / being
to buy / buying
to do / doing
to take your holiday / having a good time
to resign / resigning
to write / writing
to use / using |
Exercise 5. Supply the infinitive or the gerund after the verbs in the following sentences:
1.We are considering whether _____ our advice to tourists (to change / changing)
2.Just imagine _____ all that way for nothing. (to go / going)
3.For months the company has resisted ______ its accounts system. (to change / changing)
4.The bakery was shut so I didn't manage _____ any bread. (to get / getting)
5.He risked ______ his house when his company went bankrupt. (to lose / losing)
6.How could Jonathan afford ______ a new suit? (to buy / buying)
7.I don't mind ______ a dog in the house so long as it's clean and it doesn't smell. (to have / having)
8.I'd prefer _______ in tonight, if you don't mind. (to stay / staying)
9.I've got to go. I promised ______ by 10 o'clock. (to be home / being home)
10. He resents _______ to explain his work to other people. (having / to have)
11. We're considering _______ the house. (to sell / selling)
12. He prefers ________ rugby to playing it. (to watch / watching)
13. I'd prefer you ________. (not to smoke / not smoking)
14. Jane suggested ________ her father for his opinion. (to ask / asking)
15. Should you require my assistance, Dr Howlett, please don't hesitate _________. (to ask / asking)
16. Jill couldn't resist ________ at him in those clothes. (to laugh / laughing)
17. I can't afford ______ tonight. (to go out / going out)
18.You really should avoid him, he'll only try _________ money from you. (to borrow / borrowing)
19. I didn't fancy _________ in that water. (to swim / swimming)
20. I demand _______ what's going on. (to know / knowing)
21. Stephen was fond of traveling because he enjoyed _______ people and ______ new places. (to meet / meeting; to see / seeing)
22. She admitted _______ a mistake. (to make / making)
23. Evans advised him ________ London. (to leave / leaving)
24. Stop ________. You're giving me a headache. (to shout / shouting)
25. Have you finished _______ the article? (to read / reading)
26. I think we should discuss __________ for some kind of government help. (to apply / applying)
27. First you'll learn _______ this machine. (to use / using)
28. She is not likely _______ her promise. (to forget / forgetting)
29. The newspaper offered ________ for the article. (to apologise / apologising)
30. When I imagine ________ him again, I feel so happy. (to see / seeing)
31.You can't afford _______ the film. (to miss / missing)
32.You can't stop ________. (to laugh / laughing)
33. I consider ________ the children with me. (to take / taking)
34. She enjoys ________ tennis. (to play / playing)
35. I managed ________ the work in time. (to do / doing)
36. Why don't you stop _________? (to argue / arguing)
Exercise 6. Define the function of the gerund in the following sentences:
1.We really can't go on living like this – we'll have to find a bigger house. 2.Keep going, the lights are green. 3.Tom was drunk. It was dangerous riding with him. 4.Would you like parachuting? 5.After a short pause they continued climbing. 6.The book is worth reading. 7.My new job will mean traveling all over the world. 8.I enjoy taking a walk after dinner. 9.It's a pleasure arranging a surprise party for someone. 10.Marrying him was the biggest mistake she ever made. 11.I gave up going to the theatre when I moved out of London. 12.I started working here in 1991. 13.Do you feel like going out? 14.Don't even think about calling him. 15.Do you mind changing places? 16.Being a parent isn't easy, as I know from experience. 17.My new job will mean traveling all over the world. 18.Having dinner in the garden is possible if the weather is fine.