- •Передмова
- •Загальні рекомендації
- •The infinitive
- •Sentence patterns with the infinitive
- •1.The Infinitive as Subject
- •2. The Infinitive as Predicate
- •3.The Infinitive as Part of the Predicate
- •3.1 The Infinitive as Part of the Simple Verbal Predicate
- •3.2The Infinitive as Part of the Compound Nominal Predicate proper
- •3.3 The Infinitive as Part of the Compound Verbal Modal Predicate
- •3.4 The Infinitive as Part of the Compound Verbal Phasal Predicate
- •Exercise 10. Complete the following sentences:
- •3.5 The Infinitive as Part of Mixed Predicates
- •4. The Infinitive as Object
- •4.1.The infinitive used after verbs that take only one object
- •4.3.An infinitive conjunctive phrase as object
- •4.4.The infinitive used after adjectives and adjectivized participles
- •4.5The infinitive used after statives
- •5. The Infinitive as Attribute
- •6.The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier
- •6.2 The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Subsequent Events
- •6.3 The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Consequence (Result)
- •6.4.The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Attendant Circumstances
- •6.5.The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Comparison
- •6.6 The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Condition
- •Exercise 17. Paraphrase the following sentences as in the pattern:
- •6.7 The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Exception
- •6.8 The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Time
- •6.9 The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Motivation
- •7. The Infinitive as Parenthesis
- •Predicative constructions with the infinitive
- •The objective with the infinitive construction
- •I want them to win.
- •The subjective infinitive construction
- •Exercises
- •Self-correction exercises
- •1. Define the form of the infinitive in the following sentences:
- •2.Define the function of the infinitive in the following sentences:
- •3. Paraphrase the following sentences using the predicative infinitive constructions
- •The pattern of a final test on the infinitive
- •1.Complete the following sentences using the predicative infinitive constructions.
- •2.Paraphrase the following sentences using the predicative infinitive
- •3. Copy out the infinitive, define its form and its function.
- •The gerund
- •The main sentence patterns with the gerund
- •1.The Gerund as Subject.
- •2. The Gerund as Part of the Compound Predicate.
- •2.1. The Gerund as Part of the Compound Nominal Predicate (the Predicative)
- •2.2. The gerund as Part of the Compound Verbal Phasal Predicate
- •3. The Gerund as Object
- •3.1. The gerund in the function of a direct object
- •3.2. The Gerund in the function of a prepositional object.
- •3.2.1. After verbs
- •3.2.2. After some phrases
- •4. The gerund as attribute.
- •4.1. After Nouns.
- •4.2. Before Nouns
- •5.The gerund as adverbial modifier.
- •5.2. The gerund as adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances
- •5.3. The gerund as adverbial modifier of manner
- •5.4. The gerund as adverbial modifier of cause (reason).
- •5.5. The gerund as adverbial modifier of substitution / replacement
- •5.7. The gerund as adverbial modifier of addition
- •5.8. The gerund as adverbial modifier of concession
- •5.9. The gerund as adverbial modifier of condition
- •5.10. The gerund as adverbial modifier of exception (exclusion)
- •5.11. The gerund as adverbial modifier of purpose
- •The gerundial construction (complex)
- •1.The gerundial construction as complex subject.
- •2. The gerundial construction as complex predicative
- •3. The gerundial construction as complex direct object
- •4. The gerundial construction as complex prepositional object
- •5. The gerundial construction as complex attribute
- •6. The gerundial construction as complex adverbial modifier
- •Exercises on all sentence patterns with the gerund
- •Self-correction exercises on the gerund
- •1.Define the form of the gerund in the following sentences;
- •2.Define the function of the gerund in the following sentences:
- •The pattern of a final test on the gerund
- •1.Complete the following sentences using the gerund or the predicative gerundial constructions.
- •2.Paraphrase the following sentences using the predicative gerundial constructions, underline them, and define their functions.
- •3.Copy out the gerund, define its form and its function.
- •The Participle
- •The present participle (participle I)
- •Syntactical functions of the present participle
- •1.The Present Participle as Attribute.
- •2.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier
- •2.1.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Time
- •2.2.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Reason
- •2.3.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Attendant Circumstances
- •2.6.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Comparison
- •2.7.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Concession
- •2.8.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Condition
- •3.The Present Participle as Predicative (part of the compound nominal predicate)
- •4.The Present Participle as Parenthesis
- •The past participle (participle II)
- •Syntactical functions of the past participle
- •1.The Past Participle as Attribute
- •2.The Past Participle as Predicative (part of the compound nominal predicate)
- •3.The Past Participle as Part of the Compound Nominal Double Predicate
- •4.The Past Participle as Adverbial Modifier
- •4.1.The Past Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Time
- •4.2.The Past Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Reason
- •4.3.The Past Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Condition
- •4.4.The Past Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Concession
- •4.5.The Past Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Comparison
- •Predicative constructions with the participle
- •The objective participial construction
- •I saw the children speaking.
- •I found the door locked.
- •The subjective participial construction
- •Absolute constructions Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
- •Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction
- •Exercises
- •Self-correction exercises
- •1. Define the form of the participle in the following sentences:
- •2. Define the function of the participle in the following sentences:
- •3.Identify the predicative constructions with the infinitive, gerund and participle. Define their functions.
- •The pattern of a final test on the participle
- •1.Complete the following sentences using the predicative constructions with the Participle. Define their names and functions.
- •2. Copy out the Participles and define their functions.
- •3.Copy out the Participles and define their forms:
- •The pattern of a laboratory work on the non-finite forms of the verb
- •Insert the correct form of the non-finite forms of the verb, if possible.
- •Keys to the laboratory work on the non-finite forms of the verb
- •References
6.4.The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Attendant Circumstances
The Infinitive as an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances shows that other actions take place at the same time as the action of the predicate: Her voice floated out, to swell the night’s uneasiness |
NOTE:
1)The infinitive in this function is a non-perfect, common aspect, active voice form.
2)The adverbials of attending circumstances are confined to formal style.
6.5.The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Comparison
THAN + the infinitive: To give is more blessed than to receive. It was much more pleasant to give than to be given. Rather than wait any more, I decided to go home by taxi. (no particle “to”) I was more inclined to see her safely married than go on watching over her. (no particle “to”) |
NOTE:
1)Although the infinitive of comparison is generally used with to, it may also occur without it.
2)The adverbials of comparison are confined to formal style.
6.6 The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Condition
1.The infinitive used as an adverbial modifier of condition denotes an action, which pre-conditions the action of the predicate: To look at Montmorency, you would imagine that he was an angel sent upon earth … (=If you looked…, you would imagine…) I’ll thank you to take your hands off me. (=I’ll thank you, if you take…) 2.Often, although not always, the predicate of the sentence is used in the Conditional Mood. To see him walk down the street, you’d never know he was blind. |
NOTE:
The infinitive phrase in this function contains the verbs of sense perception (to see, to hear, to feel, to look, to listen, to touch, to watch, etc), the predicate of the sentence is expressed by the verb of mental activity (to think, to believe, to imagine, etc):
To hear her talk, you’d think she was made of money.
Exercise 17. Paraphrase the following sentences as in the pattern:
Pattern: If you heard her talk, you would think she was a celebrity.
To hear her talk, you would think she was a celebrity.
1.If you saw them together, you’d think they were an old married couple.But they only met yesterday. 2.If you looked at his pictures, you would think the Impressionists had never been. 3. I smiled. If one heard him, one would think he was always short of money. 4. You wouldn’t believe it if you looked at him. 5. If you looked at him, you would think he was a boss.6. If you heard him talking to Jones you would have thought he commanded at least a battalion. 7. If one heard him, one would think he was as poor as a church mouse.
6.7 The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Exception
The Infinitive as an adverbial modifier of exception denotes the action, which is the only possible one in the situation. The infinitive of this function is used in negative and interrogative sentences: prepositions but/ except + infinitive, which is generally used without to: I had nothing to do but wait. There is nothing to do except turn back. What could I do but submit? |
NOTE: The adverbials of exception are confined to formal style.
Exercise 18. Complete the following sentences as in the pattern:
Pattern: This woman had nothing to do … (to talk).
This woman had nothing to do but talk.
1.I had nothing to do … (to wait). 2. What could he do … (to smile)? 3. There was nothing we could do …(to wait). 4. She did nothing … (to complain the whole time she was here). 5. I couldn’t help… (to realize that something was wrong). 6. I couldn’t do anything …(to just sit there and hope). 7. Daniel held out his arm to her. She had no choice … ( to obey). 8. There was nothing we could do …(to try). 9.He rarely went out … (to take part in the social life of the town).