- •Передмова
- •Загальні рекомендації
- •The infinitive
- •Sentence patterns with the infinitive
- •1.The Infinitive as Subject
- •2. The Infinitive as Predicate
- •3.The Infinitive as Part of the Predicate
- •3.1 The Infinitive as Part of the Simple Verbal Predicate
- •3.2The Infinitive as Part of the Compound Nominal Predicate proper
- •3.3 The Infinitive as Part of the Compound Verbal Modal Predicate
- •3.4 The Infinitive as Part of the Compound Verbal Phasal Predicate
- •Exercise 10. Complete the following sentences:
- •3.5 The Infinitive as Part of Mixed Predicates
- •4. The Infinitive as Object
- •4.1.The infinitive used after verbs that take only one object
- •4.3.An infinitive conjunctive phrase as object
- •4.4.The infinitive used after adjectives and adjectivized participles
- •4.5The infinitive used after statives
- •5. The Infinitive as Attribute
- •6.The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier
- •6.2 The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Subsequent Events
- •6.3 The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Consequence (Result)
- •6.4.The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Attendant Circumstances
- •6.5.The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Comparison
- •6.6 The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Condition
- •Exercise 17. Paraphrase the following sentences as in the pattern:
- •6.7 The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Exception
- •6.8 The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Time
- •6.9 The Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier of Motivation
- •7. The Infinitive as Parenthesis
- •Predicative constructions with the infinitive
- •The objective with the infinitive construction
- •I want them to win.
- •The subjective infinitive construction
- •Exercises
- •Self-correction exercises
- •1. Define the form of the infinitive in the following sentences:
- •2.Define the function of the infinitive in the following sentences:
- •3. Paraphrase the following sentences using the predicative infinitive constructions
- •The pattern of a final test on the infinitive
- •1.Complete the following sentences using the predicative infinitive constructions.
- •2.Paraphrase the following sentences using the predicative infinitive
- •3. Copy out the infinitive, define its form and its function.
- •The gerund
- •The main sentence patterns with the gerund
- •1.The Gerund as Subject.
- •2. The Gerund as Part of the Compound Predicate.
- •2.1. The Gerund as Part of the Compound Nominal Predicate (the Predicative)
- •2.2. The gerund as Part of the Compound Verbal Phasal Predicate
- •3. The Gerund as Object
- •3.1. The gerund in the function of a direct object
- •3.2. The Gerund in the function of a prepositional object.
- •3.2.1. After verbs
- •3.2.2. After some phrases
- •4. The gerund as attribute.
- •4.1. After Nouns.
- •4.2. Before Nouns
- •5.The gerund as adverbial modifier.
- •5.2. The gerund as adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances
- •5.3. The gerund as adverbial modifier of manner
- •5.4. The gerund as adverbial modifier of cause (reason).
- •5.5. The gerund as adverbial modifier of substitution / replacement
- •5.7. The gerund as adverbial modifier of addition
- •5.8. The gerund as adverbial modifier of concession
- •5.9. The gerund as adverbial modifier of condition
- •5.10. The gerund as adverbial modifier of exception (exclusion)
- •5.11. The gerund as adverbial modifier of purpose
- •The gerundial construction (complex)
- •1.The gerundial construction as complex subject.
- •2. The gerundial construction as complex predicative
- •3. The gerundial construction as complex direct object
- •4. The gerundial construction as complex prepositional object
- •5. The gerundial construction as complex attribute
- •6. The gerundial construction as complex adverbial modifier
- •Exercises on all sentence patterns with the gerund
- •Self-correction exercises on the gerund
- •1.Define the form of the gerund in the following sentences;
- •2.Define the function of the gerund in the following sentences:
- •The pattern of a final test on the gerund
- •1.Complete the following sentences using the gerund or the predicative gerundial constructions.
- •2.Paraphrase the following sentences using the predicative gerundial constructions, underline them, and define their functions.
- •3.Copy out the gerund, define its form and its function.
- •The Participle
- •The present participle (participle I)
- •Syntactical functions of the present participle
- •1.The Present Participle as Attribute.
- •2.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier
- •2.1.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Time
- •2.2.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Reason
- •2.3.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Attendant Circumstances
- •2.6.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Comparison
- •2.7.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Concession
- •2.8.The Present Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Condition
- •3.The Present Participle as Predicative (part of the compound nominal predicate)
- •4.The Present Participle as Parenthesis
- •The past participle (participle II)
- •Syntactical functions of the past participle
- •1.The Past Participle as Attribute
- •2.The Past Participle as Predicative (part of the compound nominal predicate)
- •3.The Past Participle as Part of the Compound Nominal Double Predicate
- •4.The Past Participle as Adverbial Modifier
- •4.1.The Past Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Time
- •4.2.The Past Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Reason
- •4.3.The Past Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Condition
- •4.4.The Past Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Concession
- •4.5.The Past Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Comparison
- •Predicative constructions with the participle
- •The objective participial construction
- •I saw the children speaking.
- •I found the door locked.
- •The subjective participial construction
- •Absolute constructions Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
- •Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction
- •Exercises
- •Self-correction exercises
- •1. Define the form of the participle in the following sentences:
- •2. Define the function of the participle in the following sentences:
- •3.Identify the predicative constructions with the infinitive, gerund and participle. Define their functions.
- •The pattern of a final test on the participle
- •1.Complete the following sentences using the predicative constructions with the Participle. Define their names and functions.
- •2. Copy out the Participles and define their functions.
- •3.Copy out the Participles and define their forms:
- •The pattern of a laboratory work on the non-finite forms of the verb
- •Insert the correct form of the non-finite forms of the verb, if possible.
- •Keys to the laboratory work on the non-finite forms of the verb
- •References
4.2.The Past Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Reason
He died at thirty, struck down by a rare disease. (He was struck down by a rare disease and as a result he died at thirty.)
Weakened by successive storms, the bridge was no longer safe. (The bridge was no longer safe because it had been weakened by successive storms.)
Convinced of their trying to poison him, he refused to eat anything.
Exercise 25. Rewrite the sentences using the past participle as the adverbial modifier of reason:
1.He was aroused by the crash and leapt to his feet. 2.As she was absorbed in her book, she did not hear my question. 3.As I was occupied by other thoughts, I stopped thinking about the accident. 4.As John was embarrassed, he did not know what to say. 5.As the detective was satisfied with the result, he let us leave.
Exercise 26. Complete the sentences using the past participle as the adverbial modifier of reason:
1.He took leave of them, ... 2...., he couldn't say a word. 3...., he opened his eyes wide. 4...., she dropped her eyes. 5.Anne left the party, …
4.3.The Past Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Condition
The past participle as an adverbial modifier of condition is often used with the conjunctions if or unless:
If treated gently, the fabric should last for years. (The fabric should last for years if it is treated gently.)
I shall come, if required.
He will speak, unless interrupted.
The past participle in this function can be used without any conjunction:
Taken daily, vitamin pills can improve your health. (If they are taken daily … )
Used economically, one tin will last for at least six weeks. (If it is used economically …)
Exercise 27. Rewrite the sentences using the past participle as the adverbial modifier of condition:
1.If the brain is deprived of oxygen, it dies. 2.Unless he was urged, he never spoke about his experience in Afghanistan. 3.If the liquid is not heated, it’ll become cold in two minutes. 4.She will never go to the party unless she is personally invited. 5.Jeremy will not cooperate if he is not encouraged. 6.The plant will not grow normally unless it is watered daily.
Exercise 28. Complete the sentences using the past participle as the adverbial modifier of condition:
1.He will tell you everything if ... 2.He will read late into night if ... 3.He will speak for hours on end if ... 4.Unless …, he will keep it secret. 5.If …, Joan may lose her temper.
4.4.The Past Participle as Adverbial Modifier of Concession
The past participle as an adverbial modifier of concession is often used with the conjunctions though, although:
Though occupied by his own thoughts, he willingly answered my question. (Though he was occupied by his own thoughts, he willingly answered my question.)
Although shattered by her husband’s disease, she didn’t give in.
Exercise 29. Rewrite the sentences using the past participle as the adverbial modifier of concession:
1.Though her marks are inflated, they show her progress. 2.Though the novel is abridged, it produces a strong impression. 3.Though the room was aired regularly, it was stuffy. 4.Though Jane was underpaid, she liked her job. 5.Though the cake was burnt a little, it was tasty.
Exercise 30. Complete the sentences using the past participle as the adverbial modifier of concession:
1.Though ..., he tried to answer the question ... 2.They went on running, though ... 3.Mike insisted on his demands, though … 4.Though …, the book still appeals to the reader. 5.Though … the concert was a great success.