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3. A) Write down three-five questions about the text.

b) In order to get prepared for participation in class discussion, write a summary of the text.

c) Look for articles about Ukrainian insurance companies . Present your information in class and comment on it.

Lloyd’s of london

Lloyd's, the biggest insurance business in the UK and in the world, is not a company, but an association of London underwriters. It was incorporated in 1871 and it is so called from Edward Lloyd.

Edward Lloyd was the owner of a coffee house where underwriters at that time met to do business.

Lloyd's is regulated by several Acts of Parliament and by its own rules. It is administered by the Council of Lloyd's.

Today more than 20 000 members of Lloyd's in 80 countries work for Lloyd's. Underwriting members or underwriters are grouped into 280 syndicates, generally specialising in particular types of risks. The syndicates vary in size from the relatively small units to the units of several thousand individuals.

Insurance is usually undertaken through Lloyd's brokers rather than directly with Lloyd's underwriting members.

Lloyd's brokers know better what syndicate to approach and how to negotiate the business. They act, like other brokers, and negotiate on behalf of their customers. They do not bear any risks, since only underwriting members bear all the risks with unlimited liability. One of the main principles of insurance with Lloyd's is the spreading of risk as widely as possible among syndicates to minimise their losses. Lloyd's is best known as a centre of marine insurance, but at the same time all kinds of insurance are practiced there. In fact, at the present day marine insurance comprises less than half the total business undertaken. Almost anything can be insured there as well: aircraft, communication satellites, civil engineering projects, livestock and so on.

Besides they do some business in travels, publishing0 and land. It exists because it has evolved over the centuries to meet the needs of the day.

Lloyd's motto Fidentia means confidence in the future.

Words you may need:

underwriter – андерайтер

to negotiate – вести переговори

to bear (bore, borne) – нести, терпіти

spreadпоширювати (ся)

compriseохоплювати

satelliteсупутник

evolve розвивати (ся)

mottoдевіз, лозунг

confidenceдовіра

4. А) Sum up the text in several sentences and present your summary in class.

    1. Discuss the services provided by the liability insurance. Overview of the liability insurance policy

Liability insurance protects your company in case it is sued or held legally liable for injury or loss caused by a mistake made by your company. The development of your risk management plan as part of your business insurance plan will limit the risk of error; however, that risk cannot be eliminated. Liability insurance covers the business for this risk.

For small businesses, many insurers package liability insurance into a larger insurance policy including property and casualty insurance. Most insurers call this packaged policy the “business owners’ policy” or BOP. Your business may be better served by a separate commercial general liability policy or CGL. The coverage afforded under both types of policies are almost always the same.

There are two types of liability policy:

Claims Made – The insurer that covers your business when the claim is made is the insurer that will cover the claim. If you are a construction or design professional, this is the most likely liability policy choice because it can be years after the completion of a project for a defect to become apparent.

Occurrence – The insurer that insures you at the time of the occurrence is the insurer that will handle the claim. The insurer is obligated to work with you until the claim is resolved even if you do not renew your policy with the insurer. These liability policies are more prevalent for businesses that would typically be aware of a potential claim immediately.

The two types of policies are the same with the exception of when the insurer’s obligation starts and ends.

The liability policy provides coverage for damage from an “occurrence” during the policy period. An “occurrence” generally means “accident” occurring to a third-party (someone other than you or the insurer). However, your liability policy may include a definition of “occurrence” to include “continuous or repeated exposure to substantially the same harmful conditions” that includes coverage for injury to a third-party for those kinds of injuries that cause damage over time. An example could be a gravel pit where a neighboring homeowner becomes ill due to a constant inhalation of gravel dust from the pit.

What is Not Covered

What is covered under your liability policy is a function of the substantive state law of your state. One state's courts may rule that a liability policy covers a particular occurrence, while a neighboring state rules it does not. There are some types of occurrences that are not covered and are excluded from the definition of occurrence across all liability policies:

Injury to a Worker- Workers are covered by workers’ compensation insurance and workers are not “third-parties” and, therefore, worker injury is not covered.

Automobile Liability – Damage or loss caused by a company vehicle is covered by a commercial auto policy specifically sold separately from the liability policy.

Damage to Business Property – Damage to business property or location is covered by your property and casualty insurance and your business is the “first-party” and liability coverage only applies to third-party claims.

Pollution – Most liability policies do not cover pollution. If your business will or can harm the environment, then you will need a separate policy or a pollution endorsement.

Products Completed Coverage – Liability policies do cover loss or damage caused by a completed product or service in most cases as long as there is a products-completed operations clause in the policy. Liability policies do not cover loss or damage due to the costs associated with the removal of a product or a recall of the product. There is separate coverage for that situation called product withdrawal coverage.

Understanding Limits

There are two types of limits in a standard liability policy:

Single Occurrence Limit – This is the limit the insurer will pay on one occurrence.

Aggregate Limit – This is the maximum amount the insurer will pay during any policy period for all of the occurrences in the policy period. Generally, this is two times the single occurrence limit.

Insurers have two duties in the event of a claim. The insurer has a duty to defend your company and a duty to indemnify. Indemnify means to pay the claimed loss. The duty to defend your company is the duty of the insurer to pay for your legal representation and all associated costs.

The limits in your policy may be inclusive of defense costs or defense costs may be outside of limits. You want to have a clear understanding of how your policy works. If you have a $500,000 single limit and that amount is to include defense costs, then your limit could be substantially reduced by the costs and fees associated with your defense.

Keep in mind that your aggregate limit is your total amount of insurance for the policy period. You will want this number to be a realistic reflection of your company's exposure to risk.

Endorsements and Exclusions

Endorsements add coverage to your policy and exclusions take away or limit coverage under your liability policy. We will address various types of exclusions and endorsements applicable to the liability policy. Here, we will briefly list the most common types of endorsements:

Liquor Liability-This is an endorsement to your liability policy adding coverage if your business sells, serves, produces, distributes or facilitates the delivery of alcohol to the public.

Employment Practices -As the population ages and as our workplace becomes more diverse, claims against employers alleging discrimination are increasing. This endorsement adds coverage for such claims subject to a number of limitations.

Employee Benefits - If you or an employee will manage employee benefits such as health, 401k's or pensions, then this endorsement will add coverage to protect you against claims of faulty administration or negligence.

Liability Insurance is a critical element of your business insurance plan and it can be complicated. Choosing a good insurance professional and creating a statement about what your business does so you can work with that professional to understand your options is important in making sure your liability insurance is an adequate part of your business insurance plan.

Words you may need:

error – помилка

casualty insuranceстрахування від нещасного випадку

to eliminateусувати, знищувати

claimпозов, претензія

apparentявний

occurrenceвипадок, подія

resolve наважуватись

aware обізнаний, інформований

exposure наражання (на ризик, небезпеку)

inhalation вдихання

pitкар’єр

pollutionзабруднення

negligence – недбалість, халатність

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