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The functions of the verb «to be»

Functions

Examples

1. The Notional Verb

He is at home now.

The students are in the classroom.

2. An Auxiliary Verb

He is writing a letter.

I was asked a difficult question.

3. A Link Verb

John is a student. He is intelligent.

He is the best student in our group.

4. A Modal Verb

We are to meet at noon.

They are to begin this work at once.

The functions of the verb «to have»

Functions

Examples

1. The Notional Verb

She has a large family.

We have got a comfortable flat.

2. An Auxiliary Verb

He has graduated from the University.

I have been waiting for you for half an hour.

3. A Modal Verb

I have to get up early on Mondays.

They had to go there. He will have to do it.

The functions of the verb «to do»

Functions

Examples

1. The Notional Verb

The exercise was done well.

You didn’t do anything to help her.

2.An Auxiliary Verb

a) The Present and Past Indefinite (interrogative and negative forms)

b) The Imperative Mood (negative form)

c) to express emphasis

He doesn’t work here.

Did you see him yesterday?

  • Yes, I did.

Don’t be late for lessons.

But I do know him.

General questions

Predicate or auxiliary verb

Sub-

ject

Part of the Predicate

Object

Adverbial Modifiers

Short Answers

Affirmative

Negative

Is

Do

Does

Did

Will

Are

Was

Can

he

you

she

it

he

you

Ann

you

take

live

rain

be living?

studying?

swim?

books

French?

at home?

here?

in Kyiv?

last night?

there?

in class?

Yes, he is.

Yes, I do.

Yes, she does.

Yes, it did.

Yes, he will.

Yes, I am.

Yes, she was.

Yes, I can.

No, he isn’t.

No, I don’t.

No, she doesn’t.

No, it didn’t.

No, he won’t.

No, I’ m not.

No, she wasn’t.

No, I can’t

Tag questions

Jack can come, can’t he?

Fred can’t come, can he?

A tag question is a question added at the end of a sentence. Speakers use tag questions chiefly to make sure their information is correct or to seek agreement.

AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCE + NEGATIVE TAG = AFFIRMATIVE ANSWER EXPECTED

Mary is here, isn’t she? Yes, she is.

You like tea, don’t you? Yes, I do.

They have left, haven’t they? Yes, they have.

NEGATIVE SENTENCE + AFFIRMATIVE TAG = NEGATIVE ANSWER EXPECTED

Mary isn’t here, is she? No, she isn’t.

You don’t like tea, do you? No, I don’t.

They haven’t left, have they? No, they haven’t.

This/That is your book, isn’t it?

These/Those are yours, aren’t they?

The tag pronoun for this/that = it

The tag pronoun for these/those = they.

There is a meeting tonight, isn’t there?

In sentences with there + be, there is used in the tag.

Everything is okay, isn’t it?

Everyone took the test, didn’t they?

Personal pronouns are used to refer to indefinite pronouns. They is usually used in a tag to refer to everyone, someone, everybody, no one, nobody.

Nothing is wrong, is it?

Nobody called on the phone, did they?

You’ve never been there, have you?

Sentences with negative words take affirmative tags.

I am supposed to be here, am I not?

I am supposed to be here, aren’t I?

am I not? Is formal English.

aren’t I? is common in spoken English.

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