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The gerundal complex

The Gerundial Complex consists of a noun (in the Common or Possessive Case) or a possessive pronoun and gerund.

Functions

Examples

Complex Subject

Your coming here is very desirable.

It’s no use my telling you a lie.

Predicative

What annoys me is his being careless.

Direct Object

I don’t like his reading aloud.

Forgive my saying it.

Prepositional Object

I insist on your doing it.

Everything depends on your getting there in time.

Attribute

Everyone liked the idea of his joining us.

I don’t know the reason of your leaving.

Adverbial Modifier

He entered the room without his seeing it.

Conditional sentenses

Type of condition

if-clause

main-clause

Examples

Type I Real condition (refers to the future)

Present Indefinite

Future Indefinite can + Infinitive

If I have enough money.

I will/can buy a car.

Type II Unreal condition (refers to the present or future)

Present Subjunctive II (Past Indefinite)

would/could + Infinitive

If I had enough money, I would/could buy a car

Type III Unreal condition (refers to the past)

Past Subjunctive II (Past Perfect)

would/could have + Past Participle

If I had had enough money, I would/could have bought a car.

Irregular verbs

Infinitive

Past Indefinite

Past Participle

abide

arise

awake

be

bear

beat

become

befall

beget

begin

behold

bend

bereave

beseech

beset

bet

bid

bind

bite

bleed

bless

blow

break

breed

bring

broadcast

build

burn

burst

buy

cast

catch

choose

cleave

cling

clothe

come

cost

creep

cut

dare

deal

dig

do

draw

dream

drink

drive

dwell

eat

fall

feed

feel

fight

find

flee

fling

fly

forbid

forecast

forego

foresee

foretell

forget

forgive

forsake

freeze

get

gild

give

go

grind

grow

hang

have

hear

heave

hew

hide

hit

hold

hurt

keep

knit

know

lade

lay

lead

lean

leap

learn

leave

lend

let

lie

light

lose

make

mean

meet

melt

mislay

mislead

mistake

mow

outdo

outgrow

overbear

overcast

overcome

overdo

overdraw

overhear

overtake

overthrow

partake

pay

put

read

rebuild

relay

rend

retell

rid

ride

ring

rise

run

saw

say

see

seek

sell

send

set

sew

shake

shear

shed

shine

shoe

shoot

show

shut

sing

sink

sit

slay

sleep

sling

slink

slit

smell

sow

speak

speed

spend

spoil

spread

stand

stave

steal

stick

stride

strike

strive

swear

swell

swim

swing

take

teach

tear

tell

think

throw

thrust

understand

undertake

wake

wear

win

withdraw

withhold

write

abode, abided

arose

awoke

was, were

bore

beat

became

befell

begot

began

beheld

bent

bereaved, bereft

besought

beset

bet, betted

bade, bid

bound

bit

bled

blessed, blest

blew

broke

bred

brought

broadcast (-ed)

built

burnt, burned

burst

bought

cast

caught

chose

clove, cleft

clung

clothed (clad)

came

cost

crept

cut

dared (durst)

dealt

dug

did

drew

dreamed, dreamt

drank

drove

dwelt

ate

fell

fed

felt

fought

found

fled

flung

flew

forbade, forbad

forecast, forecasted

forewent

foresaw

foretold

forgot

forgave

forsook

froze

got

gilded, gilt

gave

went

ground

grew

hung, hanged

had

heard

heaved, hove

hewed, hid

hid

hit

held

hurt

kept

knitted, knit

knew

laded

laid

led

leant, leaned

leapt, leaped

learnt, learned

left

lent

let

lay

lighted, lit

lost

made

meant

met

melted

mislaid

misled

mistook

mowed

outdid

outgrew

overbore

overcast

overcame

overdid

overdrew

overheard

overtook

overthrew

partook

paid

put

read

rebuilt

relaid

rent

retold

ridded, rid

rode

rang

rose

ran

sawed

said

saw

sought

sold

sent

set

sewed

shook

sheared

shed

shone

shod

shot

showed

shut

sang

sank

sat

slew

slept

slung

slunk

slit

smelt, smelled

sowed

spoke

sped, speeded

spent

spoilt, spoiled

spread

stood

staved, stove

stole

stuck

strode

struck

strove

swore

swelled

swam

swung

took

taught

tore

told

thought

threw

thrust

understood

undertook

woke, waked

wore

won

withdrew

withheld

wrote

abode, abided

arisen

awaked, awoke

been

Borne, born

beaten

become

befallen

begotten

begun

beheld

bent, bended

bereaved, bereft

besought

beset

bet, betted

bidden, bid

bound

bitten, bit

bled

blessed, blest

blown

broken (broke)

bred

brought

broadcast (-ed)

built

burnt, burned

burst

bought

cast

caught

chosen

cloven, cleft

clung

clothed (clad)

come

cost

crept

cut

dared

dealt

dug

done

drawn

dreamed, dreamt

drunk

driven

dwelt

eaten

fallen

fed

felt

fought

found

fled

flung

flown

forbidden

forecast, forecasted

foregone

foreseen

foretold

forgotten

forgiven

forsaken

frozen

got, gotten

gilded

given

gone

ground

grown

hung, hanged

had

heard

heaved, hove

hewed, hewn

hidden, hid

hit

held

hurt

kept

knitted, knit

known

laden

laid

led

leant, leaned

leapt, leaped

learnt, learned

left

lent

let

lain

lighted, lit

lost

made

meant

met

melted, molten

mislaid

misled

mistaken

mowen

outdone

outgrown

overborne

overcast

overcome

overdone

overdrawn

overheard

overtaken

overthrown

partaken

paid

put

read

rebuilt

relaid

rent

retold

rid, ridded

ridden

rung

risen

run

sawn, sawed

said

seen

sought

sold

sent

set

sewn, sewed

shaken

shorn, sheared

shed

shone

shod

shot

shown, showed

shut

sung

sunk, sunken

sat

slain

slept

slung

slunk

slit

smelt, smelled

sown, sowed

spoken

sped, speeded

spent

spoilt, spoiled

spread

stood

staved, stove

stolen

struck

stridden, stride

struck, stricken

striven

sworn

swollen, swelled

swum

swung

taken

taught

torn

told

throught

thrown

thrust

understood

undertaken

waked, woken

worn

won

withdrawn

withheld

written

терпіти

виникати

будити

бути

нести; народжувати

бити

ставати

траплятися

виробляти

починати

помічати

згинати(ся)

втрачати

благати, просити

оточувати

битися об заклад

пропонувати ціну

зв’язуватися

кусати(ся)

кровоточити

благословляти

дути

ламати(ся)

розводити

приносити

передавати по радіо

будувати

палити, горіти

спалахнути

купувати

кидати; скидати

ловити

вибирати

розколювати(ся)

чіплятися

вдягати

приходити

коштувати

повзти; повзати

різати

сміти; наважуватися

займатися

копати; рити

робити

тягти; малювати

мріяти

пити

водити; їхати

жити; мешкати

їсти

падати

годувати

відчувати

битися

знаходити

тікати; уникати

кидати(ся)

літати

забороняти

передбачати

передувати

передбачати

провіщати

забувати

прощати

залишати; покидати

морозити

отримувати

золотити

давати

ходити

точити; шліфувати

рости

вішати

мати

чути

піднімати

рубати

ховати(ся)

ударяти

тримати

завдавати болю

тримати

в’язати; плести

знати

навантажувати

класти; накривати

вести

нахиляти(ся)

стрибати

вивчати

залишати

позичати

дозволяти

лежати

запалювати(ся)

втрачати

робити

означати

зустрічати

танути

загубити

вводити в оману

помилятися

косити

перевершувати

переростати

перемагати

хмаритися

перемогти

перебільшувати

перевищувати

підслуховувати

доганяти

перекидати

брати участь

платити

класти

читати

відбудовувати

міняти; заміняти

рвати; розривати

переказувати

позбавляти

їхати верхи

дзвонити

вставати

бігати

пиляти

казати

бачити

шукати; просити

продавати

посилати

ставити; класти

шити; зашивати

трусити; хитати

стригти

губити; втрачати

світити; сяяти

взувати

стріляти

показувати

зачиняти(ся)

співати

тонути; осідати

сидіти

приголомшити

спати

кидати; шпурляти

іти крадькома

розрізати вздовж

пахнути

сіяти; засівати

говорити

поспішати

витрачати

псувати(ся)

поширювати(ся)

стояти

розбитися

красти

колоти

переходити

бити; страйкувати

старатися

присягати(ся)

збільшуватися

плавати

гойдати(ся)

брати

навчати

руйнувати

розповідати

думати

кидати

штовхати

розуміти

починати; братися

будити

носити

вигравати

відкликати

відмовляти

писати

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